(יד) כִּֽי־תָבֹ֣א אֶל־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר ה' אֱלֹקֶ֙יךָ֙ נֹתֵ֣ן לָ֔ךְ וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֖הּ וְיָשַׁ֣בְתָּה בָּ֑הּ וְאָמַרְתָּ֗ אָשִׂ֤ימָה עָלַי֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ כְּכָל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר סְבִיבֹתָֽי׃ (טו) שׂ֣וֹם תָּשִׂ֤ים עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַ֛ר ה' אֱלֹקֶ֖יךָ בּ֑וֹ מִקֶּ֣רֶב אַחֶ֗יךָ תָּשִׂ֤ים עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ מֶ֔לֶךְ לֹ֣א תוּכַ֗ל לָתֵ֤ת עָלֶ֙יךָ֙ אִ֣ישׁ נָכְרִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־אָחִ֖יךָ הֽוּא׃ (טז) רַק֮ לֹא־יַרְבֶּה־לּ֣וֹ סוּסִים֒ וְלֹֽא־יָשִׁ֤יב אֶת־הָעָם֙ מִצְרַ֔יְמָה לְמַ֖עַן הַרְבּ֣וֹת ס֑וּס וַֽה' אָמַ֣ר לָכֶ֔ם לֹ֣א תֹסִפ֗וּן לָשׁ֛וּב בַּדֶּ֥רֶךְ הַזֶּ֖ה עֽוֹד׃ (יז) וְלֹ֤א יַרְבֶּה־לּוֹ֙ נָשִׁ֔ים וְלֹ֥א יָס֖וּר לְבָב֑וֹ וְכֶ֣סֶף וְזָהָ֔ב לֹ֥א יַרְבֶּה־לּ֖וֹ מְאֹֽד׃ (יח) וְהָיָ֣ה כְשִׁבְתּ֔וֹ עַ֖ל כִּסֵּ֣א מַמְלַכְתּ֑וֹ וְכָ֨תַב ל֜וֹ אֶת־מִשְׁנֵ֨ה הַתּוֹרָ֤ה הַזֹּאת֙ עַל־סֵ֔פֶר מִלִּפְנֵ֥י הַכֹּהֲנִ֖ים הַלְוִיִּֽם׃ (יט) וְהָיְתָ֣ה עִמּ֔וֹ וְקָ֥רָא ב֖וֹ כָּל־יְמֵ֣י חַיָּ֑יו לְמַ֣עַן יִלְמַ֗ד לְיִרְאָה֙ אֶת־ה' אֱלֹקָ֔יו לִ֠שְׁמֹר אֶֽת־כָּל־דִּבְרֵ֞י הַתּוֹרָ֥ה הַזֹּ֛את וְאֶת־הַחֻקִּ֥ים הָאֵ֖לֶּה לַעֲשֹׂתָֽם׃ (כ) לְבִלְתִּ֤י רוּם־לְבָבוֹ֙ מֵֽאֶחָ֔יו וּלְבִלְתִּ֛י ס֥וּר מִן־הַמִּצְוָ֖ה יָמִ֣ין וּשְׂמֹ֑אול לְמַעַן֩ יַאֲרִ֨יךְ יָמִ֧ים עַל־מַמְלַכְתּ֛וֹ ה֥וּא וּבָנָ֖יו בְּקֶ֥רֶב יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (ס)
(14) If, after you have entered the land that the LORD your God has assigned to you, and taken possession of it and settled in it, you decide, “I will set a king over me, as do all the nations about me,” (15) you shall be free to set a king over yourself, one chosen by the LORD your God. Be sure to set as king over yourself one of your own people; you must not set a foreigner over you, one who is not your kinsman. (16) Moreover, he shall not keep many horses or send people back to Egypt to add to his horses, since the LORD has warned you, “You must not go back that way again.” (17) And he shall not have many wives, lest his heart go astray; nor shall he amass silver and gold to excess. (18) When he is seated on his royal throne, he shall have a copy of this Teaching written for him on a scroll by the levitical priests. (19) Let it remain with him and let him read in it all his life, so that he may learn to revere the LORD his God, to observe faithfully every word of this Teaching as well as these laws. (20) Thus he will not act haughtily toward his fellows or deviate from the Instruction to the right or to the left, to the end that he and his descendants may reign long in the midst of Israel.
