Save " Gateway to Sleep 1: Introductory Texts "
Gateway to Sleep 1: Introductory Texts
(א)בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ אֱלֹקֵֽינוּ מֶֽלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּ֒שָֽׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לַעֲסֹק בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה:
(ב) וְהַעֲרֶב נָא ה׳ אֱלֹקֵֽינוּ אֶת־דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָתְךָ בְּפִֽינוּ וּבְפִי עַמְּךָ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְנִהְיֶה אֲנַֽחְנוּ וְצֶאֱצָאֵֽינוּ וְצֶאֱצָאֵי עַמְּךָ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלָּֽנוּ יוֹדְעֵי שְׁמֶֽךָ וְלוֹמְדֵי תוֹרָתֶֽךָ. (י"א לִשְׁמָהּ). בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ הַמְלַמֵּד תּוֹרָה לְעַמּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל.
Blessed are You [!!!!], Divine power, sovereign of the cosmos, who sanctifies us through practice, enjoining us to steep ourselves in words of Torah.
Please, God/!!!!, make the words of your Torah pleasant in our mouths and in the mouths of your people Israel; and may we and our descendants and the descendants of our descendants and the descendants of your people the House of Israel all know your name and be students of your Torah for her own sake. Blessed are You [!!!!], Divinity, who teaches Torah to your people, Israel.
(ה) וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹקִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃ {פ}
(5) God called the light Day, and the darkness God called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, a first day.
The Talmud (in tractate Berakhot) provides the following ideas about sleep and dreaming:
(חמשה וששה ועשרה סימן):
חמשה אחד מששים. אלו הן:
אש
דבש
ושבת
ושינה
וחלום
אש אחד מששים לגיהנם.
דבש אחד מששים למן.
שבת אחד מששים לעולם הבא.
שינה אחד מששים למיתה.
חלום אחד מששים לנבואה.
There are five matters in our world which are one-sixtieth of their most extreme manifestations.
They are: Fire, honey, Shabbat, sleep, and a dream.

The Gemara [Talmud] elaborates:
Our fire is one-sixtieth of the fire of Gehenna [a hell realm];
Honey is one-sixtieth of manna; Shabbat is one-sixtieth of the World-to-Come; Sleep is one-sixtieth of death; and
A dream is one-sixtieth of prophecy.
Pirkei Avot (which could be translated as "Ethics of the Fathers" or as "Foundational Principles") is one of the most famous sections of the Mishna.
The Mishna was compiled by about 220 of the Common Era, and is one of the foundational strata of rabbinic Judaism, or "the Oral Law" (Torah sh'b'al Peh).
רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר,
יְהִי כְבוֹד חֲבֵרְךָ חָבִיב עָלֶיךָ כְּשֶׁלָּךְ,
וְאַל תְּהִי נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס.
וְשׁוּב יוֹם אֶחָד לִפְנֵי מִיתָתְךָ.
וֶהֱוֵי מִתְחַמֵּם כְּנֶגֶד אוּרָן שֶׁל חֲכָמִים, וֶהֱוֵי זָהִיר בְּגַחַלְתָּן שֶׁלֹּא תִכָּוֶה...
Rabbi Eliezer says:
The honor of your friend should be as dear to you as your own; do not be easy to anger; and repent one day before your death. Warm yourself by the fire of the Sages...
The Talmud, a set of commentaries on the Mishna that grew up over the next several hundred years, discusses this idea of doing teshuva (repenting) before death, and in general being prepared to go and meet God. The following discussion is from tractate Shabbat.
תנן התם רבי אליעזר אומר:
שוב יום אחד לפני מיתתך.

שאלו תלמידיו את רבי אליעזר:
וכי אדם יודע איזהו יום ימות?

אמר להן:
וכל שכן ישוב היום שמא ימות למחר! ונמצא כל ימיו בתשובה.

ואף שלמה אמר בחכמתו:
"בכל עת יהיו בגדיך לבנים ושמן על ראשך אל יחסר."

אמר רבי יוחנן בן זכאי:
משל למלך שזימן את עבדיו לסעודה ולא קבע להם זמן פיקחין.

שבהן קישטו את עצמן וישבו על פתח בית המלך. אמרו: כלום חסר לבית המלך.

טיפשין שבהן הלכו למלאכתן. אמרו: כלום יש סעודה בלא טורח!

בפתאום ביקש המלך את עבדיו פיקחין.

