Save "Is it possible to not judge a book by its cover?
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Is it possible to not judge a book by its cover?
(טז) וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃ (יז) דַּבֵּ֥ר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֖ן לֵאמֹ֑ר אִ֣ישׁ מִֽזַּרְעֲךָ֞ לְדֹרֹתָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִהְיֶ֥ה בוֹ֙ מ֔וּם לֹ֣א יִקְרַ֔ב לְהַקְרִ֖יב לֶ֥חֶם אֱלֹהָֽיו׃ (יח) כִּ֥י כָל־אִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־בּ֥וֹ מ֖וּם לֹ֣א יִקְרָ֑ב אִ֤ישׁ עִוֵּר֙ א֣וֹ פִסֵּ֔חַ א֥וֹ חָרֻ֖ם א֥וֹ שָׂרֽוּעַ׃ (יט) א֣וֹ אִ֔ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִהְיֶ֥ה ב֖וֹ שֶׁ֣בֶר רָ֑גֶל א֖וֹ שֶׁ֥בֶר יָֽד׃ (כ) אֽוֹ־גִבֵּ֣ן אוֹ־דַ֔ק א֖וֹ תְּבַלֻּ֣ל בְּעֵינ֑וֹ א֤וֹ גָרָב֙ א֣וֹ יַלֶּ֔פֶת א֖וֹ מְר֥וֹחַ אָֽשֶׁךְ׃ (כא) כָּל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־בּ֣וֹ מ֗וּם מִזֶּ֙רַע֙ אַהֲרֹ֣ן הַכֹּהֵ֔ן לֹ֣א יִגַּ֔שׁ לְהַקְרִ֖יב אֶת־אִשֵּׁ֣י יְהוָ֑ה מ֣וּם בּ֔וֹ אֵ֚ת לֶ֣חֶם אֱלֹהָ֔יו לֹ֥א יִגַּ֖שׁ לְהַקְרִֽיב׃ (כב) לֶ֣חֶם אֱלֹהָ֔יו מִקָּדְשֵׁ֖י הַקֳּדָשִׁ֑ים וּמִן־הַקֳּדָשִׁ֖ים יֹאכֵֽל׃ (כג) אַ֣ךְ אֶל־הַפָּרֹ֜כֶת לֹ֣א יָבֹ֗א וְאֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֛חַ לֹ֥א יִגַּ֖שׁ כִּֽי־מ֣וּם בּ֑וֹ וְלֹ֤א יְחַלֵּל֙ אֶת־מִקְדָּשַׁ֔י כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה מְקַדְּשָֽׁם׃
(16) The LORD spoke further to Moses: (17) Speak to Aaron and say: No man of your offspring throughout the ages who has a defect shall be qualified to offer the food of his God. (18) No one at all who has a defect shall be qualified: no man who is blind, or lame, or has a limb too short or too long; (19) no man who has a broken leg or a broken arm; (20) or who is a hunchback, or a dwarf, or who has a growth in his eye, or who has a boil-scar, or scurvy, or crushed testes. (21) No man among the offspring of Aaron the priest who has a defect shall be qualified to offer the LORD’s offering by fire; having a defect, he shall not be qualified to offer the food of his God. (22) He may eat of the food of his God, of the most holy as well as of the holy; (23) but he shall not enter behind the curtain or come near the altar, for he has a defect. He shall not profane these places sacred to Me, for I the LORD have sanctified them.

Do we expect our modern religious or political leaders to be without blemish? Why?

(יב) הָרוֹאֶה אֶת הַכּוּשִׁי וְאֶת הַמְשֻׁנִּין בְּצוּרַת פְּנֵיהֶן אוֹ בְּאֵיבְרֵיהֶם מְבָרֵךְ בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ׳‎ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם מְשַׁנֶּה אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת. הָרוֹאֶה סוּמָא אוֹ קִטֵּעַ וּמֻכֶּה שְׁחִין וּבוֹהֲקָנִין וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מְבָרֵךְ בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ׳‎ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם דַּיַּן הָאֱמֶת. וְאִם נוֹלְדוּ כֵּן מִמְּעֵי אִמָּן מְבָרֵךְ מְשַׁנֶּה אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת. הָרוֹאֶה אֶת הַפִּיל וְאֶת הַקּוֹף וְאֶת הַקִּיפוֹף אוֹמֵר בָּרוּךְ מְשַׁנֶּה אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת:

(12) On seeing a negro, or anyone unusual in facial appearance or conformation of his limbs, one says, "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who variest the forms of creatures." On seeing a blind person, a cripple, or one afflicted with boils or tetters, etc. the blessing said is "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, the true Judge." If the affliction is congenital, the blessing is "Who variest the forms of creatures." On seeing an elephant, an ape or an owl one says, "Blessed be He Who varieth the forms of creatures."