Many commentators have already noted the strange language that introduces the commandment to appoint a king (Devarim 17:14). It is first couched against the usually questionable backdrop of the Jews wanting to be like all the nations around them. Moreover, the Torah mandates the appointment of a king only if the Jews actually request it.92See Ha’amek Davar, ibid. From at least the time of the Talmud, many careful readers of the Torah have seen this, among other things, as a sign of the Torah’s ambivalence – or worse – toward a Jewish king.93See Sanhedrin 20b, which engenders a debate among commentators on the books of Devarim and II Shmuel. See also Eric Nelson, The Hebrew Republic (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), which traces the influence of this tradition on proto-Enlightenment Christian thinkers who begin their critique of contemporary monarchy based upon it.
רבי נהוראי אומר לא נאמרה פרשה זו אלא כנגד תרעומתן שנאמר (דברים יז, יד) ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך וגו'
The baraita continues: Rabbi Nehorai says: This biblical passage about appointing a king was stated only in response to the Jewish people’s complaint, as it is stated: “When you come unto the land that the Lord your God gives you, and shall possess it, and shall dwell therein, and shall say: I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are around me” (Deuteronomy 17:14). The verse indicates that appointing a king is not a mitzva and that when Samuel spoke to them, he intended to frighten them so that they might regret their complaint and retract their request for a king.
(ד) וַיִּֽתְקַבְּצ֔וּ כֹּ֖ל זִקְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיָּבֹ֥אוּ אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל הָרָמָֽתָה׃ (ה) וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗יו הִנֵּה֙ אַתָּ֣ה זָקַ֔נְתָּ וּבָנֶ֕יךָ לֹ֥א הָלְכ֖וּ בִּדְרָכֶ֑יךָ עַתָּ֗ה שִֽׂימָה־לָּ֥נוּ מֶ֛לֶךְ לְשָׁפְטֵ֖נוּ כְּכָל־הַגּוֹיִֽם׃ (ו) וַיֵּ֤רַע הַדָּבָר֙ בְּעֵינֵ֣י שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל כַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר אָמְר֔וּ תְּנָה־לָּ֥נוּ מֶ֖לֶךְ לְשָׁפְטֵ֑נוּ וַיִּתְפַּלֵּ֥ל שְׁמוּאֵ֖ל אֶל־ה'׃ (פ) (ז) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר ה' אֶל־שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל שְׁמַע֙ בְּק֣וֹל הָעָ֔ם לְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֹאמְר֖וּ אֵלֶ֑יךָ כִּ֣י לֹ֤א אֹֽתְךָ֙ מָאָ֔סוּ כִּֽי־אֹתִ֥י מָאֲס֖וּ מִמְּלֹ֥ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ (ח) כְּכָֽל־הַמַּעֲשִׂ֣ים אֲשֶׁר־עָשׂ֗וּ מִיּוֹם֩ הַעֲלֹתִ֨י אֹתָ֤ם מִמִּצְרַ֙יִם֙ וְעַד־הַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וַיַּ֣עַזְבֻ֔נִי וַיַּעַבְד֖וּ אֱלֹקִ֣ים אֲחֵרִ֑ים כֵּ֛ן הֵ֥מָּה עֹשִׂ֖ים גַּם־לָֽךְ׃ (ט) וְעַתָּ֖ה שְׁמַ֣ע בְּקוֹלָ֑ם אַ֗ךְ כִּֽי־הָעֵ֤ד תָּעִיד֙ בָּהֶ֔ם וְהִגַּדְתָּ֣ לָהֶ֔ם מִשְׁפַּ֣ט הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְלֹ֖ךְ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃ (ס) (י) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל אֵ֖ת כָּל־דִּבְרֵ֣י