When the people saw that Moses was so long in coming down from the mountain, the people gathered against Aaron and said to him, “Come, make us a god who shall go before us, for that man Moses, who brought us from the land of Egypt—we do not know what has happened to him.” Aaron said to them, “Take off the gold rings that are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.” And all the people took off the gold rings that were in their ears and brought them to Aaron. This he took from them and cast in a mold, and made it into a molten calf. And they exclaimed, “This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!” When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron announced: “Tomorrow shall be a festival of the LORD!” Early next day, the people offered up burnt offerings and brought sacrifices of well-being; they sat down to eat and drink, and then rose to dance.
The LORD spoke to Moses, “Hurry down, for your people, whom you brought out of the land of Egypt, have acted basely. They have been quick to turn aside from the way that I enjoined upon them. They have made themselves a molten calf and bowed low to it and sacrificed to it, saying: ‘This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!’” The LORD further said to Moses, “I see that this is a stiffnecked people. Now, let Me be, that My anger may blaze forth against them and that I may destroy them, and make of you a great nation.” But Moses implored the LORD his God, saying, “Let not Your anger, O Lord, blaze forth against Your people, whom You delivered from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand. Let not the Egyptians say, ‘It was with evil intent that He delivered them, only to kill them off in the mountains and annihilate them from the face of the earth.’ Turn from Your blazing anger, and renounce the plan to punish Your people. Remember Your servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, how You swore to them by Your Self and said to them: I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven, and I will give to your offspring this whole land of which I spoke, to possess forever.” And the LORD renounced the punishment He had planned to bring upon His people.
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן מֶֽה־עָשָׂ֥ה לְךָ֖ הָעָ֣ם הַזֶּ֑ה כִּֽי־הֵבֵ֥אתָ עָלָ֖יו חֲטָאָ֥ה גְדֹלָֽה׃ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אַהֲרֹ֔ן אַל־יִ֥חַר אַ֖ף אֲדֹנִ֑י אַתָּה֙ יָדַ֣עְתָּ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם כִּ֥י בְרָ֖ע הֽוּא׃ וַיֹּ֣אמְרוּ לִ֔י עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣נוּ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֵלְכ֖וּ לְפָנֵ֑ינוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה ׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֙נוּ֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽוֹ׃ וָאֹמַ֤ר לָהֶם֙ לְמִ֣י זָהָ֔ב הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ וַיִּתְּנוּ־לִ֑י וָאַשְׁלִכֵ֣הוּ בָאֵ֔שׁ וַיֵּצֵ֖א הָעֵ֥גֶל הַזֶּֽה׃ וַיַּ֤רְא מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן לְשִׁמְצָ֖ה בְּקָמֵיהֶֽם׃
Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people do to you that you have brought such great sin upon them?” Aaron said, “Let not my lord be enraged. You know that this people is bent on evil. They said to me, ‘Make us a god to lead us; for that man Moses, who brought us from the land of Egypt—we do not know what has happened to him.’ So I said to them, ‘Whoever has gold, take it off!’ They gave it to me and I hurled it into the fire and out came this calf!” Moses saw that the people were out of control—since Aaron had let them get out of control—so that they were a menace to any who might oppose them.
1. What was Aaron's role in the sin of the Golden Calf? Was he a victim or a willing participant?
2. What arguments does Moses use in pleading with God to reconsider? Which do you find more convincing?
מַעֲשֵׂה רְאוּבֵן (בראשית לה), נִקְרָא וְלֹא מִתַּרְגֵּם. מַעֲשֵׂה תָמָר (בראשית לח), נִקְרָא וּמִתַּרְגֵּם. מַעֲשֵׂה עֵגֶל הָרִאשׁוֹן (שמות לב), נִקְרָא וּמִתַּרְגֵּם. וְהַשֵּׁנִי (שם), נִקְרָא וְלֹא מִתַּרְגֵּם. בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים (במדבר ו), מַעֲשֵׂה דָּוִד (שמואל ב י״א:כ״ז) וְאַמְנוֹן (שמואל ב יג), לֹא נִקְרָאִין וְלֹא מִתַּרְגְּמִין. אֵין מַפְטִירִין בַּמֶּרְכָּבָה (יחזקאל א), וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה מַתִּיר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אֵין מַפְטִירִין בְּהוֹדַע אֶת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם (יחזקאל ט״ז:ב׳):
The incident of Reuben, about which it says: “And Reuben went and lay with Bilhah, his father’s concubine” (Genesis 35:22), is read from the Torah in public but not translated, so that the uneducated not come to denigrate Reuben. The incident of Tamar (Genesis, chapter 38) is read in public and also translated. The first report of the incident of the Golden Calf, i.e., the Torah’s account of the incident itself (Exodus 32:1–20), is read and translated, but the second narrative, i.e., Aaron’s report to Moses of what had taken place (Exodus 32:21–24) is read but not translated. [...]
