Save "What Kind of Korban was the Pesach?
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What Kind of Korban was the Pesach?
Parallels to Korban Shelamim:
(י) וְלֹא־תוֹתִ֥ירוּ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַד־בֹּ֑קֶר וְהַנֹּתָ֥ר מִמֶּ֛נּוּ עַד־בֹּ֖קֶר בָּאֵ֥שׁ תִּשְׂרֹֽפוּ׃
(10) You shall not leave any of it over until morning; if any of it is left until morning, you shall burn it.
(טו) וּבְשַׂ֗ר זֶ֚בַח תּוֹדַ֣ת שְׁלָמָ֔יו בְּי֥וֹם קָרְבָּנ֖וֹ יֵאָכֵ֑ל לֹֽא־יַנִּ֥יחַ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃ (טז) וְאִם־נֶ֣דֶר ׀ א֣וֹ נְדָבָ֗ה זֶ֚בַח קָרְבָּנ֔וֹ בְּי֛וֹם הַקְרִיב֥וֹ אֶת־זִבְח֖וֹ יֵאָכֵ֑ל וּמִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת וְהַנּוֹתָ֥ר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ יֵאָכֵֽל׃ (יז) וְהַנּוֹתָ֖ר מִבְּשַׂ֣ר הַזָּ֑בַח בַּיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֔י בָּאֵ֖שׁ יִשָּׂרֵֽף׃
(15) And the flesh of his thanksgiving sacrifice of well-being shall be eaten on the day that it is offered; none of it shall be set aside until morning. (16) If, however, the sacrifice he offers is a votive or a freewill offering, it shall be eaten on the day that he offers his sacrifice, and what is left of it shall be eaten on the morrow. (17) What is then left of the flesh of the sacrifice shall be consumed in fire on the third day.
(לט) וַיֹּאפ֨וּ אֶת־הַבָּצֵ֜ק אֲשֶׁ֨ר הוֹצִ֧יאוּ מִמִּצְרַ֛יִם עֻגֹ֥ת מַצּ֖וֹת כִּ֣י לֹ֣א חָמֵ֑ץ כִּֽי־גֹרְשׁ֣וּ מִמִּצְרַ֗יִם וְלֹ֤א יָֽכְלוּ֙ לְהִתְמַהְמֵ֔הַּ וְגַם־צֵדָ֖ה לֹא־עָשׂ֥וּ לָהֶֽם׃
(39) And they baked unleavened cakes of the dough that they had taken out of Egypt, for it was not leavened, since they had been driven out of Egypt and could not delay; nor had they prepared any provisions for themselves.
(יב) אִ֣ם עַל־תּוֹדָה֮ יַקְרִיבֶנּוּ֒ וְהִקְרִ֣יב ׀ עַל־זֶ֣בַח הַתּוֹדָ֗ה חַלּ֤וֹת מַצּוֹת֙ בְּלוּלֹ֣ת בַּשֶּׁ֔מֶן וּרְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּשָּׁ֑מֶן וְסֹ֣לֶת מֻרְבֶּ֔כֶת חַלֹּ֖ת בְּלוּלֹ֥ת בַּשָּֽׁמֶן׃
(12) If he offers it for thanksgiving, he shall offer together with the sacrifice of thanksgiving unleavened cakes with oil mixed in, unleavened wafers spread with oil, and cakes of choice flour with oil mixed in, well soaked.

והענין דתכלית תודה שבא על הנס הוא כדי לספר חסדי ה׳ שגמל עליו . ומטעם זה ריבה הכתוב בלחם ומיעט בזמן אכילת תודה מכל שלמים. היינו כדי שיהי׳ מרבה ריעים לסעודה אחת ביום הקרבה ויהי׳ ספור הנס לפני רוב אנשים...

And the idea is that the goal of the Thanksgiving offering is that it comes in appreciation of a miracle, as a means to tell the story of God's kindness that he graced you with. And because of this the Torah says to bring lots of loaves and gives you very little time to eat the Thanksgiving offering from all the Peace Offerings. That is, so you'll invite friends to one meal when you offer it, and you will tell the story of the miracle in front of a crowd...

קובץ חידושי תורה של הגר“ם והגרי“ד עמ׳ יט

ועוד יותר נראה דבפסח גופא אכילתו באה משתי הלכות מיוחדות (ואת זה שמעתי מפי אאמו”ר הגאון החסיד רבן של ישראל זצ”ל):

א) ממצות אכילת פסח בליל חמשה עשר...

