Save "MTC Chumash In Depth - Genesis 3:17-19 - The Curse of Man"
MTC Chumash In Depth - Genesis 3:17-19 - The Curse of Man

(יז) וּלְאָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּךָ֒ וַתֹּ֙אכַל֙ מִן־הָעֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר צִוִּיתִ֙יךָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֲרוּרָ֤ה הָֽאֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽעֲבוּרֶ֔ךָ בְּעִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔נָּה כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ׃

(יח) וְק֥וֹץ וְדַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ לָ֑ךְ וְאָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת־עֵ֥שֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃

(יט) בְּזֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ כִּֽי־עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה וְאֶל־עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב׃

(17) To Adam He said, “Because you did as your wife said and ate of the tree about which I commanded you, ‘You shall not eat of it,’ Cursed be the ground because of you; By toil shall you eat of it All the days of your life: (18) Thorns and thistles shall it sprout for you. But your food shall be the grasses of the field; (19) By the sweat of your brow Shall you get bread to eat, Until you return to the ground— For from it you were taken. For dust you are, And to dust you shall return.”
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: קָשִׁין מְזוֹנוֹתָיו שֶׁל אָדָם כִּפְלַיִים כַּיּוֹלֵדָה, דְּאִילּוּ בְּיוֹלֵדָה כְּתִיב: ״בְּעֶצֶב״, וּבִמְזוֹנוֹת כְּתִיב ״בְּעִצָּבוֹן״.
With regard to the praise due to God for sustaining the world, the Gemara cites a statement that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The task of providing a person’s food is twice as difficult as the suffering endured by a woman in childbirth. While, with regard to a woman in childbirth, it is written: “In pain [be’etzev] you shall bring forth children” (Genesis 3:16), with regard to food, it is written: “In toil [be’itzavon] you shall eat of it, all the days of your life” (Genesis 3:17). Itzavon is a superlative form of etzev, which indicates that it is more difficult to support oneself than to give birth.

אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לָאָדָם ״וְקוֹץ וְדַרְדַּר תַּצְמִיחַ לָךְ״ זָלְגוּ עֵינָיו דְּמָעוֹת,

אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, אֲנִי וַחֲמוֹרִי נֹאכַל בְּאֵבוּס אֶחָד?

כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ: ״בְּזֵעַת אַפֶּךָ תֹּאכַל לֶחֶם״, נִתְקָרְרָה דַּעְתּוֹ.

אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: אַשְׁרֵינוּ אִם עָמַדְנוּ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, וַעֲדַיִין לָא פָּלְטִינַן מִינַּהּ, דְּקָא אָכְלִינַן עִיסְבֵי דְּדַבְרָא.

The Gemara cites a similar statement. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: When the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Adam: “Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to you, and you shall eat the herb of the field” (Genesis 3:18), his eyes streamed with tears. Adam said before Him: Master of the Universe, will my donkey and I eat from one trough? After God said to him: “In the sweat of your face shall you eat bread” (Genesis 3:19), his mind was settled, assured that if he toils he will be able to eat bread, unlike the donkey. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: We would have been fortunate had we remained under the first decree and were still able to eat the herbs of the field. And we still have not entirely escaped from this decree, as we sometimes eat the grass of the field, in the form of vegetables and leaves.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ, וְהָכְתִיב: ״כִּי עָפָר אַתָּה וְאֶל עָפָר תָּשׁוּב״! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָהוּא שָׁעָה אַחַת קוֹדֶם תְּחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים.
Rav Naḥman once again asked Rav Aḥai about the preservation of the flesh, and he said: But it is written: “For you are dust and you shall return to dust” (Genesis 3:19), so why has your body not turned into dust? He said to him: That verse applies to the righteous only one hour before the resurrection of the dead, so that they, too, may be created anew (Maharsha).