"שִׂנְאָה תְּעוֹרֵר מְדָנִים." שִׂנְאָה שֶׁנָּתַן אַהֲרֹן בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵין אֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, הִיא עוֹרְרָה עֲלֵיהֶם דִּינֵי דִינִין. אָמַר רַבִּי אַסֵּי מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה אַהֲרֹן נוֹטֵל קָרְבָּנָם וּפוֹחֲסוֹ לִפְנֵיהֶם וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶם דְּעוּ שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ. הוּא שֶׁמּשֶׁה אָמַר לְאַהֲרֹן (שמות לב, כא): מֶה עָשָׂה לְךָ הָעָם הַזֶּה, אָמַר לוֹ מוּטָב הָיָה לָהֶן שֶׁיִּדּוֹנוּ שׁוֹגְגִין וְאַל יִדּוֹנוּ מְזִידִין. הוּא שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לְמשֶׁה (שמות לב, לג): מִי אֲשֶׁר חָטָא לִי אֶמְחֶנּוּ מִסִּפְרִי, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים ט, כ): וּבְאַהֲרֹן הִתְאַנַּף ה' מְאֹד לְהַשְׁמִידוֹ וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִיכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אֵין לְשׁוֹן הַשְׁמָדָה הַכָּתוּב כָּאן אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן כִּלּוּי בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (עמוס ב, ט): וָאַשְׁמִיד פִּרְיוֹ מִמַּעַל וְשָׁרָשָׁיו מִתָּחַת. וְעַל כָּל פְּשָׁעִים תְּכַסֶּה אַהֲבָה, תְּפִלָּה שֶׁנִּתְפַּלֵּל משֶׁה עָלָיו, וּמַה נִּתְפַּלֵּל משֶׁה עָלָיו, רַבִּי מָנָא דִּישְׁאַב וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי, מִתְּחִלַּת הַסֵּפֶר וְעַד כָּאן כְּתִיב (ויקרא א, ח): וְעָרְכוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן (ויקרא א, יא): וְזָרְקוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן (ויקרא א, ז): וְנָתְנוּ בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן, אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הַבּוֹר שְׂנוּאָה וּמֵימֶיהָ חֲבִיבִין, חָלַקְתָּ כָּבוֹד לָעֵצִים בִּשְׁבִיל בְּנֵיהֶן, דִּתְנִינַן תַּמָּן כָּל הָעֵצִים כְּשֵׁרִים לַמַּעֲרָכָה חוּץ מִשֶּׁל זַיִת וְשֶׁל גֶּפֶן, וּלְאַהֲרֹן אֵין אַתָּה חוֹלֵק לוֹ כָּבוֹד בִּשְׁבִיל בָּנָיו, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁבִּשְׁבִילְךָ אֲנִי מְקָרְבוֹ, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁאֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ עִקָּר וּבָנָיו טְפֵלִים (ויקרא ו, ב): צַו אֶת אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת בָּנָיו לֵאמֹר.
"Hatred stirs up conflict..." (Proverbs 10:12). The hatred which Aaron incited between Israel and their Father in Heaven brought upon them harsh verdicts. Rabbi Assi said: Aaron would take their sacrifice [to the Golden Calf] and crush it before them, saying: 'know that this is useless.' That is why Moses said to Aaron: "What did this people do to you?" (Exodus 32:21). [Aaron] replied to him: "It is better that they act mistakenly rather than maliciously. On that matter God said to Moses: "He who has sinned against Me, him only will I erase from My record." (Exodus 32:33), referring to that which is written: "And the Lord was angry enough with Aaron to destroy him, but at that time I prayed for Aaron too" (Deuteronomy 9:20) [...]