שבהן נכנסו לפניו כשהן מקושטין והטיפשים נכנסו לפניו.
כשהן מלוכלכין שמח המלך לקראת פיקחים וכעס לקראת טיפשים

אמר: הללו שקישטו את עצמן לסעודה ישבו ויאכלו וישתו!
הללו שלא קישטו עצמן לסעודה יעמדו ויראו!

חתנו של רבי מאיר משום רבי מאיר אמר אף הן נראין כמשמשין אלא אלו ואלו יושבין הללו אוכלין והללו רעבין הללו שותין והללו צמאים שנאמר כה אמר ה׳ הנה עבדי יאכלו ואתם תרעבו הנה עבדי ישתו ואתם תצמאו הנה עבדי ירונו מטוב לב ואתם תצעקו מכאב לבדבר אחר בכל עת יהיו בגדיך לבנים אלו ציצית ושמן על ראשך אל יחסר אלו תפילין:
We learned there in a mishna that Rabbi Eliezer says: Return in teshuva one day before your death. Rabbi Eliezer’s students asked him: But does a person know the day on which they will die? He said to them: All the more so this is a good piece of advice. You should repent today lest you die tomorrow! And by following this advice you will spend your entire life in a state of teshuva. And King Solomon also said in his wisdom: “At all times your clothes should be white, and oil shall not be absent from upon your head” (Ecclesiastes 9:8), meaning that a person always needs to be prepared.

Similarly, Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai said the following story as a parable to this lesson: The situation is comparable to a king who invited his servants to a feast and did not set a time for them to come. The wise among them adorned themselves and sat at the entrance to the king’s house. They said: Is the king’s house missing anything necessary for the feast? Certainly the king could invite us at any moment.

The fools among them went to attend to their work and said: Is there such thing as a feast without the toil of preparing for it? While the feast is being prepared, we will attend to other matters.

Suddenly, the king requested that his servants come to the feast. The wise among them entered before him adorned in their finest clothes, and the fools entered before him dirty. The king was happy to greet the wise ones and angry to greet the fools.

The king said: These wise servants who adorned themselves for the feast shall sit and eat and drink, but these fools who did not adorn themselves for the feast shall stand and watch!

There is a similar outcome for people who think that their day of death and judgment is far away and do not prepare themselves for it.
Whereas the texts we have just been looking at are "framing" ideas and not themselves part of the bedtime liturgy, the following are. Arguably these, one from the Torah and one from the Talmud, are the foundation of the whole practice.
Questions for discussion:
1. Why might this be included in the bedtime liturgy?
2. Why might the third paragraph (VaYomer Adonai...) be optional? What about the second paragraph (V'haya im Shamoa...)?
3. The very beginning of the first paragraph (V'Ahavta) instructs that "these words be upon your heart" - and discussed and remembered at various junctures. Which "words" do you think are meant??
שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה׳ אֱלֹקֵינוּ ה׳ אֶחָד:בלחש:בָּרוּךְ, שֵּׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ, לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד:וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת ה׳ אֱלֹקֶיךָ בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכָל מְאֹדֶךָ.
וְהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם עַל לְבָבֶךָ.
וְשִׁנַּנְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ וְדִבַּרְתָּ בָּם בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ בְּבֵיתֶךָ וּבְלֶכְתְּךָ בַדֶּרֶךְ וּבְשָׁכְבְּךָ וּבְקוּמֶךָ.
וּקְשַׁרְתָּם לְאוֹת עַל יָדֶךָ וְהָיוּ לְטֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ.
וּכְתַבְתָּם עַל מְזוּזֹת בֵּיתֶךָ וּבִשְׁעָרֶיךָ:

וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ אֶל מִצְוֹתַי אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם הַיּוֹם לְאַהֲבָה אֶת ה׳ אֱלֹקֵיכֶם וּלְעָבְדוֹ בְּכָל לְבַבְכֶם וּבְכָל נַפְשְׁכֶם.
וְנָתַתִּי מְטַר אַרְצְכֶם בְּעִתּוֹ יוֹרֶה וּמַלְקוֹשׁ וְאָסַפְתָּ דְגָנֶךָ וְתִירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ.
וְנָתַתִּי עֵשֶׂב בְּשָׂדְךָ לִבְהֶמְתֶּךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ.
הִשָּׁמְרוּ לָכֶם פֶּן יִפְתֶּה לְבַבְכֶם וְסַרְתֶּם וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֱלֹקִים אֲחֵרִים וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶם לָהֶם.
וְחָרָה אַף ה׳ בָּכֶם וְעָצַר אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְלֹא יִהְיֶה מָטָר וְהָאֲדָמָה לֹא תִתֵּן אֶת יְבוּלָהּ וַאֲבַדְתֶּם מְהֵרָה מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּבָה אֲשֶׁר ה׳ נֹתֵן לָכֶם.
וְשַׂמְתֶּם אֶת דְּבָרַי אֵלֶּה עַל לְבַבְכֶם וְעַל נַפְשְׁכֶם וּקְשַׁרְתֶּם אֹתָם לְאוֹת עַל יֶדְכֶם וְהָיוּ לְטוֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֵיכֶם.
וְלִמַּדְתֶּם אֹתָם אֶת בְּנֵיכֶם לְדַבֵּר בָּם בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ בְּבֵיתֶךָ וּבְלֶכְתְּךָ בַדֶּרֶךְוּבְשָׁכְבְּךָ וּבְקוּמֶךָ.
וּכְתַבְתָּם עַל מְזוּזוֹת בֵּיתֶךָ וּבִשְׁעָרֶיךָ.
לְמַעַן יִרְבּוּ יְמֵיכֶם וִימֵי בְנֵיכֶם עַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע ה׳ לַאֲבֹתֵיכֶם לָתֵת לָהֶם כִּימֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם עַל הָאָרֶץ:

וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ אֶל מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר.
דַּבֵּר אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם וְעָשׂוּ לָהֶם צִיצִת עַל כַּנְפֵי בִגְדֵיהֶם לְדֹרֹתָם וְנָתְנוּ עַל צִיצִת הַכָּנָף פְּתִיל תְּכֵלֶת.
וְהָיָה לָכֶם לְצִיצִת וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כָּל מִצְוֹת ה׳ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֹתָם וְלֹא תָתֻרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם וְאַחֲרֵי עֵינֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם זֹנִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם.
לְמַעַן תִּזְכְּרוּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם אֶת כָּל מִצְוֹתָי וִהְיִיתֶם קְדֹשִׁים לֵאלֹקֵיכֶם.
אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹקֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לִהְיוֹת לָכֶם לֵאלֹקִים אֲנִי ה׳ אֱלֹקֵיכֶם:
וחוזר ואומר ה׳ אֱלֹקֵיכֶם אֱמֶת.
HEAR, O ISRAEL, Adonai Is Our God, Adonai Is ONE(Whispered) Blessed be the name of the One whose glorious sovereignty is forever and on.1. V'Ahavta: And you shall love Divinity [!!!!], your God, with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might.
And these words which I command you this day shall be upon your heart. Teach them diligently to your children, speaking of them when you sit in your house and when you walk by the way, when your lie down and when you rise up. You shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes, and you shall write them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates. (Deut. 6:4-9)Some liturgical traditions consider the second and third paragraphs of the Shema (Deuteronomy 11:13-21 and Numbers 15:37-41) as optional during the bedtime liturgy.2. V'Haya Im Shamoa: And it shall be that if you hearken diligently unto My commandments which I command you today, to love Divinity !!!! your God, in service with all your heart and all your soul, then I will send rain for your land in its proper time, the autumn rain and the spring rain, that you may gather in your grain, your wine and your oil. And I will give grass in your field for your cattle, and you shall eat and be satisfied.