(א) ארורה האדמה בעבורך. מַעֲלָה לְךָ דְּבָרִים אֲרוּרִים, כְּגוֹן זְבוּבִים, פַּרְעוֹשִׁים וּנְמָלִים, מָשָׁל לְיוֹצֵא לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה וְהַבְּרִיּוֹת מְקַלְּלוֹת שָׁדַיִם שֶׁיָּנַק מֵהֶם:

(א) וקוץ ודרדר תצמיח לך. הָאָרֶץ כְּשֶׁתִּזְרָעֶנָּה מִינֵי זְרָעִים, תַּצְמִיחַ קוֹץ וְדַרְדַּר קֻנְדָּס וְעַכָּבִיּוֹת, וְהֵן נֶאֱכָלִין עַל יְדֵי תִקּוּן (ביצה ל"ד):

(ב) ואכלת את עשב השדה. וּמַה קְּלָלָה הִיא זוֹ? וַהֲלֹא בַּבְּרָכָה נֶאֱמַר לוֹ הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת כָּל עֵשֶׂב זֹרֵעַ זֶרַע וְגוֹ? אֶלָּא מָה אָמוּר כָּאן בְּרֹאשׁ הָעִנְיָן אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ בְּעִצָּבוֹן תֹּאכְלֶנָּה, וְאַחַר הָעִצָּבוֹן וְקוֹץ וְדַרְדַּר תַּצְמִיחַ לָךְ, כְּשֶׁתִּזְרָעֶנָּה קִטְנִית אוֹ יַרְקוֹת גִּנָּה הִיא תַצְמִיחַ לְךָ קוֹצִים וְדַרְדָּרִים וּשְׁאָר עִשְׂבֵי הַשָׂדֶה וְעַל כָּרְחֲךָ תֹּאכְלֵם:

(א) בזעת אפיך. לְאַחַר שֶׁתִּטְרַח בּוֹ הַרְבֵּה:

(1) ארורה האדמה בעבורך CURSED BE THE GROUND FOR THY SAKE — It will produce to you cursed objects such as flies, fleas and ants; it may be compared to the case of one who gets into depraved ways, and people curse the breasts at which he was suckled (Genesis Rabbah 5:9). (1) וקוץ ודרדר תצמיח לך THORNS ALSO AND THISTLES SHALL IT BRING FORTH TO THEE— תצמיח has for subject the earth; when you sow it with various kinds of grain, it shall bring forth thorns and thistles — artichokes and cardoon — which are fit for food only after special preparation (Genesis Rabbah 20:10). (2) ואכלת את עשב השדה AND THOU SHALT EAT THE HERB OF THE FIELD — What curse is involved here? Was he not told as a blessing, (1:29) “Behold I have given unto you every herb yielding seed”? But what is stated here at the beginning of this passage? “Cursed be the ground etc.… in toil shalt thou eat of it.” And after all your toil “thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee”. This means when you sow it with cereals and vegetables it shall bring forth for you thorns and thistles and other weeds, and you will perforce have to eat them for lack of other food (Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer 14). (1) בזעת אפיך IN THE SWEAT OF THY FACE — after you have taken all this great trouble.

(א) כי שמעת לקול אשתך ביחסה לאל ית' שקר וקנאה:

(ב) ותאכל מן העץ שמרית התחייבת מית' כמו שהית' ההתראה. הנה בשביל ששמעת וקבלת את סברתה לחשוב אל ה' תועה. ארור' האדמה שלא תוסיף תת כחה לך בלתי עבודה. ובשביל שמרית ועברת על מצותי:

(א) ואל עפר תשוב כמו שהעידותי בך כשצויתי ואמרתי ביום אכלך ממנו מות תמות שתהיה מוכן אל המות בסוף:

(1) כי שמעת לקול אשתך, by attributing to G’d such negative characteristics as lying and jealousy.

(2) ותאכל מן העץ, thereby rebelling and causing yourself death as you had been warned about. Because you listened and accepted the argument to think of G’d as imperfect, ארורה האדמה, the earth will not continue to put its potential at your disposal without your having to exert yourself by hard labour. Furthermore, also because you rebelled and violated My command,

(1) אל עפר תשוב, you will revert to dust, just as I had told you “on the day you eat from it you will surely become mortal.” (not that he would actually die on that same day).