"...But love covers all wrongs" (Proverbs 10:12), a reference to the prayer that Moses prayed for Aaron. And what did he pray?
Rabbi Mana of Shaab and Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: From the beginning of the Book (of Leviticus) until here it says: "And Aaron's sons set" (Leviticus 1:8), "And Aaron's sons threw" (Leviticus 1:11), "And Aaron's sons placed" (Leviticus 1:7). Moses said to God: "Can the pit be detested and its children loved?" You've granted honour to trees for their offspring, as it is written: "all trees are fit to be burned except for olive and vine" (Mishnah Tamid 2:3), and yet you will not grant honour to Aaron for his sons?
God said to him: "Indeed for your sake I will bring him closer, and moreover I will give him primacy and make his sons secondary, as it is written: "Command Aaron and his sons" (Leviticus 6:2).
וּמָה רָאָה שֶׁיְּגַדֵּל לְאַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו לְקַדֵּשׁ אוֹתָם? אָמַר רַבִּי מָנִי דְּשָׁאַב וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי: בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁבִּקְשׁוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲשׂוֹת אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה, אָמְרוּ לְאַהֲרֹן, קוּם עֲשֵׂה לָנוּ אֱלֹהִים (שמות לב, א). עָמַד חוּר בֶּן כָּלֵב וְגָעַר בָּהֶן, מִיָּד עָמְדוּ עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. רָאָה אַהֲרֹן וְנִתְיָרֵא מֵעַצְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיַּרְא אַהֲרֹן וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ לְפָנָיו (שמות לב, ה). הֱוֵי קוֹרֵא בּוֹ, וַיִּירָא אַהֲרֹן וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ לְפָנָיו. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהָרְגוּ לְחוּר, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָלָה מֹשֶׁה לָהָר מָה אָמַר לָהֶם: הִנֵּה אַהֲרֹן וְחוּר עִמָּכֶם מִי בַעַל דְּבָרִים יִגַּשׁ אֲלֵיהֶם (שמות כד, יד). כְּשֶׁיָּרַד, אֵין אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁהִזְכִּיר לְחוּר לֹא בַּחַיִּים וְלֹא בַּמָּוֶת. וּמַהוּ אוֹמֵר: וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל אַהֲרֹן מֶה עָשָׂה לְךָ הָעָם הַזֶּה כִּי הֵבֵאתָ וְגוֹ' (שמות לב, כא) הֱוֵי, שֶׁהָרְגוּ לְחוּר.
Why did He elevate Aaron and his sons to that holy station? R. Mani of Shaab and R. Joshua of Sikhnin said in the name of R. Levi: When the Israelites pleaded with him to create the golden calf, they said to Aaron: Up, make us a god (Exod. 32:1). Thereupon Hur the son of Caleb arose and rebuked them. They attacked him and killed him. Aaron beheld what had happened and feared (vayir’a) for his own life, as it is said: And when Aaron saw (vaya’r) he built an altar before it (ibid., v. 5). You know that they killed Hur, for Moses told them before he ascended the mountain: Behold, Aaron and Hur are with you; whosoever hath a cause, let him come near unto them (ibid. 24:14), but after he descended, you find that he did not mention Hur either as living or as dead. What does Scripture say: And Moses said to Aaron: “What did this people unto thee, that thou hast brought a great sin upon them?” (ibid. 32:21). Obviously they must have killed Hur.
And the various Sages who offered interpretations of the verse: “And the covetous blesses himself, though he despises the Lord” (Psalms 10:3), disagree with the explanation of Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai. As Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai says: This verse was stated only with regard to the incident of the Golden Calf, as it is stated: “And Aaron saw this, and he built an altar before it…and said: Tomorrow shall be a feast to the Lord” (Exodus 32:5). What did Aaron see? Rabbi Binyamin bar Yefet says that Rabbi Elazar says: He saw Hur, who had been appointed together with Aaron by Moses to lead the people during Moses’ absence (see Exodus 24:14), slaughtered before him, as he had protested the plan to fashion a calf and had been murdered by the people as a result. The verse is therefore interpreted not as: Aaron built an altar before the calf, but rather: He understood [vayyaven] from the slaughter [mizavuaḥ] before his own eyes; and he then called for a feast. Aaron said to himself: If I do not listen to them now, they will do to me as they did to Hur, and the verse: “Shall the priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of the Lord?” (Lamentations 2:20), will be fulfilled through me, and they will never have a remedy for such a sin. It is better for them to worship the calf, as it is possible they will have a remedy through repentance. Nevertheless, according to Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai, whoever praises Aaron for this compromise is provoking God.
