Mincha Shiur for Ki Tavo - 2021 Can I Get an Amen?!

(יא) וַיְצַ֤ו מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא לֵאמֹֽר׃ (יב) אֵ֠לֶּה יַֽעַמְד֞וּ לְבָרֵ֤ךְ אֶת־הָעָם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר גְּרִזִ֔ים בְּעׇבְרְכֶ֖ם אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן שִׁמְעוֹן֙ וְלֵוִ֣י וִֽיהוּדָ֔ה וְיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר וְיוֹסֵ֥ף וּבִנְיָמִֽן׃ (יג) וְאֵ֛לֶּה יַֽעַמְד֥וּ עַל־הַקְּלָלָ֖ה בְּהַ֣ר עֵיבָ֑ל רְאוּבֵן֙ גָּ֣ד וְאָשֵׁ֔ר וּזְבוּלֻ֖ן דָּ֥ן וְנַפְתָּלִֽי׃ (יד) וְעָנ֣וּ הַלְוִיִּ֗ם וְאָ֥מְר֛וּ אֶל־כׇּל־אִ֥ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל ק֥וֹל רָֽם׃ {ס} (טו) אָר֣וּר הָאִ֡ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יַעֲשֶׂה֩ פֶ֨סֶל וּמַסֵּכָ֜ה תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת יקוק מַעֲשֵׂ֛ה יְדֵ֥י חָרָ֖שׁ וְשָׂ֣ם בַּסָּ֑תֶר וְעָנ֧וּ כׇל־הָעָ֛ם וְאָמְר֖וּ אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (טז) אָר֕וּר מַקְלֶ֥ה אָבִ֖יו וְאִמּ֑וֹ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (יז) אָר֕וּר מַסִּ֖יג גְּב֣וּל רֵעֵ֑הוּ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (יח) אָר֕וּר מַשְׁגֶּ֥ה עִוֵּ֖ר בַּדָּ֑רֶךְ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (יט) אָר֗וּר מַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט גֵּר־יָת֖וֹם וְאַלְמָנָ֑ה וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ (כ) אָר֗וּר שֹׁכֵב֙ עִם־אֵ֣שֶׁת אָבִ֔יו כִּ֥י גִלָּ֖ה כְּנַ֣ף אָבִ֑יו וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כא) אָר֕וּר שֹׁכֵ֖ב עִם־כׇּל־בְּהֵמָ֑ה וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כב) אָר֗וּר שֹׁכֵב֙ עִם־אֲחֹת֔וֹ בַּת־אָבִ֖יו א֣וֹ בַת־אִמּ֑וֹ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כג) אָר֕וּר שֹׁכֵ֖ב עִם־חֹֽתַנְתּ֑וֹ וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כד) אָר֕וּר מַכֵּ֥ה רֵעֵ֖הוּ בַּסָּ֑תֶר וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כה) אָרוּר֙ לֹקֵ֣חַ שֹׁ֔חַד לְהַכּ֥וֹת נֶ֖פֶשׁ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑י וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {ס} (כו) אָר֗וּר אֲשֶׁ֧ר לֹא־יָקִ֛ים אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַתּוֹרָֽה־הַזֹּ֖את לַעֲשׂ֣וֹת אוֹתָ֑ם וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {פ}

