(8) And Abraham expired, and died in a good old age, an old man, and full of years; and was gathered to his people.
(א) אֵין הַמְנַחֲמִים רַשָּׁאִים לִפְתֹּחַ, עַד שֶׁיִּפְתַּח הָאָבֵל תְּחִלָה.
The comforters are not permitted to begin a conversation [with mourners], until the mourners begins one first.
The Sages said: The World-to-Come is not like this world. In this world there is suffering involved in picking grapes and in pressing them. By contrast, in the World-to-Come, one will bring one grape in a wagon or on a boat and set it down in a corner of his house and supply from it enough to fill about the amount of a large jug, and with its wood one will kindle a fire under a cooked dish. And every grape you have will produce no less than thirty full jugs of wine...
מרגלא בפומיה דרב [לא כעולם הזה העולם הבא] העולם הבא אין בו לא אכילה ולא שתיה ולא פריה ורביה ולא משא ומתן ולא קנאה ולא שנאה ולא תחרות אלא צדיקים יושבין ועטרותיהם בראשיהם ונהנים מזיו השכינה שנאמר (שמות כד, יא) ויחזו את הא-להים ויאכלו וישתו:
[The Master] had a favorite saying: "The World-To-Come is not at all like this world. In the world-to-come there is no eating, no drinking, no procreation, no commerce, no envy, no hatred, no rivalry; the righteous sit with their crowns on their heads and enjoy the radiance of the Divine Presence
[Kabbalists taught that] after death, the nefesh [bodily life force] stays with the body in the grave. Then, in a process that lasts from three to seven days, the soul extricates itself from the body. The more attached the nefesh was to the physical world, the more difficult and painful this separation [known as Hibbut Ha-Kever, the pains of the grave]... The nefesh shuttles between the grave and its previous home, mourning the death of its body... while the body resolves itself into dust...
The ruah [spirit, associated with intellect and morals]... is consigned to Gehenna after death... [Some teachings] suggest that the ruhot of [ethical and spiritual individuals] are spared the ordeal of Gehenna entirely... The stint in Gehenna is finite [usually twelve months] unless one was terribly wicked... [After purification the ruah] ascends to the Lower Garden of Eden, [where it is cleansed and clothed in a heavenly "vestment" and is] able to enjoy... the divine emanation.
...The neshamah [the highest spiritual element of the soul, focused on Torah and divinity], being wholly good, does not need to be punished. It ascends directly to the Higher Garden of Eden, which is believed to be... [where] it came from originally. It never comes down to earth again... The Higher Garden is organized into study circles in which the soul delights itself with learning about the nature of God.
...There is one final destination for the soul.... [known as] tzeror ha-hayim [the bundle of life], .... a place superior to the Higher Garden as well as a kind of divine clearinghouse for souls where they are assigned their next incarnations.
...The number of reincarnations for the purpose of purging sin is generally limited to three, based on a kabbalistic reading of Job... [Some] believed that if the soul [continued] its evil ways after three reincarnations, it would be condemned to Gehenna. Others... thought that a soul could not migrate to a new incarnation until it had been... purified... Those who believed that righteous souls also were reincarnated assigned those souls to Gan Eden for reward before they found new homes.
The most dramatic result of the Enlightenment on European (and, soon after, North American) Jewry was the establishment of different religious trends of denominations within Judaism...
By the 1840s, the Reform movement in Germany was beginning to pull away from the idea of resurrection in favor of an emphasis on the immortality of the soul... in 1844, a group of German rabbis... [under Abraham Geiger] began to move Reform Judaism toward a [more modern] liturgy... [At a rabbinical conference, Geiger reframed various concepts as having] "spiritual" rather than literal meaning. Geiger gave the example of the hope for an afterlife... [which he connected purely with] "the immortality of the human soul." In his 1854 prayer book, Geiger retained the traditional Hebrew in the... Amidah for the phrase mehayeh ha-metim ("God... who revives the dead, an expression usually taken as a reference to resurrection) but he translated the passage in German as "who bestows life here and there."
In the United States, the Reform liturgy went through the most radical changes. [The 1885 Pittsburgh Platform read:] "We reassert the doctrine of Judaism that the soul is immortal, grounding the belief on the divine nature of human spirit, which forever finds bliss in righteousness and misery in wickedness. We reject as ideas not rooted in Judaism, the beliefs both in bodily resurrection and in Gehenenna and Eden (Hell and Heaven) as abodes for everlasting punishment and reward."
...As early as 1856... Rabbi David Einhorn, leader of the "radical" wing of the Reform movement, had produced a prayer book that replaced references to resurrection with praise to God, in Hebrew and German, for "implanting within us eternal life." [This same wording was used in the English translations of the 1895 Union Prayer Book]... In 1975, the new Reform prayer book, Gates of Prayer, replaced ... mehayeh ha-metim... with mehayeh ha-kol ("who gives life to all". [Reconstructionist prayerbooks beginning in 1945 used similar wording.]
...The Conservative movement... has consistently maintained the traditional Hebrew phrase... but, as Rabbi Neil Gillian says, "shades the English translation to effect a more modern sensibility." .... [The] 1985 prayer book Siddur Sim Shalom, translates mehayeh ha-metim as "master of life and death." Its predecessor... translated the same phrase as "who calmest the dead to life everlasting."
In its [1988] statement of principles... titled Emet v'Emunah... [the Conservative movement] affirmed the doctrine of bodily resurrection... [while allowing multiple ways to] understand traditional teachings... [ranging from] literal truth [to] mere metaphor...No such shading is used in vernacular translations of siddurim... used by Orthodox Jews which to this day praise the Eternal as the One who "revives the dead," "resurrects the dead," "resuscitates the dead," or "quickens the dead."
...In recent years, Jewish scholars and theologians across the ideological spectrum have explored such topics as resurrection and reincarnation... in some cases, claiming traditions that formerly had been pushed aside... with its [2007] prayer book, Mishkan T'filah, the Reform movement, has come full circle, printing the traditional... mehayeh ha-metim alongside the version that ends mehayeh ha-kol.... presenting the worshiper with both options.
(יח) וְהֶעֱמִ֨יד הַכֹּהֵ֥ן אֶֽת־הָאִשָּׁה֮ לִפְנֵ֣י ה' וּפָרַע֙ אֶת־רֹ֣אשׁ הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה וְנָתַ֣ן עַל־כַּפֶּ֗יהָ אֵ֚ת מִנְחַ֣ת הַזִּכָּר֔וֹן מִנְחַ֥ת קְנָאֹ֖ת הִ֑וא וּבְיַ֤ד הַכֹּהֵן֙ יִהְי֔וּ מֵ֥י הַמָּרִ֖ים הַמְאָֽרֲרִֽים׃
(18) After he has made the woman stand before the LORD, the priest shall bare the woman’s head and place upon her hands the meal offering of remembrance, which is a meal offering of jealousy. And in the priest’s hands shall be the water of bitterness that induces the spell.