Silver Trumpets and Rams' Horns: The Music of the Shofar and the Chatzotzrot

(א) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר ה' אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃ (ב) עֲשֵׂ֣ה לְךָ֗ שְׁתֵּי֙ חֲצֽוֹצְרֹ֣ת כֶּ֔סֶף מִקְשָׁ֖ה תַּעֲשֶׂ֣ה אֹתָ֑ם וְהָי֤וּ לְךָ֙ לְמִקְרָ֣א הָֽעֵדָ֔ה וּלְמַסַּ֖ע אֶת־הַֽמַּחֲנֽוֹת׃ (ג) וְתָקְע֖וּ בָּהֵ֑ן וְנֽוֹעֲד֤וּ אֵלֶ֙יךָ֙ כָּל־הָ֣עֵדָ֔ה אֶל־פֶּ֖תַח אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד׃ (ד) וְאִם־בְּאַחַ֖ת יִתְקָ֑עוּ וְנוֹעֲד֤וּ אֵלֶ֙יךָ֙ הַנְּשִׂיאִ֔ים רָאשֵׁ֖י אַלְפֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (ה) וּתְקַעְתֶּ֖ם תְּרוּעָ֑ה וְנָֽסְעוּ֙ הַֽמַּחֲנ֔וֹת הַחֹנִ֖ים קֵֽדְמָה׃ (ו) וּתְקַעְתֶּ֤ם תְּרוּעָה֙ שֵׁנִ֔ית וְנָֽסְעוּ֙ הַֽמַּחֲנ֔וֹת הַחֹנִ֖ים תֵּימָ֑נָה תְּרוּעָ֥ה יִתְקְע֖וּ לְמַסְעֵיהֶֽם׃ (ז) וּבְהַקְהִ֖יל אֶת־הַקָּהָ֑ל תִּתְקְע֖וּ וְלֹ֥א תָרִֽיעוּ׃ (ח) וּבְנֵ֤י אַהֲרֹן֙ הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים יִתְקְע֖וּ בַּֽחֲצֹצְר֑וֹת וְהָי֥וּ לָכֶ֛ם לְחֻקַּ֥ת עוֹלָ֖ם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם׃ (ט) וְכִֽי־תָבֹ֨אוּ מִלְחָמָ֜ה בְּאַרְצְכֶ֗ם עַל־הַצַּר֙ הַצֹּרֵ֣ר אֶתְכֶ֔ם וַהֲרֵעֹתֶ֖ם בַּחֲצֹצְר֑וֹת וֲנִזְכַּרְתֶּ֗ם לִפְנֵי֙ ה' אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם וְנוֹשַׁעְתֶּ֖ם מֵאֹיְבֵיכֶֽם׃ (י) וּבְי֨וֹם שִׂמְחַתְכֶ֥ם וּֽבְמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם֮ וּבְרָאשֵׁ֣י חָדְשֵׁיכֶם֒ וּתְקַעְתֶּ֣ם בַּחֲצֹֽצְרֹ֗ת עַ֚ל עֹלֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וְעַ֖ל זִבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵיכֶ֑ם וְהָי֨וּ לָכֶ֤ם לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ לִפְנֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֔ם אֲנִ֖י ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ (פ)

Numbers 10:1-10

(1) And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: (2) ’Make thee two trumpets of silver; of beaten work shalt thou make them; and they shall be unto thee for the calling of the congregation, and for causing the camps to set forward. (3) And when they shall blow with them, all the congregation shall gather themselves unto thee at the door of the tent of meeting. (4) And if they blow but with one, then the princes, the heads of the thousands of Israel, shall gather themselves unto thee. (5) And when ye blow an alarm, the camps that lie on the east side shall take their journey. (6) And when ye blow an alarm the second time, the camps that lie on the south side shall set forward; they shall blow an alarm for their journeys. (7) But when the assembly is to be gathered together, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm. (8) And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow with the trumpets; and they shall be to you for a statute for ever throughout your generations. (9) And when ye go to war in your land against the adversary that oppresseth you, then ye shall sound an alarm with the trumpets; and ye shall be remembered before the LORD your God, and ye shall be saved from your enemies. (10) Also in the day of your gladness, and in your appointed seasons, and in your new moons, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt-offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace-offerings; and they shall be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the LORD your God.’

