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Sources Through Srugim, Session 34: Driving on Shabbat
The Biblical Prohibition: Fire
(ב) שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֮ תֵּעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒ וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י יִהְיֶ֨ה לָכֶ֥ם קֹ֛דֶשׁ שַׁבַּ֥ת שַׁבָּת֖וֹן לַיהֹוָ֑ה כׇּל־הָעֹשֶׂ֥ה ב֛וֹ מְלָאכָ֖ה יוּמָֽת׃ (ג) לֹא־תְבַעֲר֣וּ אֵ֔שׁ בְּכֹ֖ל מֹשְׁבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑ם בְּי֖וֹם הַשַּׁבָּֽת׃ {פ}
(2) On six days work may be done, but on the seventh day you shall have a sabbath of complete rest, holy to the LORD; whoever does any work on it shall be put to death. (3) You shall kindle no fire throughout your settlements on the sabbath day.
Car Ignition: The Engine Ignition System
The ignition system consists of several components working together, controlled by the vehicle’s internal computer, to get your vehicle started. Beginning with the ignition coil, it takes power from the battery and turns it into a spark powerful enough to ignite fuel vapor. The coil itself is made up of two windings called the primary and secondary. The primary winding gathers the power to create a spark and the secondary’s job is to send it to the distributor. The distributor is a precise spinner that distributes the sparks via the spark plug wires to the individual spark plugs with precise timing by the use of a rotor. The spark plugs are plugged into the cylinder head. When the intake valves have distributed the proper amount of fuel and vapor into the cylinder, the spark plug produces a hot spark that ignites, creating combustion.
(https://www.sundevilauto.com/car-ignition/)
Rabbinic Prohibitions: Muktzeh

(יב) אָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים לְטַלְטֵל מִקְצָת דְּבָרִים בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה נָגְעוּ בְּאִסּוּר זֶה. אָמְרוּ וּמָה אִם הִזְהִירוּ נְבִיאִים וְצִוּוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה הִלּוּכְךָ בְּשַׁבָּת כְּהִלּוּכְךָ בְּחל וְלֹא שִׂיחַת הַשַּׁבָּת כְּשִׂיחַת החֹל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נח יג) "וְדַבֵּר דָּבָר" קַל וָחֹמֶר שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה טִלְטוּל בְּשַׁבָּת כְּטִלְטוּל בְּחל כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה כְּיוֹם חֹל בְּעֵינָיו וְיָבוֹא לְהַגְבִּיהַּ וּלְתַקֵּן כֵּלִים מִפִּנָּה לְפִנָּה אוֹ מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת אוֹ לְהַצְנִיעַ אֲבָנִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא בָּטֵל וְיוֹשֵׁב בְּבֵיתוֹ וִיבַקֵּשׁ דָּבָר שֶׁיִּתְעַסֵּק בּוֹ וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת וּבִטֵּל הַטַּעַם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּתוֹרָה (שמות כב יב) (דברים ה יג) "לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ":

(יג) וְעוֹד כְּשֶׁיְּבַקֵּר וִיטַלְטֵל כֵּלִים שֶׁמְּלַאכְתָּן לְאִסּוּר אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּתְעַסֵּק בָּהֶן מְעַט וְיָבֹא לִידֵי מְלָאכָה. וְעוֹד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּקְצָת הָעָם אֵינָם בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת אֶלָּא בְּטֵלִין כָּל יְמֵיהֶן כְּגוֹן הַטַּיָּלִין וְיוֹשְׁבֵי קְרָנוֹת שֶׁכָּל יְמֵיהֶן הֵן שׁוֹבְתִים מִמְּלָאכָה וְאִם יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר לְהַלֵּךְ וּלְדַבֵּר וּלְטַלְטֵל כִּשְׁאָר הַיָּמִים נִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא שָׁבַת שְׁבִיתָה הַנִּכֶּרֶת. לְפִיכָךְ שְׁבִיתָה מִדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ הִיא שְׁבִיתָה הַשָּׁוָה בְּכָל אָדָם. וּמִפְּנֵי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נָגְעוּ בְּאִסּוּר הַטִּלְטוּל. וְאָסְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְטַלְטֵל אָדָם בְּשַׁבָּת אֶלָּא כֵּלִים הַצָּרִיךְ לָהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:

(12) The Sages forbade moving some things on Shabbat in the way that he does on [weekdays]. And for what reason did they [promulgate] this prohibition? They said, "And just like the prophets prohibited and commanded that your going on Shabbat not be like your going on [weekdays] and that the speech of Shabbat not be like the speech of [weekdays]—as it is stated (Isaiah 58:13), 'and speak a word'—all the more so should the carrying of Shabbat not be like the carrying of [weekdays. This would be] so that it not be like a [week]day in his eyes, and he come to pick up and fix vessels from one corner to another or from one house to another, or store rocks, and that which is similar to it. As he is surely idle and sits in his house and will seek something with which to occupy himself. And it will come out that he would not have rested, and would nullify the reason [for Shabbat]; as it is stated (Exodus 22:12 and Deuteronomy 5:13), 'in order that he will rest.'"