ה' אֶל־הָעָ֕ם הַשֹּׁאֲלִ֥ים מֵאִתּ֖וֹ מֶֽלֶךְ׃ (ס) (יא) וַיֹּ֕אמֶר זֶ֗ה יִֽהְיֶה֙ מִשְׁפַּ֣ט הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִמְלֹ֖ךְ עֲלֵיכֶ֑ם אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם יִקָּ֗ח וְשָׂ֥ם לוֹ֙ בְּמֶרְכַּבְתּ֣וֹ וּבְפָרָשָׁ֔יו וְרָצ֖וּ לִפְנֵ֥י מֶרְכַּבְתּֽוֹ׃ (יב) וְלָשׂ֣וּם ל֔וֹ שָׂרֵ֥י אֲלָפִ֖ים וְשָׂרֵ֣י חֲמִשִּׁ֑ים וְלַחֲרֹ֤שׁ חֲרִישׁוֹ֙ וְלִקְצֹ֣ר קְצִיר֔וֹ וְלַעֲשׂ֥וֹת כְּלֵֽי־מִלְחַמְתּ֖וֹ וּכְלֵ֥י רִכְבּֽוֹ׃ (יג) וְאֶת־בְּנוֹתֵיכֶ֖ם יִקָּ֑ח לְרַקָּח֥וֹת וּלְטַבָּח֖וֹת וּלְאֹפֽוֹת׃ (יד) וְאֶת־שְׂ֠דֽוֹתֵיכֶם וְאֶת־כַּרְמֵיכֶ֧ם וְזֵיתֵיכֶ֛ם הַטּוֹבִ֖ים יִקָּ֑ח וְנָתַ֖ן לַעֲבָדָֽיו׃ (טו) וְזַרְעֵיכֶ֥ם וְכַרְמֵיכֶ֖ם יַעְשֹׂ֑ר וְנָתַ֥ן לְסָרִיסָ֖יו וְלַעֲבָדָֽיו׃ (טז) וְאֶת־עַבְדֵיכֶם֩ וְֽאֶת־שִׁפְח֨וֹתֵיכֶ֜ם וְאֶת־בַּחוּרֵיכֶ֧ם הַטּוֹבִ֛ים וְאֶת־חֲמוֹרֵיכֶ֖ם יִקָּ֑ח וְעָשָׂ֖ה לִמְלַאכְתּֽוֹ׃ (יז) צֹאנְכֶ֖ם יַעְשֹׂ֑ר וְאַתֶּ֖ם תִּֽהְיוּ־ל֥וֹ לַעֲבָדִֽים׃ (יח) וּזְעַקְתֶּם֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא מִלִּפְנֵ֣י מַלְכְּכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּחַרְתֶּ֖ם לָכֶ֑ם וְלֹֽא־יַעֲנֶ֧ה ה' אֶתְכֶ֖ם בַּיּ֥וֹם הַהֽוּא׃ (יט) וַיְמָאֲנ֣וּ הָעָ֔ם לִשְׁמֹ֖עַ בְּק֣וֹל שְׁמוּאֵ֑ל וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ לֹּ֔א כִּ֥י אִם־מֶ֖לֶךְ יִֽהְיֶ֥ה עָלֵֽינוּ׃ (כ) וְהָיִ֥ינוּ גַם־אֲנַ֖חְנוּ כְּכָל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם וּשְׁפָטָ֤נוּ מַלְכֵּ֙נוּ֙ וְיָצָ֣א לְפָנֵ֔ינוּ וְנִלְחַ֖ם אֶת־מִלְחֲמֹתֵֽנוּ׃ (כא) וַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע שְׁמוּאֵ֔ל אֵ֖ת כָּל־דִּבְרֵ֣י הָעָ֑ם וַֽיְדַבְּרֵ֖ם בְּאָזְנֵ֥י ה'׃ (פ)
(4) All the elders of Israel assembled and came to Samuel at Ramah, (5) and they said to him, “You have grown old, and your sons have not followed your ways. Therefore appoint a king for us, to govern us like all other nations.” (6) Samuel was displeased that they said “Give us a king to govern us.” Samuel prayed to the LORD, (7) and the LORD replied to Samuel, “Heed the demand of the people in everything they say to you. For it is not you that they have rejected; it is Me they have rejected as their king. (8) Like everything else they have done ever since I brought them out of Egypt to this day—forsaking Me and worshiping other gods—so they are doing to you. (9) Heed their demand; but warn them solemnly, and tell them about the practices of any king who will rule over them.” (10) Samuel reported all the words of the LORD to the people, who were asking him for a king. (11) He said, “This will be the practice of the king who will rule over you: He will take your sons and appoint them as his charioteers and horsemen, and they will serve as outrunners for his chariots. (12) He will appoint them as his chiefs of thousands and of fifties; or they will have to plow his fields, reap his harvest, and make his weapons and the equipment for his chariots. (13) He will take your daughters as perfumers, cooks, and bakers. (14) He will seize your choice fields, vineyards, and olive groves, and give them to his courtiers. (15) He will take a tenth part of your