ב) מדין קדשים קלים

R. Moshe Soloveitchik (20th C. America)

And it appears more accurate to me to say that the eating of the Pesach offering accomplishes two separate halakhic goals (And this I heard from my father, R' Chaim Soloveitchik):

1) It fulfills the Mitzvah of eating the Paschal offering on the 15th night

2) It is eaten as a lesser sacrifice [i.e. as a Korban Shelamim]

(יג) עַל־חַלֹּת֙ לֶ֣חֶם חָמֵ֔ץ יַקְרִ֖יב קָרְבָּנ֑וֹ עַל־זֶ֖בַח תּוֹדַ֥ת שְׁלָמָֽיו׃
(13) This offering, with cakes of leavened bread added, he shall offer along with his thanksgiving sacrifice of well-being.
(א) וְאָמַר, וְזאת תּורַת זֶבַח הַשְּׁלָמִים. וְהודִיעַ שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכָּל הַשְּׁלָמִים קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים, מִכָּל מָקום יֵשׁ חִלּוּק בֵּינֵיהֶם: שֶׁאִם הֵם עַל אודות הודָאָה, יִהְיֶה עִמָּהֶם "לֶחֶם", בְּתוכו מִין "חָמֵץ". כִּי אָמְנָם סִבַּת הַסַּכָּנָה אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ הַהודָאָה הוּא 'שְׂאור שֶׁבְּעִיסָה', מִכָּל מָקום מִינֵי הַמַּצּות רָבות עָלָיו, וּבִרְבות הַלֶּחֶם יִתְפַּרְסֵם הַנֵּס לְאוכְלִים רַבִּים, וְכֻלָּם נֶאֱכָלִים בִּזְמַן קָדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים שֶׁהֵם לְיום וָלַיְלָה.

(1) וזאת תורת זבח השלמים, here we are told that although the common denominator between these offerings is that they share the heading sh’lamim inasmuch as these offerings are categorized in the Talmud as קדשים קלים, ”holy things of a minor degree of sanctity,” there are differences, nuances between one type of such קדשים קלים and other types. For instance, if they involve thanksgiving the animals offerings are accompanied by breads, some of which are leavened. Granted that the underlying reason for the need to offer thanks is what our sages call the שאור שבעיסה, “the element of ego in the ‘dough,’” the aspiring human personality, by consisting predominantly of unleavened loaves this element becomes subordinate. [it must be remembered that basically, no other offering consisting of baked goods is allowed to be leavened. The author feels that if a person finds himself in an unexpectedly dangerous situation requiring a miracle to save him, this indicates that had his conduct been beyond reproach he would not first have become exposed to that danger. On a national rather than an individual level, the Purim story is an illustration of what the author means. Ed.] One of the reasons the Torah requires so many individual loaves of bread as part of the Todah sacrifice, is to enable as many people as possible to become aware of someone having been miraculously saved. The period during which these breads can be eaten is the same as the period holy things of the higher order may be eaten, i.e. only one day and one night, not like ordinary sh’lamim which may be eaten two days and one night.

וְרַבִּי אָלֶכְּסַנְדְרִי בָּתַר דִּמְצַלֵּי אָמַר הָכִי: ״רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים, גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לְפָנֶיךָ שֶׁרְצוֹנֵנוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹנֶךָ, וּמִי מְעַכֵּב? — שְׂאוֹר שֶׁבָּעִיסָּה...

After Rabbi Alexandri prayed, he would say the following:
Master of the Universe, it is revealed and known before You
that our will is to perform Your will, and what prevents us? The yeast in the dough, the evil inclination that is within every person...

שאור שבעיסה – יצר הרע שבלבבנו המחמיצנו:

The yeast in the dough - The evil inclination in our hearts which leavens/sours us

(א) על חלת לחם חמץ יקריב קרבנו. משמעות המקרא דתכלית הקרבן הוא חלות לחם חמץ. ומשום זה מפרש עוד המקרא על זבח תורת שלמיו. מש״ה לחם חמץ הוא עיקר משום שהוא זבח תודת שלמיו... והיינו דמסיים טעם שלחם חמץ עיקר משום שהוא זבח תודת שלמיו. תודה על שלומו במה שנחלץ מצרה:

Upon loaves of leavened bread you shall offer it - The implication of the verse is that the purpose of the offering is the leavened loaves you bring with it. And because of this the Torah goes on and says "upon the sacrifice of his Peace Offering." Because of this, the leavened bread is the essence of the offering, because it is about thanking God for his peace... And that is why it ends with the reason that Chametz is the focus because it is an offering of Thanksgiving for his peace. Thanks for the peace that he was saved from distress.

Parallels Between Pesach and Olah:
(ה) שֶׂ֥ה תָמִ֛ים זָכָ֥ר בֶּן־שָׁנָ֖ה יִהְיֶ֣ה לָכֶ֑ם מִן־הַכְּבָשִׂ֥ים וּמִן־הָעִזִּ֖ים תִּקָּֽחוּ׃
(5) Your lamb shall be without blemish, a yearling male; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats.