דברי הימים ב ה׳:י״א-י״ד

(יא) וַיְהִ֕י בְּצֵ֥את הַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים מִן־הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ כִּ֠י כָּל־הַכֹּהֲנִ֤ים הַֽנִּמְצְאִים֙ הִתְקַדָּ֔שׁוּ אֵ֖ין לִשְׁמ֥וֹר לְמַחְלְקֽוֹת׃ (יב) וְהַלְוִיִּ֣ם הַמְשֹׁרֲרִ֣ים לְכֻלָּ֡ם לְאָסָ֡ף לְהֵימָ֣ן לִֽ֠ידֻתוּן וְלִבְנֵיהֶ֨ם וְלַאֲחֵיהֶ֜ם מְלֻבָּשִׁ֣ים בּ֗וּץ בִּמְצִלְתַּ֙יִם֙ וּבִנְבָלִ֣ים וְכִנֹּר֔וֹת עֹמְדִ֖ים מִזְרָ֣ח לַמִּזְבֵּ֑חַ וְעִמָּהֶ֤ם כֹּֽהֲנִים֙ לְמֵאָ֣ה וְעֶשְׂרִ֔ים מחצררים [מַחְצְרִ֖ים] בַּחֲצֹֽצְרֽוֹת׃ (יג) וַיְהִ֣י כְ֠אֶחָד למחצצרים [לַמְחַצְּרִ֨ים] וְלַמְשֹֽׁרֲרִ֜ים לְהַשְׁמִ֣יעַ קוֹל־אֶחָ֗ד לְהַלֵּ֣ל וּלְהֹדוֹת֮ לַה' וּכְהָרִ֣ים ק֠וֹל בַּחֲצֹצְר֨וֹת וּבִמְצִלְתַּ֜יִם וּבִכְלֵ֣י הַשִּׁ֗יר וּבְהַלֵּ֤ל לַה' כִּ֣י ט֔וֹב כִּ֥י לְעוֹלָ֖ם חַסְדּ֑וֹ וְהַבַּ֛יִת מָלֵ֥א עָנָ֖ן בֵּ֥ית ה' (יד) וְלֹא־יָֽכְל֧וּ הַכֹּהֲנִ֛ים לַעֲמ֥וֹד לְשָׁרֵ֖ת מִפְּנֵ֣י הֶעָנָ֑ן כִּֽי־מָלֵ֥א כְבוֹד־ה' אֶת־בֵּ֥ית הָאֱלֹהִֽים׃ (פ)

II Chronicles 5:11-14

(11) And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place—for all the priests that were present had sanctified themselves, and did not keep their courses; (12) also the Levites who were the singers, all of them, even Asaph, Heman, Jeduthun, and their sons and their brethren, arrayed in fine linen, with cymbals and psalteries and harps, stood at the east end of the altar, and with them a hundred and twenty priests sounding with trumpets— (13) it came even to pass, when the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the LORD; and when they lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of music, and praised the LORD: ‘for He is good, for His mercy endureth for ever’; that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house of the LORD, (14) so that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud; for the glory of the LORD filled the house of God.

תהילים צ״ח:ו׳

(ו) בַּ֭חֲצֹ֣צְרוֹת וְק֣וֹל שׁוֹפָ֑ר הָ֝רִ֗יעוּ לִפְנֵ֤י ׀ הַמֶּ֬לֶךְ ה'

Psalms 98:6

(6) With trumpets and sound of the horn Shout ye before the King, the LORD.

משנה ראש השנה ג׳:ג׳-ד׳

(ג) שופר של ראש השנה של יעל, פשוט, ופיו מצופה זהב, ושתי חצוצרות מן הצדדין. שופר מאריך וחצוצרות מקצרות, שמצות היום בשופר.

(ד) בתעניות, בשל זכרים כפופין, ופיהן מצופה כסף, ושתי חצוצרות באמצע. שופר מקצר וחצוצרות מאריכות, שמצות היום בחצוצרות.

Mishnah Rosh Hashanah 3:3-4

(3) The shofar of Rosh Hashanah – is to be from an ibex, [and] straight. Its mouth is to be coated in gold, and there are to be two trumpets, [one] on each side [of it]. The shofar [blast] is to be long and the trumpet [blast] is to be short, since the commandment of the day is with a shofar.

(4) On fast days, [the shofars used] are to be from male [rams, and] bent. Their mouths are to be coated in silver, and two trumpets are to be in the middle [of the shofars]. The shofar [blast] is to be short and the trumpet [blast] is to be long, since the commandment of the day is with trumpets.

משנה תורה, הלכות שופר וסוכה ולולב א׳:ב׳

(ב) בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיוּ תּוֹקְעִין בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בְּשׁוֹפָר אֶחָד וּשְׁתֵּי חֲצוֹצְרוֹת מִן הַצְּדָדִין. הַשּׁוֹפָר מַאֲרִיךְ וְהַחֲצוֹצְרוֹת מְקַצְּרוֹת שֶׁמִּצְוַת הַיּוֹם בְּשׁוֹפָר. וְלָמָּה תּוֹקְעִין עִמּוֹ בַּחֲצוֹצְרוֹת מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים צח-ו) "בַּחֲצֹצְרוֹת וְקוֹל שׁוֹפָר הָרִיעוּ לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ ה'". אֲבָל בִּשְׁאָר מְקוֹמוֹת אֵין תּוֹקְעִין בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה אֶלָּא בְּשׁוֹפָר בִּלְבַד:

Mishneh Torah, Shofar, Sukkah and Lulav 1:2

(2) In the Mikdash they would blow on Rosh Hashana with one Shofar, and two trumpets, from the sides. The shofar would blow for longer, and the trumpets would blow shorter, because the Mitzvah of the day is with [the] shofar. And why would they blow trumpets with it? For it says "With trumpets and sound of the horn Shout ye before the King, the lord" (Psalms 98:6). But in other places (outside of the Mikdash) [we] do not blow on Rosh Hashana, rather with a shofar alone.