grain and vintage and give it to his eunuchs and courtiers. (16) He will take your male and female slaves, your choice young men, and your asses, and put them to work for him. (17) He will take a tenth part of your flocks, and you shall become his slaves. (18) The day will come when you cry out because of the king whom you yourselves have chosen; and the LORD will not answer you on that day.” (19) But the people would not listen to Samuel’s warning. “No,” they said. “We must have a king over us, (20) that we may be like all the other nations: Let our king rule over us and go out at our head and fight our battles.” (21) When Samuel heard all that the people said, he reported it to the LORD.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, אָשִׂימָה עָלַי מֶלֶךְ. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה בִּקַּשְׁתֶּם מְלָכִים וְעָמְדוּ הַמְלָכִים מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וְהִפִּילוּ אֶתְכֶם בֶּחָרֶב, שָׁאוּל הִפִּילָם בְּהַר הַגִּלְבֹּעַ, מִנַּיִן (שמואל א ד, יז): נָס יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי פְלִשְׁתִּים וגו'. דָּוִד נָתַן מַגֵּפָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כד, טו): וַיִתֵּן ה' דֶּבֶר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. אַחְאָב עָצַר עֲלֵיהֶן אֶת הַגְּשָׁמִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יז, א): אִם יִהְיֶה הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלֶּה טַל וּמָטָר וגו'. צִדְקִיָּהוּ הֶחֱרִיב אֶת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מָה הִגִּיעַ מִתַּחַת יְדֵי מַלְכֵיהֶם, הִתְחִילוּ צֹוְחִין הַכֹּל, אֵין אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְמַלְכֵּנוּ הָרִאשׁוֹן אָנוּ מְבַקְּשִׁין (ישעיה לג, כב): כִּי ה' שֹׁפְטֵינוּ ה' מְחֹקְקֵנוּ ה' מַלְכֵּנוּ הוּא יוֹשִׁיעֵנוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חַיֵּיכֶם, כָּךְ אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה, מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה יד, ט): וְהָיָה ה' לְמֶלֶךְ עַל כָּל הָאָרֶץ וגו'.
Alternatively: (Deuteronomy 17:14) "And you will say, 'I will appoint for me a king..." - Our rabbis said: Said the Holy One, blessed be He, "You want kings in this world. Jewish kings will be appointed, and they will make you fall by the sword." Shaul caused them to fall at Mt. HaGilboa. How do we know? (I Samuel 4:17) "And Israel fled from before the Philistines..." David caused a plague to be sent, as it says, (II Samuel 24:15) "And God sent a pestilence to Israel..." Achav stopped up the rains from them, as it says (I Kings 17:1) "...there shall not be dew nor rain these years..." Tzidkiyahu caused the destruction of the Holy Temple. Once Israel saw what happens under the rule of their kings, they all began to cry out, "We don't want a king of Israel! We want our furst King: (Isaiah 33:22) "For God is our judge, God is our law-giver, God is our king, He will save us!" The Holy One, blessed be He, said to them, "By your lives, thus will I do." How do we know? As it says, (Zachariah 14:9) "And God will be the king over all the earth..."