What is the difference between the two blessings? When one recites them would it be within the hearing of the one about whom the blessing is said?

(ל) מי שיש לו מום בפניו או בידיו כגון שהם בוהקניות או עקומות או עקושות [בוהקניות פירוש מין נגע לבן ורש"י פירש לינטלי"ש בלע"ז. עקומות כפופות. עקושות לצדדיהן והר"ן פי' עקומות שנתעקמה ידו אחורנית. עקושות שאינו יכול לחלק אצבעותיו] לא ישא את כפיו מפני שהעם מסתכלין בו וה"ה למי שיש מומין ברגליו במקום שעולים לדוכן בלא בתי שוקיים וכן מי שרירו יורד על זקנו או שעיניו זולפים דמעות וכן סומא באחד מעיניו לא ישא את כפיו ואם הי' דש בעירו דהיינו שהם רגילים בו ומכירין הכל שיש בו אותו מום ישא כפיו ואפי' הוא סומא בשתי עיניו וכל ששהא בעיר שלשי' יום מקרי דש בעירו ודוקא בעירו אבל אם הולך באקראי לעיר אחרת ושהא שם שלשים יום לא ואפילו לא בא לדור שם להיות מבני העיר אלא בא להיות שם מלמד או סופר או משרת שנה או חצי שנה חשוב דש בעירו בל' יום:

(30) One who has an deformity on his face or his hands, for example albinism, deformed [fingers], or paralyzed [fingers] should not perform the priestly blessing ("bohakniot" means a type of white lesion, and Rashi explains it means spotted (like lentils) in Old French; "akumot" means crooked; "akushot" means bent to the sides. The Ran defines: "akumot" means that his hand is bent backwards, and "akushot" means he is unable to separate his fingers) because the congregation will stare at him. And this is also the rule for one who has an deformity on his feet, in a place where they ascend to the platform without socks. And so it is if he has spittle drooling down his beard, or if his eyes tear up. And similarly, one who is blind in one of his eye should not perform the priestly blessing. However, if he is "broken in" in his city, meaning that they are familiar with him and everyone recognizes that he has this deformity, he may perform the blessing, even if he is blind in both eyes. Anyone who has stayed in the city thirty days is called "broken in in his city," but only in his city — whereas if he goes temporarily to a different city and stays there thirty days, no. Even if he did not come to live in the city to become one of the city residents, but rather to become a schoolteacher or scribe or attendant, for a year or half a year, this is considered "broken in in his city thirty days."

Why is a Cohen with a disability allowed to bless the congregation if he/she has lived in the city for 30 days?

(כ) אֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה אוֹמֵר, הַלּוֹמֵד יֶלֶד לְמַה הוּא דוֹמֶה, לִדְיוֹ כְתוּבָה עַל נְיָר חָדָשׁ. וְהַלּוֹמֵד זָקֵן לְמַה הוּא דוֹמֶה, לִדְיוֹ כְתוּבָה עַל נְיָר מָחוּק. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַר יְהוּדָה אִישׁ כְּפַר הַבַּבְלִי אוֹמֵר, הַלּוֹמֵד מִן הַקְּטַנִּים לְמַה הוּא דוֹמֶה, לְאֹכֵל עֲנָבִים קֵהוֹת וְשׁוֹתֶה יַיִן מִגִּתּוֹ. וְהַלּוֹמֵד מִן הַזְּקֵנִים לְמַה הוּא דוֹמֶה, לְאֹכֵל עֲנָבִים בְּשֵׁלוֹת וְשׁוֹתֶה יַיִן יָשָׁן. רַבִּי אוֹמֵר, אַל תִּסְתַּכֵּל בַּקַּנְקַן, אֶלָּא בְמַה שֶּׁיֶּשׁ בּוֹ. יֵשׁ קַנְקַן חָדָשׁ מָלֵא יָשָׁן, וְיָשָׁן שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ חָדָשׁ אֵין בּוֹ:

(20) Elisha ben Abuyah said: He who learns when a child, to what is he compared? To ink written upon a new writing sheet. And he who learns when an old man, to what is he compared? To ink written on a rubbed writing sheet. Rabbi Yose ben Judah a man of Kfar Ha-babli said: He who learns from the young, to what is he compared? To one who eats unripe grapes, and drinks wine from his vat; And he who learns from the old, to what is he compared? To one who eats ripe grapes, and drinks old wine. Rabbi said: don’t look at the container but at that which is in it: there is a new container full of old wine, and an old [container] in which there is not even new [wine].

How can we train ourselves not to look at the container (the body) but at that which is in it (the essence)?