(11) Thereupon Moses charged the people, saying: (12) After you have crossed the Jordan, the following shall stand on Mount Gerizim when the blessing for the people is spoken: Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin. (13) And for the curse, the following shall stand on Mount Ebal: Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali. (14) The Levites shall then proclaim in a loud voice to all the people of Israel: (15) Cursed be anyone who makes a sculptured or molten image, abhorred by the LORD, a craftsman’s handiwork, and sets it up in secret.—And all the people shall respond, Amen. (16) Cursed be he who insults his father or mother.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (17) Cursed be he who moves his fellow countryman’s landmark.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (18) Cursed be he who misdirects a blind person on his way.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (19) Cursed be he who subverts the rights of the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (20) Cursed be he who lies with his father’s wife, for he has removed his father’s garment.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (21) Cursed be he who lies with any beast.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (22) Cursed be he who lies with his sister, whether daughter of his father or of his mother.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (23) Cursed be he who lies with his mother-in-law.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (24) Cursed be he who strikes down his fellow countryman in secret.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (25) Cursed be he who accepts a bribe in the case of the murder of an innocent person.—And all the people shall say, Amen. (26) Cursed be he who will not uphold the terms of this Teaching and observe them.—And all the people shall say, Amen.
ברכות וקללות כיצד כיון שעברו ישראל את הירדן ובאו אל הר גריזים ואל הר עיבל שבשומרון שבצד שכם שבאצל אלוני מורה שנאמר (דברים יא, ל) הלא המה בעבר הירדן וגו' ולהלן הוא אומר (בראשית יב, ו) ויעבר אברם בארץ עד מקום שכם עד אלון מורה מה אלון מורה האמור להלן שכם אף אלון מורה האמור כאן שכם ששה שבטים עלו ראש הר גריזים וששה שבטים עלו לראש הר עיבל והכהנים והלוים והארון עומדים למטה באמצע הכהנים מקיפין את הארון והלוים את הכהנים וכל ישראל מכאן ומכאן שנאמר (יהושע ח, לג) וכל בני ישראל וזקניו ושוטריו ושופטיו עומדים מזה ומזה לארון וגו' הפכו פניהם כלפי הר גריזים ופתחו בברכה ברוך האיש אשר לא יעשה פסל ומסכה ואלו ואלו עונין אמן הפכו פניהם כלפי הר עיבל ופתחו בקללה (דברים כז, טו) ארור האיש אשר יעשה פסל ומסכה ואלו ואלו עונין אמן עד שגומרין ברכות וקללות ואחר כך הביאו את האבנים ובנו את המזבח וסדוהו בסיד וכתבו עליו את כל דברי התורה בשבעים לשון שנאמר (דברים כז, ח) באר היטב ונטלו את האבנים ובאו
How did the ceremony of the blessings and curses take place? When the Jewish people crossed the Jordan River they came to Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, which are in Samaria along-side the city of Shechem, which is near the oaks of Moreh, as it is stated: “Are they not beyond the Jordan, behind the way of the going down of the sun, in the land of the Canaanites that dwell in the Arabah, over against Gilgal, beside the oaks of Moreh?” (Deuteronomy 11:30), and there it states: “And Abram passed through the land until the place of Shechem, until the oaks of Moreh” (Genesis 12:6). Just as the oaks of Moreh mentioned there with regard to Abraham are close to Shechem, so too, the oaks of Moreh mentioned here are close to Shechem. Six tribes ascended to the top of Mount Gerizim and six tribes ascended to the top of Mount Ebal, and the priests and the Levites and the Ark were standing at the bottom in the middle, between the two mountains. The priests were surrounding the Ark and the Levites were surrounding the priests, and all the rest of the Jewish people were standing on the mountains on this side and on that side, as it is stated: “And all Israel, and their elders and officers, and their judges, stood on this side of the Ark and on that side before the priests the Levites that bore the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord” (Joshua 8:33). The Levites then turned to face Mount Gerizim and opened with the blessing: Blessed be the man who does not make a graven or molten image (see Deuteronomy 27:15), and these people and those people, i.e., the two groups standing on either mountain, answered: Amen. Then they turned to face Mount Ebal and opened with the curse: “Cursed be the man who makes a graven or molten image” (Deuteronomy 27:15), and these people and those people answered: Amen. They continued in this manner until they completed reciting all of the blessings and curses. And afterward they brought the stones as commanded in the Torah, and they built the altar and plastered it with plaster, and they wrote on it all of the words of the Torah in seventy languages, as it is stated: “And you shall write on the stones all the words of this law clearly elucidated” (Deuteronomy 27:8), indicating that it was to be written in every language. And they then took the stones from there and came
(ל) אָ֣ז יִבְנֶ֤ה יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ מִזְבֵּ֔חַ לַֽיקוק אֱלֹקֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל בְּהַ֖ר עֵיבָֽל׃ (לא) כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוָּה֩ מֹשֶׁ֨ה עֶֽבֶד־יקוק אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל כַּכָּתוּב֙ בְּסֵ֙פֶר֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִזְבַּח֙ אֲבָנִ֣ים שְׁלֵמ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹא־הֵנִ֥יף עֲלֵיהֶ֖ן בַּרְזֶ֑ל וַיַּעֲל֨וּ עָלָ֤יו עֹלוֹת֙ לַֽיקוק וַֽיִּזְבְּח֖וּ שְׁלָמִֽים׃ (לב) וַיִּכְתׇּב־שָׁ֖ם עַל־הָאֲבָנִ֑ים אֵ֗ת מִשְׁנֵה֙ תּוֹרַ֣ת מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר כָּתַ֔ב לִפְנֵ֖י בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (לג) וְכׇל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֡ל וּזְקֵנָ֡יו וְשֹׁטְרִ֣ים ׀ וְשֹׁפְטָ֡יו עֹמְדִ֣ים מִזֶּ֣ה ׀ וּמִזֶּ֣ה ׀ לָאָר֡וֹן נֶ֩גֶד֩ הַכֹּהֲנִ֨ים הַלְוִיִּ֜ם נֹשְׂאֵ֣י ׀ אֲר֣וֹן בְּרִית־יקוק כַּגֵּר֙ כָּאֶזְרָ֔ח חֶצְיוֹ֙ אֶל־מ֣וּל הַר־גְּרִזִ֔ים וְהַחֶצְי֖וֹ אֶל־מ֣וּל הַר־עֵיבָ֑ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֜ה מֹשֶׁ֣ה עֶבֶד־יקוק לְבָרֵ֛ךְ אֶת־הָעָ֥ם יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בָּרִאשֹׁנָֽה׃ (לד) וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן קָרָא֙ אֶת־כׇּל־דִּבְרֵ֣י הַתּוֹרָ֔ה הַבְּרָכָ֖ה וְהַקְּלָלָ֑ה כְּכׇל־הַכָּת֖וּב בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃ (לה) לֹא־הָיָ֣ה דָבָ֔ר מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֣ה מֹשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹֽא־קָרָ֜א יְהוֹשֻׁ֗עַ נֶ֣גֶד כׇּל־קְהַ֤ל יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וְהַנָּשִׁ֣ים וְהַטַּ֔ף וְהַגֵּ֖ר הַהֹלֵ֥ךְ בְּקִרְבָּֽם׃
(30) At that time Joshua built an altar to the LORD, the God of Israel, on Mount Ebal, (31) as Moses, the servant of the LORD, had commanded the Israelites—as is written in the Book of the Teaching of Moses—an altar of unhewn stone upon which no iron had been wielded. They offered on it burnt offerings to the LORD, and brought sacrifices of well-being. (32) And there, on the stones, he inscribed a copy of the Teaching that Moses had written for the Israelites. (33) All Israel—stranger and citizen alike—with their elders, officials, and magistrates, stood on either side of the Ark, facing the levitical priests who carried the Ark of the LORD’s Covenant. Half of them faced Mount Gerizim and half of them faced Mount Ebal, as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded them of old, in order to bless the people of Israel. (34) After that, he read all the words of the Teaching, the blessing and the curse, just as is written in the Book of the Teaching. (35) There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded that Joshua failed to read in the presence of the entire assembly of Israel, including the women and children and the strangers who accompanied them.
לְמֵימְרָא דִּמְבָרֵךְ עֲדִיף מִמַּאן דְּעָנֵי ״אָמֵן״? וְהָתַנְיָא רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: גָּדוֹל הָעוֹנֶה ״אָמֵן״ יוֹתֵר מִן הַמְבָרֵךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי: הַשָּׁמַיִם, כֵּן הוּא. תִּדַּע — שֶׁהֲרֵי גּוּלְיָירִין יוֹרְדִין וּמִתְגָּרִין בַּמִּלְחָמָה, וְגִבּוֹרִים יוֹרְדִין וּמְנַצְּחִין! תַּנָּאֵי הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: אֶחָד הַמְבָרֵךְ וְאֶחָד הָעוֹנֶה ״אָמֵן״ בַּמַּשְׁמָע, אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּמַהֲרִין לַמְבָרֵךְ יוֹתֵר מִן הָעוֹנֶה אָמֵן.

