Save "Swimming in the Sea of Talmud:5. Not in Heaven (Supplementary Sources)"
Swimming in the Sea of Talmud: 5. Not in Heaven (Supplementary Sources)
וכלי חרס באויר. כשנפלה טומאה באויר כלי חרס, בין נגעה בכלי בין לא נגעה, נטמא הכלי. ואם נגעה הטומאה בכלי מבחוץ, לא נטמא בנגיעה זו, דכתיב (ויקרא י״א:ל״ג) וכל כלי חרש אשר יפול מהם אל תוכו וגו׳ יטמא, מתוכו נטמא ואינו נטמא מאחוריו:
אֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת, הַשֶּׁרֶץ, וְשִׁכְבַת זֶרַע, וּטְמֵא מֵת, וְהַמְּצֹרָע בִּימֵי סָפְרוֹ, וּמֵי חַטָּאת שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם כְּדֵי הַזָּיָה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין אָדָם וְכֵלִים בְּמַגָּע, וּכְלֵי חֶרֶשׂ בַּאֲוִיר, וְאֵינָם מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא:
The fathers of impurity are a: sheretz, semen, [an Israelite] who has contracted corpse impurity, a metzora during the days of his counting, and the waters of purification whose quantity is less than the minimum needed for sprinkling. Behold, these convey impurity to people and vessels by contact and to earthenware by presence within their airspace, But they do not convey impurity by being carried.
וְכָל־כְּלִי־חֶ֔רֶשׂ אֲשֶׁר־יִפֹּ֥ל מֵהֶ֖ם אֶל־תּוֹכ֑וֹ כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁ֧ר בְּתוֹכ֛וֹ יִטְמָ֖א וְאֹת֥וֹ תִשְׁבֹּֽרוּ׃
And if any of those falls into an earthen vessel, everything inside it shall be unclean and [the vessel] itself you shall break.
תַּנּוּר שֶׁנָּתַן בּוֹ עָפָר עַד חֶצְיוֹ, מֵעָפָר וּלְמַטָּן, מִטַּמֵּא בְמַגָּע. מֵעָפָר וּלְמַעְלָן, מִטַּמֵּא בַאֲוִיר. נְתָנוֹ עַל פִּי הַבּוֹר אוֹ עַל פִּי הַדּוּת, וְנָתַן שָׁם אֶבֶן, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִם מַסִּיק מִלְּמַטָּן, וְהוּא נִסּוֹק מִלְמַעְלָן, טָמֵא. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הוֹאִיל וְהֻסַּק מִכָּל מָקוֹם, טָמֵא:
If an oven was half filled with earth, the part from the earth downwards contracts impurity by contact only while the part from the earth upwards contracts impurity [also] from its air- space. If he put the oven over the mouth of a cistern or over that of a cellar and he put a stone at its side: Rabbi Judah says: if when heated below it becomes also heated above it is susceptible to impurity. But the sages say: since it was heated, no matter how, it is susceptible to impurity.

(ז) תַּנּוּר שֶׁנִּטְמָא, כֵּיצַד מְטַהֲרִין אוֹתוֹ. חוֹלְקוֹ לִשְׁלֹשָׁה, וְגוֹרֵר אֶת הַטְּפֵלָה עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא בָאָרֶץ. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִגְרֹר אֶת הַטְּפֵלָה, וְלֹא עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא בָאָרֶץ, אֶלָּא מְמַעֲטוֹ מִבִּפְנִים אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, וְצָרִיךְ לְהַסִּיעוֹ. חִלְּקוֹ לִשְׁנַיִם, אֶחָד גָּדוֹל וְאֶחָד קָטָן, הַגָּדוֹל טָמֵא וְהַקָּטָן טָהוֹר. חֲלָקוֹ לִשְׁלֹשָׁה, אֶחָד גָּדוֹל כִּשְׁנַיִם, הַגָּדוֹל טָמֵא, וּשְׁנַיִם הַקְּטַנִּים טְהוֹרִין:

(ח) חֲתָכוֹ חֻלְיוֹת לְרָחְבּוֹ, פָּחוֹת מֵאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים, טָהוֹר. מֵרְחוֹ בְטִיט, מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה מִשֶּׁיַּסִּיקֶנּוּ כְּדֵי לֶאֱפוֹת בּוֹ סֻפְגָּנִין. הִרְחִיק מִמֶּנּוּ אֶת הַטְּפֵלָה וְנָתַן חֹל אוֹ צְרוֹר בֵּינְתַיִם, בָּזֶה אָמְרוּ, הַנִּדָּה וְהַטְּהוֹרָה אוֹפוֹת בּוֹ וְהוּא טָהוֹר:

(ט) תַּנּוּר שֶׁבָּא מְחֻתָּךְ מִבֵּית הָאֻמָּן, וְעָשָׂה בוֹ לִמּוּדִין, וְנוֹתְנָן עָלָיו וְהוּא טָהוֹר, נִטְמָא. וְסִלֵּק אֶת לִמּוּדָיו, טָהוֹר. הֶחֱזִירָן לוֹ, טָהוֹר. מֵרְחוֹ בְטִיט, מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה, וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַסִּיקֶנּוּ, שֶׁכְּבָר הֻסָּק:

(י) חֲתָכוֹ חֻלְיוֹת וְנָתַן חֹל בֵּין חֻלְיָא לְחֻלְיָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מְטַהֵר, וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין. זֶה תַנּוּרוֹ שֶׁל עַכְנָאי. יוֹרוֹת הָעַרְבִיִּין שֶׁהוּא חוֹפֵר בָּאָרֶץ וְטָח בְּטִיט, אִם יָכוֹל הַטִּיחַ לַעֲמוֹד בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, טָמֵא. וְאִם לָאו, טָהוֹר. וְזֶה תַנּוּרוֹ שֶׁל בֶּן דִּינָאי:

(7) If an oven contracted impurity how is it to be cleansed? He must divide into three parts and scrape off the plastering so that [the oven] touches the ground. Rabbi Meir says: he does not need to scrape off the plastering nor is it necessary for [the oven] to touch the ground. Rather he reduces it within to a height of less than four handbreadths. Rabbi Shimon says: he must move it [from its position]. If it was divided into two parts, one large and the other small, the larger remains unclean and the smaller becomes clean. If it was divided into three parts one of which was as big as the other two together, the big one remains unclean and the two small ones become clean.

(8) If an oven was cut up by its width into rings that are each less than four handbreadths in height, it is clean. If he subsequently plastered it over with clay, it becomes susceptible to impurity when it is heated to a degree that suffices for the baking of spongy cakes. If he distanced the plastering, and sand or gravel was put between it and the oven sides of such an oven it has been said, "A menstruant as well as a clean woman may bake in it and it remains clean."

(9) An oven which came cut up in sections from the craftsman's house and he made for it hoops and put them on it, it is clean. If it contracts impurity, and then he removed its hoops it is clean. If he put them back on, it is still clean. If he plastered it with clay, it becomes susceptible to impurity and there is no need to heat it since it was once heated.

(10) If he cut the oven up into rings, and then he put sand between each pair of rings, Rabbi Eliezer says: it is clean. But the sages say: it is unclean. This is the oven of Akhnai. As regards Arabian vats, which are holes dug in the ground and plastered with clay, if the plastering can stand of itself it is susceptible to impurity; Otherwise it is not susceptible. This is the oven of Ben Dinai.

מתני׳ כשם שאונאה במקח וממכר כך אונאה בדברים לא יאמר לו בכמה חפץ זה והוא אינו רוצה ליקח אם היה בעל תשובה לא יאמר לו זכור מעשיך הראשונים אם הוא בן גרים לא יאמר לו זכור מעשה אבותיך שנאמר (שמות כב, כ) וגר לא תונה ולא תלחצנו:
MISHNA: Just as there is a prohibition against exploitation [ona’a] in buying and selling, so is there ona’a in statements, i.e., verbal mistreatment. The mishna proceeds to cite examples of verbal mistreatment. One may not say to a seller: For how much are you selling this item, if he does not wish to purchase it. He thereby upsets the seller when the deal fails to materialize. The mishna lists other examples: If one is a penitent, another may not say to him: Remember your earlier deeds. If one is the child of converts, another may not say to him: Remember the deeds of your ancestors, as it is stated: “And a convert shall you neither mistreat, nor shall you oppress him” (Exodus 22:20).
To incorporate for next time:
  • R' Hananel, Rashi, Tosefot
  • Sources from Englard's article
  • Conservative movement approaches
  • Related sugyot (see notes)
Discuss the symbolism of the walls and the oven