(א) ואל עפר תשוב. הכונה הוא בסוד הכתוב שהזכיר אליהוא על תשובות באנשי און והמשכיל יבין.

וזהו שאמר במדרש ואל עפר תשוב תבא אין כתיב כאן אלא תשוב מכאן רמז לתחיית המתים שכבר הזכיר עד שובך. ואפשר לומר ואל עפר תשוב שירמוז לאותו שעתיד לומר ואנכי עפר ואפר.

(1) אל עפר תשוב, “and to dust you shall return.” The deeper meaning of this verse is reflected in the words of Elihu to Job in Job 34,36. The intelligent reader will understand what I mean. Bereshit Rabbah 20,26 emphasizes that instead of the Torah writing תבא, “you will come,” it wrote תשוב, “you will return.” This is a reference to the eventual resurrection seeing that the words עד שובך אל האדמה already mentioned the first return to dust, original death. We may also see in this wording an allusion to Avraham who had said of himself that he was עפר ואפר, “dust and ashes,” and to whom Adam bequeathed seventy years of his allocated time on earth.

(ב) ארורה האדמה בעבורך. כל בעבור משמעו לטובתו כדי שיהי׳ כן... דאחר דסר ממך אהבת ה׳. הטוב טוב לפניך שיהא האדמה ארורה. ותבא לידי

בעצבון תאכלנה. ביגיעה ועבודה רבה:

(ג) כל ימי חייך. ... וכ״ז הוא לטובת האדם שלא יסור מדרכי ה׳ וכמ״ש שיגיעת שניהם משכחת עון.

(ב) כי עפר אתה. כבר ביארנו שאינו עונש. ואדרבה ביאר לו ה׳ שאינו מענישו במיתה משום שלא אכל במזיד. אלא המיתה הוא בטבע שהרי עפר אתה וגו׳:

...All this verse implies it is for man's benefit that it should be so. That after you turned from the love of Hashem, then it is good for man that the ground is cursed that you will come back to Me.

With toil and great labor.

All the days of your life, all of this is for the good of man that he doesn't turn from the way of Hashem, like it says, one who engages in Torah and physical labor will forget sin.

We have already explained that this is not a punishment. On the contrary, it is explained that Hashem did not punish him with death because he did not sin intentionally. Rather the death is his nature because from dust he came...

Rav Hirsch on Genesis 3:17
...Not because man sinned, but the curse was for his betterment is the ground to be restrained in its development. I will not let it develop freely any longer, it will no longer smile at you, only through great effort will you be able to enjoy it, to teach man a lesson that every sacrifice brings profit. Giving things up makes a man free, brings out his better, nobler self, makes him independent of external things, of that which the world offers or denies, and allows him to find his own true worth in faithfulness to God, and at the same time his constant happiness.
Everything good worth having has to be bought by work and toil, to teach him that which is bitter is not always bad and what is sweet is not always good. This raises him to the mastery of life which happily renounces what is sweet to the senses to that which is good for the morals. Our sages teach us that the most glorious gifts of God are only to be gained by way of hardship.
Rav Hirsch on Genesis 3:19
In the whole of this verdict of God, the curse is pronounced only against the ground and an animal, but not so over man. Mankind is in no manner whatsoever placed under a ban for his sin. In all that was said, not a single syllable altered by a hairbreadth Man's higher calling or ability to reach and fulfill it.
Still today, every human child come from the Hand of God as pure as Adam did, pure as an angel. The dogma of original sin has been founded on it, a dogma upon which a whole structure has been built, against which the whole being of a Jew has to raise the most emphatic protest! No dead or resurrected intermediary necessary.
The whole of Jewish history shows how pure men were able to get as near to God as the first man before his fall. Abraham, Moses, Isaiah, etc attained their nearness to God by nothing else than a pure effort to be faithful to duty.