ואולם כל הספקות האלי הותרו במה שאמרנו ראשונה שהעצה המיוחדת בזה היא דוקא על האופן שאמר הכתוב כי תבא אל הארץ וגו' ואמרת אשימה עלי מלך ככל הגוים אשר סביבותי. ירצה הכוונה להם שלא לגרוע חקם במה שיאות להם בהשלמת יישובם מחוק הגוים אשר סביבותם העושים הענינים אשר יחייבם ההנהגה הטבעית פן יעדיפו הגוים ההמה בהם כאשר יהיו להם דבר עמהם ולא יצדקו במעשיהם להיות יד ה'' עמהם לעזור ברב או במעט או פן יהיה מיעוט ההשתדלות חטא בהם כאשר אמרנו. ובבחינה הזאת אמרו חז"ל (סנהדרין כ':) שלשה מצות נצטוו ישראל בכניסתן לארץ להקים עליהם מלך וכו'. והנה לפי שהם אמרו ועתה שימה לנו מלך לשפטנו ככל הגוים שיראה שלא כוונו מתועלת המלך רק בדבר המשפט לזה היה הדבר הקשה בעיניו שיראה שהם מואסים בו ובמשפטיו שהוא עצם מלאכתו להם הוא מה שביארו הכתוב באומרו וירע בעיני שמואל כי אמרו תנה לנו מלך לשפטנו:
We must look for the answer in the manner the people had demanded to have a king. Had the people requested a king at the time they had entered the land of Israel in order to help them conquer the land, and to compensate for lack of Divine assistance due to their sinfulness, that would not have aroused Samuel's anger. After all, our Parshah says " when you come into the land and say "I want to appoint a King." (Deut 17,14) When their declared purpose however, was rule by a king rather than by Samuel the prophet, this indicated that they rejected religious leadership in favour of secular rule. The operative clause in their request, and therefore the offensive one, was "a king to judge us like all other nations" (verse 5)
למנות מלך מישראל - שנצטוינו למנות עלינו מלך מישראל, כדי שיקבצנו כלנו וינהיגנו כחפצו, ועל זה נאמר (דברים יז טו) שום תשים עליך מלך וגו'. ובספרי שום תשים עליך מלך מצות עשה.
To appoint a king from Israel: That we were commanded to appoint upon ourselves a king from Israel, so that he can gather us all together and administer us according to his desire. And about this is it stated (Deuteronomy 17:15), "Surely place upon yourself a king, etc." And in Sifrei Devarim 157, "'Surely place upon yourself a king' is a positive commandment."
למנות מלך, שנאמר: "שום תשים עליך מלך" (דברים יז,טו).
To appoint a king, as it is said, “Thou shalt surely set a king over thee” (Deut. 17:15).
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶל־הָעָם֮ אַל־תִּירָאוּ֒ הִֽתְיַצְב֗וּ וּרְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת ה' אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶ֖ם הַיּ֑וֹם כִּ֗י אֲשֶׁ֨ר רְאִיתֶ֤ם אֶת־מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ הַיּ֔וֹם לֹ֥א תֹסִ֛יפוּ לִרְאֹתָ֥ם ע֖וֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃
But Moses said to the people, “Have no fear! Stand by, and witness the deliverance which the LORD will work for you today; for the Egyptians whom you see today you will never see again.
וַיִּלְכֹּד֩ דָּוִ֨יד מִמֶּ֜נּוּ אֶ֣לֶף רֶ֗כֶב וְשִׁבְעַ֤ת אֲלָפִים֙ פָּֽרָשִׁ֔ים וְעֶשְׂרִ֥ים אֶ֖לֶף אִ֣ישׁ רַגְלִ֑י וַיְעַקֵּ֤ר דָּוִיד֙ אֶת־כָּל־הָרֶ֔כֶב וַיּוֹתֵ֥ר מִמֶּ֖נּוּ מֵ֥אָה רָֽכֶב׃
David captured 1,000 chariots and 7,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers of his force; and David hamstrung all the chariot horses except for 100, which he retained.
ה֣וֹי הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְעֶזְרָ֔ה עַל־סוּסִ֖ים יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ עַל־רֶ֜כֶב כִּ֣י רָ֗ב וְעַ֤ל פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ כִּֽי־עָצְמ֣וּ מְאֹ֔ד וְלֹ֤א שָׁעוּ֙ עַל־קְד֣וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־ה' לֹ֥א דָרָֽשׁוּ׃
Ha! Those who go down to Egypt for help And rely upon horses! They have put their trust in abundance of chariots, In vast numbers of riders, And they have not turned to the Holy One of Israel, They have not sought the LORD.