(ג) אִם־עֹלָ֤ה קָרְבָּנוֹ֙...

(י) וְאִם־מִן־הַצֹּ֨אן קָרְבָּנ֧וֹ מִן־הַכְּשָׂבִ֛ים א֥וֹ מִן־הָעִזִּ֖ים לְעֹלָ֑ה זָכָ֥ר תָּמִ֖ים יַקְרִיבֶֽנּוּ׃

(3) If his offering is a burnt offering...

(10) If his offering for a burnt offering is from the flock, of sheep or of goats, he shall make his offering a male without blemish.

(ט) אַל־תֹּאכְל֤וּ מִמֶּ֙נּוּ֙ נָ֔א וּבָשֵׁ֥ל מְבֻשָּׁ֖ל בַּמָּ֑יִם כִּ֣י אִם־צְלִי־אֵ֔שׁ רֹאשׁ֥וֹ עַל־כְּרָעָ֖יו וְעַל־קִרְבּֽוֹ׃
(9) Do not eat any of it raw, or cooked in any way with water, but roasted—head, legs, and entrails—over the fire.
(ח) וְעָרְכ֗וּ בְּנֵ֤י אַהֲרֹן֙ הַכֹּ֣הֲנִ֔ים אֵ֚ת הַנְּתָחִ֔ים אֶת־הָרֹ֖אשׁ וְאֶת־הַפָּ֑דֶר עַל־הָעֵצִים֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־הָאֵ֔שׁ אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ׃ (ט) וְקִרְבּ֥וֹ וּכְרָעָ֖יו יִרְחַ֣ץ בַּמָּ֑יִם וְהִקְטִ֨יר הַכֹּהֵ֤ן אֶת־הַכֹּל֙ הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חָה עֹלָ֛ה אִשֵּׁ֥ה רֵֽיחַ־נִיח֖וֹחַ לַֽיהוָֽה׃ (ס)

(8) and Aaron’s sons, the priests, shall lay out the sections, with the head and the suet, on the wood that is on the fire upon the altar. (9) Its entrails and legs shall be washed with water, and the priest shall turn the whole into smoke on the altar as a burnt offering, an offering by fire of pleasing odor to the LORD.

The Jewish Home as the Altar:
(ז) וְלָֽקְחוּ֙ מִן־הַדָּ֔ם וְנָֽתְנ֛וּ עַל־שְׁתֵּ֥י הַמְּזוּזֹ֖ת וְעַל־הַמַּשְׁק֑וֹף עַ֚ל הַבָּ֣תִּ֔ים אֲשֶׁר־יֹאכְל֥וּ אֹת֖וֹ בָּהֶֽם׃
(7) They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and the lintel of the houses in which they are to eat it.
וְעוֹד, הָא תְּנָא רַב יוֹסֵף: שְׁלֹשָׁה מִזְבְּחוֹת הָיוּ שָׁם: עַל הַמַּשְׁקוֹף, וְעַל שְׁתֵּי הַמְּזוּזוֹת. וְתוּ מִידֵּי אַחֲרִינָא לָא הֲוָה.
And furthermore, Rav Yosef taught that there were three parts of the door upon which the blood was sprinkled that took the place of three altars there in Egypt. The blood was applied upon the lintel and upon the two doorposts; and there was nothing else. Presumably, the Jewish people did not fulfill any mitzva not explicitly mentioned in the Torah, and since no other altar is mentioned, one can conclude that they did not offer the fats and other sacrificial portions on an altar.
ג' מזבחות - להזאת הדם אבל להקטרת אימורין לא היה שם מזבח:

Three Altars - For sprinkling the blood. But for the burning of the limbs there was no altar.