The Gemara asks: Is that to say that one who recites a blessing is preferable to one who answers amen? Wasn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: The reward of the one who answers amen is greater than the reward of the one who recites the blessing? Rabbi Nehorai said to him: By Heavens, an oath in the name of God, it is so. Know that this is true, as the military assistants [gulyarin] descend to the battlefield and initiate the war and the mighty descend and prevail. The amen that follows a blessing is compared to the mighty who join the war after the assistants, illustrating that answering amen is more significant than reciting the initial blessing. The Gemara responds: This is subject to a tannaitic dispute, as it was taught in a baraita: Both the one who recites a blessing and the one who answers amen are included among those who “stand up and bless” (Nehemiah 9:5), but they hurry to reward, i.e., the one who recites the blessing, more than they hurry to reward, i.e., the one who answers amen.

(ב) השומע א' מישראל מברך אחת מכל הברכות אע"פ שלא שמע כולה מתחלתה ועד סופה אע"פ שאינו חייב באותה ברכה חייב לענות אחריו אמן... הגה ועונין אמן אחר עכו"ם אם שמע כל הברכה מפיו (הר"י פ' אלו דברים):

If a Jew hears someone say part of a bracha, even if he didn't hear the entire bracha from the beginning to the end and he is not bound by that bracha, he still has to say Amen...Rema - you even say Amen after a Gentile makes a blessing!

(א) מכה רעהו בסתר. עַל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע הוּא אוֹמֵר; רָאִיתִי בִיסוֹדוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי מֹשֶׁה הַדַּרְשָׁן — י"א אֲרוּרִים יֵשׁ כָּאן כְּנֶגֶד י"א שְׁבָטִים, וּכְנֶגֶד שִׁמְעוֹן לֹא כָתַב אָרוּר, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה בְלִבּוֹ לְבָרְכוֹ לִפְנֵי מוֹתוֹ כְּשֶׁבֵּרֵךְ שְׁאָר הַשְּׁבָטִים, לְכָךְ לֹא רָצָה לְקַלְּלוֹ:
(1) מכה רעהו בסתר [CURSED BE] HE THAT SMITETH HIS FELLOW SECRETLY — It is of slander that it here speaks (slander may be termed “smiting in secret”) (Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 53). — I have seen in the Work of R. Moses the Preacher; There are here eleven verses beginning with the words “cursed be” corresponding to eleven tribes. In allusion to Simeon, however, he (Moses) did not write down a formula beginning with “cursed be”, because he had no intention to bless him before his death when he blessed the other tribes (the tribe of Simeon is the only one not mentioned in chapter XXXIII. which contains the blessings that Moses bestowed on the tribes), therefore he did not want to curse him either.

(ח) וְדַע עוֹד, דִּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהַנָּחָשׁ נֶעֱנַשׁ בְּעִנְיַן מְזוֹנוֹ, כְּדִכְתִיב: "וְעָפָר תֹּאכַל כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ", כֵּן הוּא מִי שֶׁהוּא בַּעַל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע נֶעֱנַשׁ בַּעֲוֹנוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב בְּ"סֵפֶר הַקָּנֶה", וְזֶה לְשׁוֹנוֹ: רְאֵה וְהָבֵן, שֶׁכָּל הַמּוֹצִיא לָשׁוֹן הָרָע מִפִּיו, נִדּוֹן בְּצָרַעַת. וּמְסַיֵּם שָׁם בְּסוֹף דְּבָרָיו, שֶׁמִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה מְצֹרָע, נִדּוֹן בַּעֲנִיּוּת, וּשְׁקוּלָה הָעֲנִיּוּת כְּצָרַעַת, וַהֲרֵי הוּא עָנִי הַנִּמְסָר בִּידֵי אָדָם. עַיֵּן שָׁם.