וָאֶתְּנָ֨ה לְךָ֜ אֶת־בֵּ֣ית אֲדֹנֶ֗יךָ וְאֶת־נְשֵׁ֤י אֲדֹנֶ֙יךָ֙ בְּחֵיקֶ֔ךָ וָאֶתְּנָ֣ה לְךָ֔ אֶת־בֵּ֥ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל וִֽיהוּדָ֑ה וְאִ֨ם־מְעָ֔ט וְאֹסִ֥פָה לְּךָ֖ כָּהֵ֥נָּה וְכָהֵֽנָּה׃
I gave you your master’s house and possession of your master’s wives; and I gave you the House of Israel and Judah; and if that were not enough, I would give you twice as much more.
וילמד ממה שצוה בו האל את המלך באמרו (דברים יז) וכתב לו את משנה התורה הזאת על ספר וגו׳ והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו וגו׳ ואמר (יהושע א) לא ימוש ספר התורה הזה מפיך וגו׳ ואמר (דברים ו) והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום וגו׳ ואמר וקשרתם לאות על ידך וגו׳ וכתבתם על מזוזות ביתך. וחזק הענין בציצית באמת (במדבר טו) והיה לכם לציצית ואמר (שם) למען תזכרו.
Let one learn from what G-d has commanded a king (of Israel) in saying: "And it will be, when he sits upon his royal throne, that he shall write for himself this Torah on a scroll...And it shall be with him always, and he shall read it all the days of his life [so that he may learn to fear the L-ord, his G-d, to keep all the words of this Torah and these statutes, to do them]" (Devarim 17:18), and "This book of the Torah shall not leave your mouth; you shall meditate therein day and night [in order that you observe to do all that is written in it, for then will you succeed in all your ways and then will you prosper]" (Yehoshua 1:8). And also (to every Jew in the Shema): "And these words, which I command you this day, shall be on your heart" (Devarim 6:6), and "you shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be Totafos between your eyes" (Devarim 6:8). And He reinforced the matter in the chapter of Tzitzit in saying: "this shall be Tzitzit for you, and when you see it, you will remember all the commandments of the L-ord to perform them, and you shall not wander after your hearts and after your eyes after which you go astray" (Bamidbar 15:39), and then "So that you shall remember and perform all My commandments and you shall be holy to your G-d" (Bamidbar 15:40).
הוא מה שצוה הקב"ה אל המלך (דברים יז:יט): "והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו למען ילמד ליראה את ה' אלקיו". הא למדת שאין היראה נלמדת אלא מן הקריאה הבלתי נפסקת.
This is what the Holy One, blessed be He, commanded the king: "And the Torah shall be with him, and he shall read it all the days of his life, so that he will learn to fear the L-rd, his G-d" (Devarim 17:19). This teaches that the fear is only learned by uninterrupted study.
וְיָרַדְתָּ֣ לְפָנַי֮ הַגִּלְגָּל֒ וְהִנֵּ֤ה אָֽנֹכִי֙ יֹרֵ֣ד אֵלֶ֔יךָ לְהַעֲל֣וֹת עֹל֔וֹת לִזְבֹּ֖חַ זִבְחֵ֣י שְׁלָמִ֑ים שִׁבְעַ֨ת יָמִ֤ים תּוֹחֵל֙ עַד־בּוֹאִ֣י אֵלֶ֔יךָ וְהוֹדַעְתִּ֣י לְךָ֔ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעֲשֶֽׂה׃
After that, you are to go down to Gilgal ahead of me, and I will come down to you to present burnt offerings and offer sacrifices of well-being. Wait seven days until I come to you and instruct you what you are to do next.”
כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁחָלַק לוֹ הַכָּתוּב הַכָּבוֹד הַגָּדוֹל. וְחִיֵּב הַכּל בִּכְבוֹדוֹ. כָּךְ צִוָּהוּ לִהְיוֹת לִבּוֹ בְּקִרְבּוֹ שָׁפָל וְחָלָל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים קט כב) "וְלִבִּי חָלַל בְּקִרְבִּי". וְלֹא יִנְהַג גַּסּוּת לֵב בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל יֶתֶר מִדַּאי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז כ) "לְבִלְתִּי רוּם לְבָבוֹ מֵאֶחָיו". וְיִהְיֶה חוֹנֵן וּמְרַחֵם לִקְטַנִּים וּגְדוֹלִים. וְיֵצֵא וְיָבוֹא בְּחֶפְצֵיהֶם וּבְטוֹבָתָם. וְיָחוּס עַל כְּבוֹד קָטָן שֶׁבַּקְּטַנִּים. וּכְשֶׁמְּדַבֵּר אֶל כָּל הַקָּהָל בִּלְשׁוֹן רַבִּים יְדַבֵּר רַכּוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כח ב) "שְׁמָעוּנִי אַחַי וְעַמִּי". וְאוֹמֵר (מלכים א יב ז) "אִם הַיּוֹם תִּהְיֶה עֶבֶד לָעָם הַזֶּה" וְגוֹ'. לְעוֹלָם יִתְנַהֵג בַּעֲנָוָה יְתֵרָה. אֵין לָנוּ גָּדוֹל מִמּשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וְהוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות טז ח) "וְנַחְנוּ מָה לֹא עָלֵינוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵיכֶם". וְיִסְבּל טָרְחָם וּמַשָּׂאָם וּתְלוּנוֹתָם וְקִצְפָּם כַּאֲשֶׁר יִשָּׂא הָאוֹמֵן אֶת הַיּוֹנֵק. רוֹעֶה קְרָאוֹ הַכָּתוּב. לִרְעוֹת בְּיַעֲקֹב עַמּוֹ. וְדַרְכּוֹ שֶׁל רוֹעֶה מְפֹרָשׁ בְּקַבָּלָה כְּרֹעֶה עֶדְרוֹ יִרְעֶה בִּזְרֹעוֹ יְקַבֵּץ טְלָאִים וּבְחֵיקוֹ יִשָּׂא וְגוֹ':
In the same way that Scriptures has given him great honor, and everyone is obliged to give him honor, so has he been commanded to be of a subdued and unpretentious heart, as it says, “and my heart is empty within me” (Psalms 109:22). He must not act overly haughty towards Israel, as it says, “lest his heart become haughty over his brothers” (Deut. 17:20). He must be merciful and compassionate to the small and great with regard17Lit., and deal with. to their wants and welfare. He must show respect for even the lowest of the low. When he speaks to the entire Congregation together, he is to speak sensitively, as it says, “listen to me my brothers and my people” (I Chronicles 28:2) and “and should you today be a servant to your people…” (I Kings 12:7). He must always behave with extreme modesty, for we have never had anyone greater than Moses Our Teacher who said, “and what are we? your complaint is not against us” (Exodus 16:7-8). He must suffer their burdens and criticisms and anger, “as a nursing father carries the sucking child” (Num. 11:12). Scriptures calls him ‘shepherd’, “To be a shepherd over Jacob His people” (Psalms 78:71), and the (proper) behavior of a shepherd is as has been defined in the Tradition, as it says, “As a shepherd who leads his flock, and with his arm he gathers the lambs, and in his breast he carries….” (Isaiah 40:11).
