(יז) כָּל מַחֲלֹקֶת שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, אֵין סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם. אֵיזוֹ הִיא מַחֲלֹקֶת שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, זוֹ מַחֲלֹקֶת הִלֵּל וְשַׁמַּאי. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, זוֹ מַחֲלֹקֶת קֹרַח וְכָל עֲדָתוֹ:
(17) Every dispute that is for the sake of Heaven, will in the end endure; But one that is not for the sake of Heaven, will not endure. Which is the controversy that is for the sake of Heaven? Such was the controversy of Hillel and Shammai. And which is the controversy that is not for the sake of Heaven? Such was the controversy of Korah and all his congregation.
(1) Now Korah, son of Izhar son of Kohath son of Levi, betook himself, along with Dathan and Abiram sons of Eliab, and On son of Peleth—descendants of Reuben— (2) to rise up against Moses, together with two hundred and fifty Israelites, chieftains of the community, chosen in the assembly, men of repute. (3) They combined against Moses and Aaron and said to them, “You have gone too far! For all the community are holy, all of them, and the LORD is in their midst. Why then do you raise yourselves above the LORD’s congregation?” (4) When Moses heard this, he fell on his face. (5) Then he spoke to Korah and all his company, saying, “Come morning, the LORD will make known who is His and who is holy, and will grant him access to Himself; He will grant access to the one He has chosen. (6) Do this: You, Korah and all your band, take fire pans, (7) and tomorrow put fire in them and lay incense on them before the LORD. Then the man whom the LORD chooses, he shall be the holy one. You have gone too far, sons of Levi!” (8) Moses said further to Korah, “Hear me, sons of Levi. (9) Is it not enough for you that the God of Israel has set you apart from the community of Israel and given you access to Him, to perform the duties of the LORD’s Tabernacle and to minister to the community and serve them? (10) Now that He has advanced you and all your fellow Levites with you, do you seek the priesthood too? (11) Truly, it is against the LORD that you and all your company have banded together. For who is Aaron that you should rail against him?”
מַחֲלוֹקֶת f. (b. h. מַחֲלֹקֶת; חָלַק) division; separation; difference, dissension, strife, faction. Gen. R. s. 4 למה אין כתיב … נבראת המ׳ why are not the words ‘that it was good’ written about the second day of creation?… Because separation was created thereon (Gen. I, 6); אם מ׳ שהיא לתיקונו וכ׳ if to a separation which was made for the establishment and settlement of the world, ‘that it was good’ cannot be applied, how much less to a separation which tends to the confusion of the world! Ab. V, 17 מ׳ שהיא לשם שמים a dissension which is carried on for the sake of heaven (of truth, without selfish motives). Ber. 37ᵃ עד מתי … בין המ׳ how long wilt thou put thy head between contending parties, i.e. why dost thou deviate from the established rule? Ib. 38ᵇ במ׳ שנויה this has been taught under a controversy of opinion. Y. Peah I, 16ᵃ בעלי מ׳ people who create strife. Y. Snh. I, 19ᶜ top בתחלה לא היתה מ׳ וכ׳ in former days there were no conflicting opinions in Israel (they being settled by the Sanhedrin); Bab. Snh. 88ᵇ לא היו מרבין מ׳ וכ׳ they allowed no differences to spread &c.; Tosef. ib. VII, 1; Tosef. Ḥag. II, 9 מַחֲלוֹקוֹת (pl.). B. Bath. 147ᵃ אל תהיו במ׳ do not join a political faction. Hor. 11ᵇ מפני מַחֲלוֹקָתוֹ של וכ׳ (not מחלקותו) on account of the contention of Adoniyah (who claimed the right of succession). Ib. כי איכא מ׳ בעיא וכ׳ wherever there was a contest between claimants, anointing was required; a. fr.—Pl. מַחֲלוֹקוֹת. Sot. 47ᵇ רבו מ׳ וכ׳ the factions in Israel became numerous. Tosef. Snh. l. c., v. supra. Meg. 3ᵃ שלא ירבו מ׳ וכ׳ in order that dissensions may not spread &c.; a. e.