(ט) וּבֶאֱמֶת לְפֶלֶא הוּא בְּעֵינַי, שֶׁטֶּבַע בְּנֵי הָאָדָם לְחַפֵּשׂ סְגֻלּוֹת וּבְרָכוֹת מֵאֲנָשִׁים גְּדוֹלִים לְהַצְלָחָה עַל פַּרְנָסָה, וּמַה יּוֹעִילוּ לָהֶם כָּל הַסְּגֻלּוֹת וְהַבְּרָכוֹת, אִם, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, הוּא מֻרְגָּל בְּזֶה הַחֵטְא שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת, הֲרֵי יֵשׁ עַל זֶה אָרוּר מְפֹרָשׁ בַּתּוֹרָה (דברים כ"ז כ"ד): "אָרוּר מַכֶּה רֵעֵהוּ בַּסָּתֶר", שֶׁהוּא קָאֵי עַל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרֵשׁ רַשִּׁ"י. וְאָמְרוּ חֲזַ"ל (שבועות ל"ו.): אָרוּר, בּוֹ קְלָלָה, בּוֹ נִדּוּי. וְזֶה לֹא יָצָא מִפִּי אִישׁ אֶחָד, כִּי אִם בְּהֶסְכֵּם כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּצֵרוּף הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם, כְּדִכְתִיב בַּקְּרָא, וַהֲרֵי הוּא מְכַלֶּה הַשְׁפָּעָתוֹ.

(י) וְאִם הָיוּ שׁוֹמְעִים לִדְבָרַי, הָיִיתִי מְיַעֵץ לָהֶם יוֹתֵר, שֶׁיִּשְׁמְרוּ עַצְמָם בִּזְהִירוּת יְתֵרָה מִזֶּה הַחֵטְא, וּבִפְרָט מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת בְּפֹעַל מַמָּשׁ רַע לַחֲבֵרוֹ מֵעִנְיַן גֶּזֶל וְחָמָס וְאוֹנָאָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה, [שֶׁזֶּה בְּוַדַּאי גּוֹרֵם גָּדוֹל שֶׁיְּבֻזְבְּזוּ נְכָסָיו עַל יְדֵי זֶה וְיֵרְדוּ לְטִמְיוֹן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ בְּקוֹנְטְרֵס "שְׂפַת תָּמִים" בְּפֶרֶק שֵׁנִי וּשְׁלִישִׁי מִכַּמָּה פְּסוּקים וּמַאַמְרֵי חֲזַ"ל, עַיֵּן שָׁם], שֶׁאָז בְּוַדַּאי יִתְבָּרְכוּ נִכְסֵיהֶם יוֹתֵר מִכָּל הַסְּגֻלּוֹת, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁיָּדוּעַ, שֶׁכָּל הָאֲרוּרִים פָּתְחוּ מִתְּחִלָּה בִּבְרָכָה וְאָמְרוּ: "בָּרוּךְ אֲשֶׁר לֹא יַכֶּה אֶת רֵעֵהוּ", וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עָנוּ עַל זֶה אָמֵן, וּבְוַדַּאי תִּתְקַיֵּם הַבְּרָכָה הַזּוֹ.

(8) And know, further, that just as the serpent was punished in its food, as it is written: "And dust shall you eat all the days of your life," so the man of lashon hara is punished with poverty, as it is written in Sefer Hakanah: "See and understand that all who utter lashon hara are punished with leprosy," and he concludes: "One who does not become a leper is punished with poverty, which is equivalent to leprosy, and he becomes a pauper, beholden to men."

(9) And, in truth, this is a wonder in my eyes. For it is the nature of a man to seek remedies and blessings from great men for success in [earning] a livelihood. And how will all the remedies and blessings help them if, G-d forbid, they are habituated to the sin of lashon hara and rechiluth, which is subject to an explicit curse [Arur] in the Torah (Devarim 27:24): "Cursed [Arur] is he who smites his friend in secret," which, according to Rashi, refers to lashon hara. And Chazal have said (Shevuoth 36a): "'Arur' — in it lies a curse; in it lies excommunication." And this [Arur] was not uttered by one man alone, but in consensus with all of Israel, in addition to the Cohanim and the Levites, as stated in Scripture. And this one [(by speaking lashon hara)] voided his blessing!

(10) Had they [the remedy seekers] listened to me, I would have apprised them, rather, to be especially careful in guarding themselves against this sin, and, in particular, not to actively harm their friend in the area of theft, robbery, cheating, and the like. [(For these are certainly a potent force in eroding one's possessions and causing them to go lost, as we have written in the booklet, Sefath Tamim, in the second and third chapters, adducing verses and citations from Chazal.)] For then his possessions would certainly be blessed, more than by all the "remedies." As is well known, all the arurim were preceded by blessings, e.g., "Blessed is he who does not smite his friend, etc." And all of Israel answered "Amen" to this. And this blessing will certainly be fulfilled.