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Science, Truth, & Torah
“For Jews, there are three kinds of literature; there is fiction, non-fiction, and Torah.”
"The Torah is True – Even if It’s Not Fact" by Rabbi Ari Kaiman
There are those who think that maybe we should simply give up on the idea of truth altogether. After all, your truth is different than my truth, then why try to reconcile them? Indeed, truth is the beginning of conflict after conflict. “If my story is true, your story cannot be true.”
There is a story in the Midrash that tries to capture this idea. When God desired to create human beings, God convened the Heavenly court to see what was thought of the matter. Chesed, selfless love, came down on the side that humans should be created, since humans would perform acts of kindness. Emet, Truth, however, was on the opposite side. Emet said, humans are entirely lies! Then Tzedek, Justice, said humans will do acts of justice, so humans should be created. Shalom, Peace, said “do not create them, they are entirely dissension [קְטָטָה]!”
While Chesed and Tzedek focused on what humans would do in the world, Emet and Shalom focused on what the essence of humans would be. God took Emet and threw it to the Earth. While the rest of the angels continued to argue about what God should do, God went ahead and created human beings.
This is a rich midrash with many layers of interpretation. When God throws Emet to the ground, there is no Truth to argue against the creation of humans anymore. Arguing with Truth is pointless. So, one possible read of this Midrash is that in order to create we shouldn’t worry about truth. Another interpretation is that if we didn’t have truth in the world to fight about, then we would have peace – maybe we should give up the fight for truth in the world.
But in the world of Midrash, which holds the essence of Rabbinic Judaism, one cannot help but understand multiple possibilities. That’s because as soon as one understands one interpretation of a text in the midrash, there is immediately the words Davar Acheranother interpretation.
As we pursue truth that begins with science, we should also recognize that all our knowledge is always contingent. We don’t have to abandon truth simply because there exists a davar acher, another possibility. On the contrary, davar acher does not mean that there is no truth, or that there are multiple truths, rather that there are multiple perspectives to find our way to the same truth. The work of our time is to not abandon truth altogether, but to find it sprouting from the earth, and recognizing that there are multiple ways to get there. Rabbinic Judaism calls us to seek out davar acher – a different interpretation – so we can best understand the world around us.

וזה הוא תנור של עכנאי מאי עכנאי אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל שהקיפו דברים כעכנא זו וטמאוהו תנא באותו היום השיב רבי אליעזר כל תשובות שבעולם ולא קיבלו הימנו

If a man made an oven out of separate coils [of clay, placing one upon another], then put sand between each of the coils — such an oven, R. Eliezer declared, is not susceptible to defilement, while the sages declared it susceptible. It is taught: On that day R. Eliezer brought forward every imaginable argument, but the Sages did not accept any of them. Finally he said to them: "If the Halakhah (religious law) is in accordance with me, let this carob tree prove it!" Sure enough the carob tree immediately uprooted itself and moved one hundred cubits, and some say 400 cubits, from its place. "No proof can be brought from a carob tree," they retorted. And again he said to them "If the Halakhah agrees with me, let the channel of water prove it!" Sure enough, the channel of water flowed backward. "No proof can be brought from a channel of water," they rejoined. Again he urged, "If the Halakhah agrees with me, let the walls of the house of study prove it!" Sure enough, the walls tilted as if to fall. But R. Joshua, rebuked the walls, saying, "When disciples of the wise are engaged in a halakhic dispute, what right have you to interfere?" Hence in deference to R. Joshua they did not fall and in deference to R. Eliezer they did not resume their upright position; they are still standing aslant. Again R. Eliezer then said to the Sages, "If the Halakhah agrees with me, let it be proved from heaven." Sure enough, a divine voice cried out, "Why do you dispute with R. Eliezer, with whom the Halakhah always agrees?" R. Joshua stood up and protested: "The Torah is not in heaven!" (Deut. 30:12). We pay no attention to a divine voice because long ago at Mount Sinai You wrote in your Torah at Mount Sinai, `After the majority must one incline'. (Ex. 23:2)" R. Nathan met [the prophet] Elijah and asked him, "What did the Holy One do at that moment?" Elijah: "He laughed [with joy], saying, 'My children have defeated Me, My children have defeated Me.'"


