(22) Aaron lifted his hands toward the people and blessed them; and he stepped down after offering the sin offering, the burnt offering, and the offering of well-being. (23) Moses and Aaron then went inside the Tent of Meeting. When they came out, they blessed the people; and the Presence of the LORD appeared to all the people. (24) Fire came forth from before the LORD and consumed the burnt offering and the fat parts on the altar. And all the people saw, and shouted, and fell on their faces.
Boundaries, Sanctity And Silence by Rabbi Cary Kozberg
Although we can attempt to understand the deaths of Nadav and Avihu, we are ultimately limited and often feel powerless in the face of God.
The Time And Place For Spontaneity by Rabbi Shimon Felix
This article looks at the value and danger of spontaneous religious expression
(1) ותצא אש AND THERE WENT OUT FIRE — Rabbi Eleizer said: the sons of Aaron died only because they gave decisions on religious matters in the presence of their teacher, Moses (Sifra, Shemini, Mechilta d'Miluim 2 32; Eruvin 63a). Rabbi Ishmael said: they died because they entered the Sanctuary intoxicated by wine. You may know that this is so, because after their death he admonished those who survived that they should not enter when intoxicated by wine (vv. 8—9). A parable! It may be compared to a king who had a bosom friend, etc., as is to be found in Leviticus Rabbah 12:1, 4 (cf. Biur). (1) 'וגו 'הוא אשר דבר ה THIS IS WHAT THE LORD SPOKE, etc. — Where had He spoken this? In the statement (Exodus 29:43), “And there I will be met by the children of Israel and it (the Tabernacle) shall be sanctified by My glory (בכבודי).” Read not here בִכְבוֹדִי, “by My Glory” but בִּמְכֻבָּדַי, “through My honoured ones” (Zevachim 115b). Moses here said to Aaron: “My brother, Aaron! I knew that this House was to be sanctified by those who are beloved of the Omnipresent God and I thought it would be either through me or through thee; now I see that these (thy sons who have died) are greater than me and than thee!” (Leviticus Rabbah 12 2).
(א) [א] "וידבר ה' אל משה אחרי מות שני בני אהרן" מה תלמוד לומר? לפי שנאמר "ויקחו בני אהרן נדב ואביהוא איש מחתתו" – "בני אהרן" לא נטלו עצה מאהרן, "נדב ואביהוא" לא נטלו עצה ממשה, "איש מחתתו" איש איש מעצמו עשה, לא נטלו עצה זה מזה. מנין שכשם שעבירת שניהם שוה כך מיתת שניהם שוה? ת"ל "אחרי מות שני בני אהרן".
(ב) [ב] "בקרבתם לפני ה' וימותו" – ר' יוסי הגלילי אומר, על הקְריבה מתו ולא מתו על ההקרבה. ר' עקיבא אומר, "בקרבתם לפני ה' וימותו", וכתוב אחד אומר "ויקריבו לפני ה' אש זרה" (ויקרא י)... הכריע "בהקריבם אש זרה לפני ה'" (במדבר ג, במדבר כו) – הוי על ההקרבה מתו ולאמיתו על הקריבה. ר' אלעזר בן עזריה אומר, כדאי הקרבה לעצמה וכדאי קריבה לעצמה.
(1) 1) (Vayikra 16:1) ("And God spoke to Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron when they drew near before God and they died,") "And God spoke to Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron": What is the intent of this ("two")? Because it is written (Vayikra 10:1) "And the sons of Aaron took, Nadav and Avihu, each his coal-pan" — "the sons of Aaron" — they did not seek counsel from Aaron; "Nadav and Avihu" — they did not seek counsel from Moses; "each his coal-pan" — each by himself; they did not take counsel from each other. Whence is it derived that just as the transgression of the two was identical, so the death of the two was identical? From "after the death of the two sons of Aaron."
(2) 2) "when they drew near before the L–rd and they died": R. Yossi Haglili says: They died because of the drawing near (and entering the holy of holies without permission), and not because of the incense offering. R. Akiva says: They died because of the offering and not because of the drawing near. One verse (our verse) states "when they drew near before the L–rd and they died," and another verse states (Vayikra 11:1) "and they offered before the L–rd a strange fire." The resolution (Bamidbar 3:4) "when they drew near (with) a strange fire before the L–rd" — They died because of the drawing near and not because of the offering. R. Elazar b. Azaryah says: The offering is sufficient (for death) unto itself, and the drawing near is sufficient unto itself.
Apropos the deaths of Nadav and Avihu, an aggadic midrash on this subject is quoted: And it had already happened that Moses and Aaron were walking on their way, and Nadav and Avihu were walking behind them, and the entire Jewish people were walking behind them. Nadav said to Avihu: When will it happen that these two old men will die and you and I will lead the generation, as we are their heirs? The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: We shall see who buries whom. Rav Pappa says: This explains the adage that people say: Many are the old camels that are loaded with the skins of young camels.
When G’d spoke to Moses here He used both the form of address known as אמירה, and that known as דבור. Verse 1 mentions the latter, verse 2 the former kind of address. He was to tell Aaron (אמירה, in a friendly manner) that he and other priests must not enter the part of the Sanctuary which is beyond the dividing curtain except armed with incense. This is elaborated on in verses 12-13 where the Torah describes the cloud of incense covering the lid of the Holy Ark as insurance against Aaron (or whichever High Priest) dying during this procedure. If Aaron were to enter the Holy of Holies without the incense he would die just as his sons had died.