Take heed to yourselves lest your heart be deceived, and you turn aside and serve other Powers and bow to them. For then Divinity !!!!'s wrath will be kindled against you, and God will close up the heavens that there be no rain, and the land shall not yield her produce, and very quickly you shall perish from off the goodly land which Divinity !!!! gives you.
You shall lay these my words upon your heart and upon your soul, and you shall bind them for a sign upon your hand and they shall be as frontlets between your eyes. And you shall teach them to your children, speaking of them when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down and when you rise. And you shall write them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates. So that your days and the days of your children will be long upon the land which the Divine [!!!!] promised to give to your ancestors, as the days of the heavens above the earth, (Deuteronomy 11:13-21)3. VaYomer Adonai: And the Lord spoke unto Moses, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel and say to them to make for themselves a fringe on the borders of their garments, throughout their generations. And they shall place upon the fringe of the border, a thread of blue wool. And it shall be to you a fringe that you may look upon, and remember all the commandments of Divinity [!!!!] and do them. Then shall you not stray after your heart and your eyes whereafter you are wont to stray. So may you remember and do all My commandments and be holy for your God. I am [!!!!] your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God; I am [!!!!] your G·d. (Numbers 15:37-41)
Blessing the act of sleep, and setting intention at the threshold of sleep, is discussed in the Talmud.
The following blessing is taken from Talmud Brachot 60b, where it immediately precedes the sequence of morning blessings.
Guide for study in chevruta:
1. Today we are focusing on the text up until the asterisks. I have included a bit more of the text from Brachot 60b after the asterisks so you can see it in context. While you are welcome to read to the end, for now please don't get too drawn into discussion of this latter portion.
2. As you read the Talmud's suggested prayer before sleeping, make a list: how many different reasons for the practice are implied in this prayer?
הַנִּכְנָס לִישַׁן עַל מִטָּתוֹ, אוֹמֵר מִ״שְּׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל״ עַד ״וְהָיָה אִם שָׁמוֹעַ״,
וְאוֹמֵר:
״בָּרוּךְ … הַמַּפִּיל חַבְלֵי שֵׁינָה עַל עֵינַי וּתְנוּמָה עַל עַפְעַפַּי, וּמֵאִיר לְאִישׁוֹן בַּת עָיִן.
יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנֶיךָ ה׳ אֱלֹקַי, שֶׁתַּשְׁכִּיבֵנִי לְשָׁלוֹם, וְתֵן חֶלְקִי בְּתוֹרָתֶךָ, וְתַרְגִּילֵנִי לִידֵי מִצְוָה, וְאַל תַּרְגִּילֵנִי לִידֵי עֲבֵירָה, וְאַל תְּבִיאֵנִי לִידֵי חֵטְא, וְלֹא לִידֵי עָוֹן, וְלֹא לִידֵי נִסָּיוֹן, וְלֹא לִידֵי בִזָּיוֹן.
וְיִשְׁלוֹט בִּי יֵצֶר טוֹב, וְאַל יִשְׁלוֹט בִּי יֵצֶר הָרָע.
וְתַצִּילֵנִי מִפֶּגַע רַע, וּמֵחֳלָאִים רָעִים.
וְאַל יְבַהֲלוּנִי חֲלוֹמוֹת רָעִים וְהִרְהוּרִים רָעִים.
וּתְהֵא מִטָּתִי שְׁלֵמָה לְפָנֶיךָ. וְהָאֵר עֵינַי פֶּן אִישַׁן הַמָּוֶת.
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳ הַמֵּאִיר לָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ בִּכְבוֹדוֹ״.

