Tanna-im: Rabbis from 0 - 200, until the fixing of the Mishnah
Rabbi Yehudah haNasi: Associated with the fixing of the Mishnah
Mishnah: First fixed collection of tannaitic teachings, organized by topic
Tosefta: Supplemental or alternative collection of tannaitic teachings, organized like the Mishnah
Amora-im: Rabbis named in the Talmud who came after the period of the Tanna-im, roughly 200 - 500
Jerusalem/Palestinian Talmud (Yerushalmi): Compiled 350-400 in Tiberias
Babylonian Talmud (Bavli): Compiled around 500 and edited by subsequent generations
Gemara: Portion of the Talmud that is additional to the Mishnah
Beraita: Tannaitic teaching quoted in the Talmud that does not appear in the Mishnah (may or may not appear in the Tosefta)
Savora-im: Rabbis of the period in which the Talmud was edited, roughly 500 - 700. Their contribution to the Talmud is anonymous and often hidden.
| Work | Period | Location | Language |
| Mishnah | Tannaitic | Land of Israel | Hebrew |
| Tosefta | Tannaitic | Land of Israel | Hebrew |
| Midrash Halakhah | Tannaitic | Land of Israel | Hebrew |
| Yerushalmi | Amoraic | Land of Israel | Palestinian Aramaic |
| Bavli | Amoraic | Babylonia | Babylonian Aramaic |
MISHNA: Which found items are his and for which is one obligated to proclaim? These found items are his: One who found scattered produce, scattered coins, bundles [of grain] in a public area, round cakes of pressed figs, baker’s loaves, strings of fish, cuts of meat, wool fleeces that are taken from their state of origin, flax stalks, and strips of purple wool - these are his, the words of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehudah says: Any in which there is an alteration, one is obligated to proclaim. How so? One who found a round [cake of pressed figs] with an earthenware [shard] inside it, a loaf of with coins inside it. Rabbi Shim'on ben El'azar says: Any anpurya vessels one is not obligated to proclaim.
גמ׳ מצא פירות מפוזרין וכמה א"ר יצחק קב בארבע אמות היכי דמי אי דרך נפילה אפילו טובא נמי ואי דרך הינוח אפילו בציר מהכי נמי לא
GEMARA: "One who found scattered produce." And how much? Rabbi Yitzḥak says: "One kav in four cubits." What is it like? If in a manner of falling, even a greater [quantity] too! And if in a manner of placement, even less also not.
א"ר עוקבא בר חמא במכנשתא דבי דרי עסקינן קב בארבע אמות דנפיש טרחייהו לא טרח איניש ולא הדר אתי ושקיל להו אפקורי מפקר להו בציר מהכי טרח והדר אתי ושקיל להו ולא מפקר להו
Rav Ukva bar Ḥama said: "We are dealing with the gathering on the threshing floor. One kav in an area of four cubits, which requires great exertion, a person does not exert themself and does not return and take them. One renounces one's ownership of them. Less than that, one exerts oneself and returns and takes them and does not renounce one's ownership of them.
בעי רבי ירמיה חצי קב בשתי אמות מהו קב בארבע אמות טעמא מאי משום דנפיש טרחייהו חצי קב בשתי אמות כיון דלא נפיש טרחייהו לא מפקר להו או דלמא משום דלא חשיבי וחצי קב בשתי אמות כיון דלא חשיבי מפקר להו
Rabbi Yirmeya asks: One half-kav in two cubits - what is it? One kav in four cubits, what is the reason? Because it is great exertion. One half-kav in two cubits - because it is not great exertion, one does not renounce ownership of them. Or perhaps, one kav scattered in an area of four cubits - because they are not valuable. And one half-kav in two cubits - because they are not valuable, one renounces ownership.
קביים בשמונה אמות מהו קב בארבע אמות טעמא מאי משום דנפיש טרחייהו וכ"ש קביים בשמונה אמות כיון דנפישא טרחייהו טפי מפקר להו או דלמא משום דלא חשיבי וקביים בשמונה אמות כיון דחשיבי לא מפקר להו
Two kav in eight cubits - what is it? One kav in an area of four cubits, what is the reason? Because it is great exertion. All the more so two kav in eight cubits because it is even greater exertion - one renounces one's ownership of them. Or perhaps because they are not valuable. Two kav in an area of eight cubits - because they are valuable, one does not renounce one's ownership of them.