כְּשֶׁמַּעֲמִידִין הַמֶּלֶךְ מוֹשְׁחִין אוֹתוֹ בְּשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א י א) "וַיִּקַּח שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת פַּךְ הַשֶּׁמֶן וַיִּצֹק עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ". וּמֵאַחַר שֶׁמּוֹשְׁחִין הַמֶּלֶךְ הֲרֵי זֶה זוֹכֶה לוֹ וּלְבָנָיו עַד עוֹלָם. שֶׁהַמַּלְכוּת יְרֻשָּׁה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז כ) "לְמַעַן יַאֲרִיךְ יָמִים עַל מַמְלַכְתּוֹ הוּא וּבָנָיו בְּקֶרֶב יִשְׂרָאֵל". הֵנִיחַ בֵּן קָטָן מְשַׁמְּרִין לוֹ הַמְּלוּכָה עַד שֶׁיַּגְדִּיל. כְּמוֹ שֶׁעָשָׂה יְהוֹיָדָע לְיוֹאָשׁ. וְכָל הַקּוֹדֵם בְּנַחֲלָה קֹדֶם לִירֻשַּׁת הַמְּלוּכָה. וְהַבֵּן הַגָּדוֹל קוֹדֵם לְקָטָן מִמֶּנּוּ. וְלֹא הַמַּלְכוּת בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא כָּל הַשְּׂרָרוֹת וְכָל הַמִּנּוּיִין שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל יְרֻשָּׁה לִבְנוֹ וּלְבֶן בְּנוֹ עַד עוֹלָם. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַבֵּן מְמַלֵּא מְקוֹם אֲבוֹתָיו בְּחָכְמָה וּבְיִרְאָה. הָיָה מְמַלֵּא בְּיִרְאָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְמַלֵּא בְּחָכְמָה מַעֲמִידִין אוֹתוֹ בִּמְקוֹם אָבִיו וּמְלַמְּדִין אוֹתוֹ. וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ יִרְאַת שָׁמַיִם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָכְמָתוֹ מְרֻבָּה אֵין מְמַנִּין אוֹתוֹ לְמִנּוּי מִן הַמִּנּוּיִין שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּמְשַׁח דָּוִד זָכָה בְּכֶתֶר מַלְכוּת. וַהֲרֵי הַמַּלְכוּת לוֹ וּלְבָנָיו הַזְּכָרִים עַד עוֹלָם. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ז טז) "כִּסְאֲךָ יִהְיֶה נָכוֹן עַד עוֹלָם". וְלֹא זָכָה אֶלָּא לִכְשֵׁרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים קלב יב) "אִם יִשְׁמְרוּ בָנֶיךָ בְּרִיתִי". אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא זָכָה אֶלָּא לִכְשֵׁרִים לֹא תִכָּרֵת הַמְּלוּכָה מִזֶּרַע דָּוִד לְעוֹלָם. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הִבְטִיחוֹ בְּכָךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים פט לא) "אִם יַעַזְבוּ בָנָיו תּוֹרָתִי וּבְמִשְׁפָּטַי לֹא יֵלֵכוּן" (תהילים פט לג) "וּפָקַדְתִּי בְשֵׁבֶט פִּשְׁעָם וּבִנְגָעִים עֲוֹנָם" (תהילים פט לד) "וְחַסְדִּי לֹא אָפִיר מֵעִמּוֹ":
The king is anointed with the (original) Anointing Oil4Prepared by Moses., as it says, “Then Samuel took the vial of oil and poured it upon his head, and he kissed him” (I Samuel 10:1). The anointing qualifies him and his sons in perpetuity, and ensures that the monarchy will be hereditary, as it says, “In order that he may have many days in his reign, he and his sons, among Israel” (Deut. 17:20). If the king (dies and) leaves a young son, the monarchy is retained for him until he gets older, as Yehoyadah did with Yoash. Those who take precedence in (the laws of) inheritance, take precedence for succession to the throne; and the older son precedes the younger one. This is not only true for the monarchy but for all governing Positions and all appointments in Israel – a son inherits from his father, and so his son from him, forever. This is as long as the son follows in his father’s footsteps with regard to wisdom and awe. If the son was G-d-fearing but lacked wisdom, he is appointed to succeed his father, and trained. However, if he was not G-d-fearing, even though he was very wise, he is not appointed to a Position in Israel. From the time David was anointed he merited the crown of kingship, the monarchy became his and that of his male descendents for all time, as it says, “Your throne, will be established forever” (II Samuel 7:16). This only refers to those who are of legitimate lineage, as it says, “If your sons shall observe my covenant” (Psalms 132:12). Even thought he only merited the monarchy for his descendents who have legitimate lineage, the monarchy will never be withdrawn from the descendants of David. The Holy One, Blessed Be He, had promised him as such, as it says, “If his children forsake my Torah and walk not in My statutes,…and I shall visit their transgression with the rod, and their iniquity with disease. But My mercy I shall not break off from him” (Psalms 89:31-34).