"Why Judaism Embraces Science" by Rabbi Geoffrey A. Mitelman
I recently had a conversation with a neuroscientist, who also happened to be a self described atheist. He knew I was a rabbi and so in the middle of the conversation, he very tentatively asked me. “So…do you believe in evolution?” I think what he was really asking was, “Can you be a religious person who believes in science?” And my answer to that question is, “Of course.”
Yes, the Bible is the basis of Judaism. But Judaism as it is practiced today is not biblical, it’s rabbinic, which means that it’s about studying and engaging with the text, but not stopping at face value ... Instead, when Jews read the Bible today through a rabbinic worldview, we are trying to answer two separate questions: first, what did the text mean in its time, and second, how can we create interpretations that will give us lessons for our time?
So now we can also see why in Judaism, the beginning of Genesis is not in conflict with the big bang theory or natural selection. On the one hand, for its time, the Bible provided an origin story that was a story that worked then, but now, science provides a much better explanation for how we got here.
But the Bible isn’t meant to be taken only literally; it’s designed to be a source of study and exploration for the questions of our time. The point of the Creation story is really to challenge us with questions like, “How should we treat people if everyone is created in the image of God? What are our responsibilities to this world if it God has called it ‘good’?”
In Judaism, there’s no concept of “God says it, I believe it, that settles it.” Instead, Judaism pushes us to embrace the text for what it was back then, and to create new ways of reading the text for what it can be now.
Science is about continually questioning assumptions, revising theories, and integrating new data. So critical thinking, an essential aspect of science, is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition. Indeed, perhaps the most important question science poses is,
“How do we know this?”
(יג) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֜ה אֶל־הָֽאֱלֹהִ֗ים הִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֣י בָא֮ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְאָמַרְתִּ֣י לָהֶ֔ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם שְׁלָחַ֣נִי אֲלֵיכֶ֑ם וְאָֽמְרוּ־לִ֣י מַה־שְּׁמ֔וֹ מָ֥ה אֹמַ֖ר אֲלֵהֶֽם׃
(13) Moses said to God, “When I come to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’ what shall I say to them?”
(יד) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֶֽהְיֶ֑ה וַיֹּ֗אמֶר כֹּ֤ה תֹאמַר֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥נִי אֲלֵיכֶֽם׃
(14) And God said to Moses, “Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh.” He continued, “Thus shall you say to the Israelites, ‘Ehyeh sent me to you.’”
And indeed, when Moses is at the burning bush, having just been told by God that he will be leading the Israelites out of Egypt, he says, “Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is his name?’ Then what shall I tell them?”
God responds that God’s name is “Ehyeh asher ehyeh,” which is often translated as “I am what I am.” But it could also be translated as, “I am what I will be.” So God is whatever God will bewe simply have no idea. Indeed, for my own theology, I believe that God is found in the “becoming,” transforming “what will be” into “what is.”
Science, too, is very much about process. Science at its best is about testing hypotheses, setting up experiments, and exploring ideas. And if new data or new evidence arises, scientific knowledge changes. Science can’t be tied down to old theories; it is dynamic and ever changing.
Just like our experience of God.
Science is about creating hypotheses and testing data against these theories. Judaism is about how we act to improve this world, here and now. And these processes can easily go hand in hand.
So yes, if science and religion are seen to be competing sources of truth and authority, they will always be in conflict, especially if religion is “blind acceptance and complete certainty about silly, superstitious fantasies.” But if instead, religion is about helping people create a deeper sense of meaning and a stronger sense of their values, then I truly believe that science and religion can be brought together to improve ourselves, our society and our world.

Sources:
"The Torah is True – Even if It’s Not Fact" by Rabbi Ari Kaiman
Bava Metzia 59b
"Why Judaism Embraces Science" by Rabbi Geoffrey A. Mitelman
Exodus 3:13-14