How is this version of the midrash different than the version in Midrash Tanhuma?
אלה אלהיך THESE ARE THY GODS, [O ISRAEL] — It does not state that they said “these are our gods, [O Israel]”; hence we may learn that it was the mixed multitude (Erev Rav) which came up from Egypt that gathered themselves together against Aaron, and it was they who made it and afterwards led Israel astray after it (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 19).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ. אָמְרוּ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיָּרַד משֶׁה מִסִּינַי וְרָאָה יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה, הִבִּיט בְּאַהֲרֹן וְהָיָה מַקִּישׁ עָלָיו בְּקוּרְנָס, וְהוּא לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן אֶלָּא לְעַכְּבָם עַד שֶׁיֵּרֵד משֶׁה, וּמשֶׁה הָיָה סָבוּר שֶׁהָיָה אַהֲרֹן שֻׁתָּף עִמָּהֶן, וְהָיָה בְּלִבּוֹ עָלָיו, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, משֶׁה, יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי כַּוָּנָתוֹ שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן הֵיאַךְ הָיְתָה לְטוֹבָה, מָשָׁל לְבֶן מְלָכִים שֶׁזָּחָה דַעְתּוֹ עָלָיו וְנָטַל אֶת הַצִּפּוֹרֶן לַחְתֹּר בֵּית אָבִיו, אָמַר לוֹ פַּדְּגוֹגוֹ אַל תְּיַגַּע עַצְמְךָ תֵּן לִי וַאֲנִי אֶחְתֹּר, הֵצִיץ הַמֶּלֶךְ עָלָיו וְאָמַר לוֹ יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי הֵיאַךְ הָיְתָה כַּוָּנָתְךָ, חַיֶּיךָ אֵינִי מַשְׁלִיט בְּרִיָה עַל פָּלָטִין שֶׁלִּי אֶלָּא אָתָּה. כָּךְ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאַהֲרֹן (שמות לב, א): קוּם עֲשֵׂה לָנוּ אֱלֹהִים, אָמַר לָהֶם (שמות לב, ב): פָּרְקוּ נִזְמֵי הַזָּהָב, אָמַר לָהֶם אֲנִי כֹהֵן, אֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ וּמַקְרִיב לְפָנָיו, וְהוּא לֹא נִתְעַסֵּק אֶלָּא לְעַכְּבָן עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹא משֶׁה. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַהֲרֹן יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי הֵיאַךְ הָיְתָה כַּוָּנָתְךָ, חַיֶּיךָ אֵין אֲנִי מַשְׁלִיט עַל קָרְבְּנוֹתֵיהֶן שֶׁל בָּנַי אֶלָּא אַתָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאַתָּה הַקְרֵב אֵלֶיךָ.
"Have Aaron your brother brought to you from among the Israelites" (Exodus 28:1). When Moses descended from Sinai and saw Israel in that act, he looked at Aaron and started hitting him with a hammer, but he (Aaron) only tried to stall them until Moses descended. But Moses thought Aaron had joined them and he bore a grudge against him. God said to him: "Moses, I know Aaron only meant well. It is like the parable of the king's son who grew haughty and grabbed a pick to shatter his father's house. His tutor said to him: "don't tire yourself, give it to me and I'll dig." The king looked out at him and said: "I know your intention, and surely I will choose no one but you to reside over my household." In a similar fashion, when the Children of Israel said to Aaron: "Come, make us a god" (Exodus 32:1), he said: "Take off the gold rings" (Exodus 32:2), "I am a priest and I will make it and sacrifice to it." But he only did so in order to stall them until Moses arrived. God said to him: "I know your intention, I will have no one preside over their sacrifices but you" as it is written "And now bring (sacrifice) before you".