When the rabbis critique the “disagreement of Korach and his group,” they are referring to this breakdown of communication that we have just traced. In Pirkei Avot 5:17 we read that such a disagreement will not have positive results whereas disagreements such as the ones between Hillel and Shammai will. The difference, say the rabbis, is that the latter was “for the sake of Heaven,” whereas the former was not. No doubt that is what is ultimately behind good communication, but the practical difference is that Hillel and Shammai were not asking rhetorical questions and walking away from each other. They argued back and forth to express their perspective and to hear what the other had to say. When Korach opened the discussion by making rhetorical swipes at Moshe, the chances for edification or even resolution were certainly quite slim. When Datan and Aviram refused to speak to Moshe, the chances disappeared altogether.
The Sages were drawing a fundamental distinction between two kinds of conflict: argument for the sake of truth and argument for the sake of victory.
The passage must be read this way, because of the glaring discrepancy between what the rebels said and what they sought.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES FOR CONSIDERATION
רב לכם כי כל העדה וגו' ומדוע וגו'. פירוש רבנות גדולה נטלתם לעצמכם יותר מהראוי, ואם תאמר מה היא הרבנות הגדולה, כי כל העדה כלם קדושים ועוד להם שבתוכם ה' מה שלא השיגה אומה בעולם ואתם רבנים עליהם, עוד רמזו במאמר זה לומר כי השכינה שכנה לכבוד ישראל לא לכבוד אהרן והוא מאמר בתוכם ה'.
(1) כי תשתרר עלינו גם השתרר, “but you have also imposed a dictatorship over us!” According to Rash’bam, the Torah uses the word גם, usually translated as “also,” both positively and negatively, i.e. as a continuation of something previous, or as an abrupt opposite of something previously stated. Our verse is an example of Datan and Abiram using it in the latter sense as if asking: “are you now going to also (even) act as dictator? Exodus 12,32 is such an example where the Pharaoh who had railed against Moses and Aaron all the time, suddenly makes a 180 degree turn by pleading for Moses to bless him also when offering sacrifices to the Jewish G-d. Numbers 22,33, is another such example where the angel who had not killed anyone tells Bileam that he would have killed not only his ass but also Bileam if he had been at liberty to do so.
ויקהל עליהם קרח AND KORAH CONVENED [ALL THE CONGREGATION] AGAINST THEM, by means of scoffing language: that whole night he went round to all the tribes and tried to win them over: “Do you really think that I care for myself alone? It is only for all of you that I have a care! These men come and occupy every high office: royal rank for himself, for his brother the priesthood!” — until in the end all of them submitted to his persuasion (Midrash Tanchuma, Korach 7).
ויקהל עליהם קרח, Korach assembled against them, etc. This tells us that these people did not voluntarily assemble against Moses but only after Korach had put heavy pressure on them to do so. Accordingly, the Torah reports something here that is favourable for this whole congregation of 250 men. On the other hand, the words ויקהל עליהם may only provide the background to the command by G'd in verse 20 to separate themselves from this congregation in order that G'd could destroy them simultaneously and at once. The verse would provide the answer to the people who questioned why the animals had to perish along with their masters. What sin had the animals committed? To this the Torah answered that seeing the animals had obeyed Korach they were considered as if they had been supporters of his.
A person should always be in fear of God, privately as well as openly, [he should] admit the truth,2
Acknowledging the truth is fundamental to serving God, and to all human behavior. One who is concerned merely with “winning the argument” will go to any extreme to come out on top. This attitude caused the downfall of the 250 leaders who joined Korach, rather than acknowledge the truth of Moses’ declaration (Numbers 16:2-35).—Siach Yitzchok
and speak truth in his heart.