(מו) בְּבַ֤יִת אֶחָד֙ יֵאָכֵ֔ל לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא מִן־הַבַּ֛יִת מִן־הַבָּשָׂ֖ר ח֑וּצָה וְעֶ֖צֶם לֹ֥א תִשְׁבְּרוּ־בֽוֹ׃
(46) It shall be eaten in one house: you shall not take any of the flesh outside the house; nor shall you break a bone of it.
(יא) כָּל־הַמִּנְחָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר תַּקְרִ֙יבוּ֙ לַיהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א תֵעָשֶׂ֖ה חָמֵ֑ץ כִּ֤י כָל־שְׂאֹר֙ וְכָל־דְּבַ֔שׁ לֹֽא־תַקְטִ֧ירוּ מִמֶּ֛נּוּ אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַֽיהוָֽה׃ (יב) קָרְבַּ֥ן רֵאשִׁ֛ית תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אֹתָ֖ם לַיהוָ֑ה וְאֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֥חַ לֹא־יַעֲל֖וּ לְרֵ֥יחַ נִיחֹֽחַ׃
(11) No meal offering that you offer to the LORD shall be made with leaven, for no leaven or honey may be turned into smoke as an offering by fire to the LORD. (12) You may bring them to the LORD as an offering of choice products; but they shall not be offered up on the altar for a pleasing odor.
The Jewish People as the Fire
(י) וְלֹא־תוֹתִ֥ירוּ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַד־בֹּ֑קֶר וְהַנֹּתָ֥ר מִמֶּ֛נּוּ עַד־בֹּ֖קֶר בָּאֵ֥שׁ תִּשְׂרֹֽפוּ׃
(10) You shall not leave any of it over until morning; if any of it is left until morning, you shall burn it.
(ב) צַ֤ו אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ וְאֶת־בָּנָ֣יו לֵאמֹ֔ר זֹ֥את תּוֹרַ֖ת הָעֹלָ֑ה הִ֣וא הָעֹלָ֡ה עַל֩ מוֹקְדָ֨ה עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֤חַ כָּל־הַלַּ֙יְלָה֙ עַד־הַבֹּ֔קֶר וְאֵ֥שׁ הַמִּזְבֵּ֖חַ תּ֥וּקַד בּֽוֹ׃
(2) Command Aaron and his sons thus: This is the ritual of the burnt offering: The burnt offering itself shall remain where it is burned upon the altar all night until morning, while the fire on the altar is kept going on it.

(א) היא שצונו לאכול כבש הפסח בליל חמשה עשר מניסן בתנאיו הנזכרים והוא שיהיה צלי ושיאכל בבית אחד ושיאכל עם מצות ומרורים, והוא אמרו ואכלו את הבשר בלילה הזה צלי אש ומצות על מרורים יאכלוהו.

(1) That is that He commanded us to eat the lamb of the Pesach-offering on the night of the fifteenth of Nissan according to the stipulations mentioned - and that is that it is roasted, that it is eaten in one house and that is eaten with matzah and bitter herbs (maror). And that is His saying, "They shall eat the meat that night; they shall eat it roasted with fire, with matzah and with bitter herbs" (Exodus 12:8).

Korban Pesach as the Basis of Brit
(מח) וְכִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְעָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַיהוָה֒ הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְאָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַעֲשֹׂת֔וֹ וְהָיָ֖ה כְּאֶזְרַ֣ח הָאָ֑רֶץ וְכָל־עָרֵ֖ל לֹֽא־יֹ֥אכַל בּֽוֹ׃
(48) If a stranger who dwells with you would offer the passover to the LORD, all his males must be circumcised; then he shall be admitted to offer it; he shall then be as a citizen of the country. But no uncircumcised person may eat of it.
(ו) וָאֶעֱבֹ֤ר עָלַ֙יִךְ֙ וָֽאֶרְאֵ֔ךְ מִתְבּוֹסֶ֖סֶת בְּדָמָ֑יִךְ וָאֹ֤מַר לָךְ֙ בְּדָמַ֣יִךְ חֲיִ֔י וָאֹ֥מַר לָ֖ךְ בְּדָמַ֥יִךְ חֲיִֽי׃
(6) When I passed by you and saw you wallowing in your blood, I said to you: “Live in spite of your blood.” Yea, I said to you: “Live in spite of your blood.”

(ב) בדמיך חיי. ...וששינה לומר שני פעמים לפי שבדם פסח ודם מילה נגאלו:

(2) With your blood, live ...He repeats this a second time because they were redeemed with the blood of the Passover sacrifice and the blood of circumcision (Pirke d’Rabbi Eliezer, chapter 29).

(א) שְׁלשִׁים וָשֵׁשׁ כְּרֵתוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה... הַפֶּסַח וְהַמִּילָה בְּמִצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה:

(1) There are thirty-six cases in the Torah with regard to which one who performs a prohibited action intentionally is liable to receive excision from the World-to-Come [karet]... And one is liable to receive karet for failure to fulfill the mitzva of bringing the Paschal offering and the mitzva of circumcision, which unlike the cases of prohibitions enumerated in the mishna, are positive mitzvot.

(א) ועשה פסח. יָכוֹל כָּל הַמִּתְגַּיֵּר יַעֲשֶׂה פֶּסַח מִיָּד, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר והיה כאזרח הארץ, מָה אֶזְרָח בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר אַף גֵּר בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר (שם):
(1) ועשה פסח AND HE WILL KEEP THE PASSOVER (the words may mean, then he shall keep the Passover) — One might think that this verse implies that any-one who becomes a proselyte (גר) must keep the Passover-offering rite immediately after his circumcision (even though this has not taken place just before Passover), therefore Scripture states והיה כאזרח הארץ “but he shall be as a native of the land”. How is it in the case of a native? He brings the offering on the fourteenth! So, too, a proselyte must bring it only on the fourteenth (Mekhilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 12:49).