(13) And also when one seeks to move vessels the use of which is for forbidden work, it is possible that that he will occupy himself with them a little and come to do forbidden work. Moreover since some of the people are not craftsmen, but are rather idle all of their days—such as travelers and those that sit on [street] corners—and rest from work all of their days; if it would be permissible to go and to speak and to carry like other days, it would come out that they would not rest a resting [on Shabbat] that is recognizable. Hence resting from these things (as opposed to resting from work) is a resting that is the same with every person. And on account of these things did they [promulgate] the prohibition of carrying. And they prohibited a person on Shabbat from carrying anything but vessels that they need, as will be explained.

Techum Shabbat
(כט) רְא֗וּ כִּֽי־יְהֹוָה֮ נָתַ֣ן לָכֶ֣ם הַשַּׁבָּת֒ עַל־כֵּ֠ן ה֣וּא נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶ֛ם בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁ֖י לֶ֣חֶם יוֹמָ֑יִם שְׁב֣וּ ׀ אִ֣ישׁ תַּחְתָּ֗יו אַל־יֵ֥צֵא אִ֛ישׁ מִמְּקֹמ֖וֹ בַּיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי׃
(29) Mark that the LORD has given you the sabbath; therefore He gives you two days’ food on the sixth day. Let everyone remain where he is: let no one leave his place on the seventh day.”
״שְׁבִיתָתִי בְּעִיקָּרוֹ״ — מְהַלֵּךְ מִמְּקוֹם רַגְלָיו וְעַד עִיקָּרוֹ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה, וּמֵעִיקָּרוֹ וְעַד בֵּיתוֹ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה. נִמְצָא מְהַלֵּךְ מִשֶּׁחָשֵׁיכָה אַרְבַּעַת אֲלָפִים אַמָּה.
If, however, he said: My residence is at the tree’s trunk, he acquired residence there, and he may therefore walk from the place he is standing to the trunk of the tree two thousand cubits away, and from the trunk of the tree to his house, an additional two thousand cubits. Consequently, he walks after nightfall a total of four thousand cubits.

(א) הַיּוֹצֵא חוּץ לִתְחוּם הַמְּדִינָה בְּשַׁבָּת לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טז כט) "אַל יֵצֵא אִישׁ מִמְּקֹמוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי". מָקוֹם זֶה הוּא תְּחוּם הָעִיר. וְלֹא נָתְנָה תּוֹרָה שִׁעוּר לִתְחוּם זֶה אֲבָל חֲכָמִים הֶעְתִּיקוּ שֶׁתְּחוּם זֶה הוּא חוּץ לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר מִיל כְּנֶגֶד מַחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְכָךְ אָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ לֹא תֵּצְאוּ חוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה. וּמִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים שֶׁלֹּא יֵצֵא אָדָם חוּץ לָעִיר אֶלָּא עַד אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה אֲבָל חוּץ לְאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה אָסוּר. שֶׁאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה הוּא מִגְרַשׁ הָעִיר:

(ב) נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְאָדָם בְּשַׁבָּת לְהַלֵּךְ אֶת כָּל הָעִיר כֻּלָּהּ אֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה כְּנִינְוֵה. בֵּין שֶׁהָיְתָה מֻקֶּפֶת חוֹמָה בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה מֻקֶּפֶת חוֹמָה. וְכֵן מֻתָּר לוֹ לְהַלֵּךְ חוּץ לָעִיר אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ מְרֻבָּעוֹת כְּטַבְלָה מְרֻבַּעַת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִשְׂכָּר אֶת הַזָּוִיּוֹת. וְאִם יָצָא חוּץ לְאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת עַד שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר מִיל. אֲבָל אִם יָצָא וְהִרְחִיק מִן הָעִיר יֶתֶר עַל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר מִיל אֲפִלּוּ אַמָּה אַחַת לוֹקֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה:

(1) If one goes out beyond the limit of the town on the Sabbath, he is lashed, for it is written: "Let no man go out of his place on the seventh day" (Exodus 16:29), and place in this verse signifies city limit. The Torah does not define the extent of this limit, but the Sages had a tradition that it is twelve miles, corresponding to the size of the Israelite camp in the wilderness; so this is what our teacher Moses meant to say to them: You shall not go out of the camp. The sages have enacted that one may not go out of the town beyond two thousand cubits, for two thousand cubits (0.7 miles) is defined as open land about the city (Numbers 35:5).

(2) From this you may conclude that one may walk anywhere within the city on the Sabbath, even if it is large as Nineveh, whether it is walled or not. Furthermore, one may walk up to two thousand cubits outside of the city limits in any direction, the permitted area resembling a square tablet.— —