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כִּי מִתְּעַר אוֹמֵר:
״אֱלֹהַי, נְשָׁמָה שֶׁנָּתַתָּ בִּי טְהוֹרָה. אַתָּה יְצַרְתָּהּ בִּי, אַתָּה נְפַחְתָּהּ בִּי, וְאַתָּה מְשַׁמְּרָהּ בְּקִרְבִּי, וְאַתָּה עָתִיד לִיטְּלָהּ מִמֶּנִּי וּלְהַחֲזִירָהּ בִּי לְעָתִיד לָבֹא. כׇּל זְמַן שֶׁהַנְּשָׁמָה בְּקִרְבִּי מוֹדֶה אֲנִי לְפָנֶיךָ ה׳ אֱלֹקַי וֵאלֹקֵי אֲבוֹתַי, רִבּוֹן כׇּל הָעוֹלָמִים, אֲדוֹן כׇּל הַנְּשָׁמוֹת.
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה׳, הַמַּחֲזִיר נְשָׁמוֹת לִפְגָרִים מֵתִים״.

כִּי שָׁמַע קוֹל תַּרְנְגוֹלָא, לֵימָא:
״בָּרוּךְ … אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לַשֶּׂכְוִי בִּינָה לְהַבְחִין בֵּין יוֹם וּבֵין לָיְלָה״. כִּי פָּתַח עֵינֵיהּ, לֵימָא: ״בָּרוּךְ … פּוֹקֵחַ עִוְּרִים״. כִּי תָּרֵיץ וְיָתֵיב, לֵימָא: ״בָּרוּךְ … מַתִּיר אֲסוּרִים״.
One who enters to sleep on their bed recitesShema in their bed from Shema Yisrael to VeHaya Im Shamoa. Then they recite:"Blessed…Who makes the bands of sleep fall upon my eyes and slumber upon my eyelids,and illuminates the pupil of the eye.May it be Your will, [!!!!] my God,that You make me lie down in peace and grant me my portion in your Torah,accustom me to mitzvot and do not accustom me to transgression,lead me not into error, nor into iniquity, nor into temptation nor disgrace.May the good inclination have dominion over me and may the evil inclination not have dominion over me.Save me from an evil mishap and evil diseases.Let neither bad dreams nor troubling thoughts disturb me.May my bed be flawless before You [ie with only appropriate expressions of sexuality].
Enlighten my eyes in the morning lest I sleep the sleep of death, never to awaken.
Blessed are You, !!!!, who gives light to the whole world in his (sic) glory."*****When one awakens, one recites:"My God, the soul You have placed within me is pure.
You formed it within me,
You breathed it into me,
and You guard it while it is within me.
One day You will take it from me and restore it within me in the time to come.
As long as the soul is within me, I thank You, O Lord my God and God of my ancestors, Master of all worlds, Lord of all souls.
Blessed are You, O Lord, who restores souls to lifeless bodies."
Upon hearing the sound of the rooster, one should recite: "Blessed…Who gave the heart [sekhvi] understanding to distinguish between day and night."
Upon opening his eyes, one should recite: "Blessed…Who gives sight to the blind."
...
In some (more kabbalistically influenced) traditions the bedtime liturgy begins with a general kavana / intention of personal devotion, and the prayer for cosmic unification (l'shem yichud kudsha brich hu u'schintei):
לְשֵׁם יִחוּד קֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא וּשְׁכִינְתֵּהּ, בִּדְחִילוּ וּרְחִימוּ, וּרְחִימוּ וּדְחִילוּ, לְיַחֲדָא שֵׁם אוֹת יוּ"ד אוֹת הֵ"א בְּאוֹת וָא"ו אוֹת הֵ"א, בְּיִחוּדָא שְׁלִים בְּשֵׁם כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, לַאֲקָמָא שְׁכִינְתָּא מֵעַפְרָא וּלְעִלוּי שְׁכִינַת עֻזֵּנוּ: הֲרֵינִי מְקַבֵּל עָלַי אֱלָהוּתוּ יִתְבָּרַךְ וְאַהֲבָתוֹ וְיִרְאָתוֹ; וְהֲרֵינִי יָרֵא מִמֶנּוּ, בְּגִין דְּאִיהוּ רַב וְשַׁלִּיט עַל כֹּלָא, וְכֹלָּא קַמֵּהּ כְּלָא. וַהֲרֵינִי מַמְלִיכוֹ עַל כָּל אֵבֶר וְאֵבֶר וְגִיד וְגִיד מֵרַמַ"ח אֵבָרִים וְשְׁסָ"ה גִידִים שֶׁל גּוּפִי וְנַפְשִׁי רוּחִי וְנִשְׁמָתִי, מַלְכוּת גְּמוּרָה וּשְׁלֵמָה. וַהֲרֵינִי עֶבֶד לַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ, וְהוּא בְרַחֲמָיו יְזַכֵּנִי לְעָבְדוֹ בְלֵב שָׁלֵם וְנֶפֶשׁ חֲפֵצָה. אָמֵן כֵּן יְהִי רָצוֹן:
General cosmic unification:
For the sake of the unification of the Holy One, blessed be, and !ts Shechina [immanent presence], and for the unification of divine awe with divine mercy, divine mercy with divine awe; to unify the four letters of the Name: Yud, Hei, Vav and Hei, with a complete unity in the name of all Israel, to lift the Shechina from the dust and to raise up the Immanent-Presence [Shechina] of our strength:

Surrender:
Behold I accept upon myself the divinity of the Blessed One, God's love and God's awe. And behold I am in awe of God because God is the master & decisor over all, and all is before God entirely.

Submission of the body and whole self:
And behold I declare God's sovereignty over each and every limb and sinew of the 248 limbs and 365 sinews of my body, plus my nefesh [animal body], my ruach [mental-emotional body] and my neshama [higher consciousness] ie these are three levels of soul – a total and complete sovereignty.
And behold I am a servant to the Name of the Holy Blessed One; may God in Divine mercy give me the merit to serve !t with a complete heart and a desiring soul.
Amen – May this be God's will.
Or in my slightly more accessible, summarized instruction and translation:
Begin with a general intention that this practice be useful not just for you, but for the cosmos, such as:
For a higher purpose and a higher unification, I take upon myself the felt sense of divinity, this love, this awe; and I declare its total sovereignty over each aspect and dimension of my body and my existence. May I merit to serve this sovereignty wholeheartedly, with appetite and desire.