Dealing with Anxiety. Dealing with Plague. Some Wisdom from Jewish Sources.

Coping With Anxiety

וַיַּ֣רְא הָעָ֔ם כִּֽי־בֹשֵׁ֥שׁ מֹשֶׁ֖ה לָרֶ֣דֶת מִן־הָהָ֑ר וַיִּקָּהֵ֨ל הָעָ֜ם עַֽל־אַהֲרֹ֗ן וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ ק֣וּם ׀ עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣נוּ אֱלֹהִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר יֵֽלְכוּ֙ לְפָנֵ֔ינוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה ׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָאִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֙נוּ֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽוֹ׃
When the people saw that Moses was so long in coming down from the mountain, the people gathered against Aaron and said to him, “Come, make us a god who shall go before us, for that man Moses, who brought us from the land of Egypt—we do not know what has happened to him.”

What "gods" are we in danger of making at our time of uncertainty? What "gods" have you already seen people creating?

דְּאָגָ֣ה בְלֶב־אִ֣ישׁ יַשְׁחֶ֑נָּה וְדָבָ֖ר ט֣וֹב יְשַׂמְּחֶֽנָּה׃

If there is anxiety [yashchena] in a man’s mind let him quash it, And turn it into joy with a good word.

(משלי יב, כה) דאגה בלב איש ישחנה רבי אמי ורבי אסי חד אמר ישחנה מדעתו וחד אמר ישיחנה לאחרים

§ The Gemara explains another verse in Proverbs: “If there is care in a man’s heart, let him quash it [yashchena]” (Proverbs 12:25). Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi dispute the verse’s meaning. One said: He should forcefully push it [yaschena] out of his mind. One who worries should banish his concerns from his thoughts. And one said: It means he should tell [yesiḥena] others his concerns, which will lower his anxiety.

When should we push away our anxiety? What is a healthy way to do that?

And, when do we talk to others about our anxiety?

אל תצר צרת מחר כי לא תדע מה ילד יום שמא מחר בא ואיננו נמצא מצטער על העולם שאין שלו

מנע רבים מתוך ביתך ולא הכל תביא ביתך רבים יהיו דורשי שלומך גלה

The Gemara quotes additional statements from the book of Ben Sira: Do not suffer from tomorrow’s trouble, that is, do not worry about problems that might arise in the future, as you do not know what a day will bring. Perhaps when tomorrow comes, the individual who was so worried will not be among the living, and he was consequently upset over a world that is not his.

Prevent a (public) crowd from inside your house, do not let many people enter, and do not even bring all your friends into your house. Make sure, however, that a crowd seeks your welfare, and that you have many allies.

Text A:

Is the possibility of death the only reason not to worry about the future?

Text B:

The value of this advice today is clear. What is the value of it in normal times?

Why are these texts right next to each other in the Talmud? How might they be related?

כתיב דואג וכתיב דוייג אמר ר' יוחנן בתחילה יושב הקב"ה ודואג שמא יצא זה לתרבות רעה לאחר שיצא אמר ווי שיצא זה

§ It is written in one verse: “Doeg the Edomite” (I Samuel 22:9), and it is written in another verse: “And the king said to Doyeig” (I Samuel 22:18). Rabbi Yoḥanan says in explaining the discrepancy: Initially, the Holy One, Blessed be He, sat and was concerned [doeg] that perhaps this person would emerge to undertake an evil path. After he emerged on that path, God said: Alas [oy!], that person has emerged to undertake an evil path.

As opposed to the previous texts that advise us not to worry, this text speaks to the possible value of anxiety. What is that value?

Public Health

צָרִיךְ לִזָהֵר מִלִּתֵּן מָעוֹת בְּפִיו, שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן רֹק יָבֵשׁ שֶׁל מֻכֵּי שְׁחִין. וְלֹא יִתֵּן פַּס יָדוֹ תַּחַת שֶׁחְיוֹ, שֶׁמָּא נָגַע יָדוֹ בִּמְצֹרָע אוֹ בְּסַם רָע. וְלֹא יִתֵּן כִּכַּר לֶחֶם תַּחַת הַשֶּׁחִי, מִפְּנֵי הַזֵּעָה. וְלֹא יִתֵּן תַּבְשִׁיל וְלֹא מַשְׁקִים תַּחַת הַמִּטָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרוּחַ רָעָה שׁוֹרָה עֲלֵיהֶם. וְלֹא יִנְעֹץ סַכִּין בְּתוֹךְ אֶתְרוֹג אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ צְנוֹן, שֶׁמָּא יִפֹּל אָדָם עַל חֻדָּהּ, וְיָמוּת. הַגָּה: וְכֵן יִזָּהֵר מִכָּל דְּבָרִים הַמְּבִיאִים לִידֵי סַכָּנָה, כִּי סַכַּנְתָּא חֲמִירָא מֵאִסּוּרָא, וְיֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ יוֹתֵר לִסְפֵק סַכָּנָה מִלִּסְפֵק אִסּוּר (ב''י בְּשֵׁם הש''ס). וְלָכֵן אָסְרוּ לֵילֵךְ בְּכָל מְקוֹם סַכָּנָה כְּמוֹ תַּחַת קִיר נָטוּי אוֹ יְחִידִי בַּלַּיְלָה (שָׁם), וְכֵן אָסְרוּ לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם מִן הַנְּהָרוֹת בַּלַּיְלָה אוֹ לְהַנִּיחַ פִּיו עַל קִלּוּחַ הַמַּיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת, כִּי דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ יֵשׁ בָּהֶן חֲשַׁשׁ סַכָּנָה (רַמְבַּ''ם). וּמִנְהָג פָּשׁוּט שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם בִּשְׁעַת הַתְּקוּפָה, וְכֵן כָּתְבוּ הַקַּדְמוֹנִים, וְאֵין לְשַׁנּוֹת (אַבּוּדַרְהַם וּמָרְדְּכַי ס''פ כָּל שָׁעָה רוֹקֵחַ סִימָן ער''ה וּמַהֲרִי''ל וּמִנְהָגִים). עוֹד כָּתְבוּ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִבְרֹחַ מִן הָעִיר כְּשֶׁדֶּבֶר בָּעִיר, וְיֵשׁ לָצֵאת מִן הָעִיר בִּתְחִלַּת הַדֶּבֶר, וְלֹא בְּסוֹפוֹ (תְּשׁוּבַת מהרי''ל סי' ל''ה). וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים הֵם מִשּׁוּם סַכָּנָה, וְשׁוֹמֵר נַפְשׁוֹ יִרְחַק מֵהֶם וְאָסוּר לִסְמֹךְ אַנֵּס אוֹ לְסַכֵּן נַפְשׁוֹ בְּכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְעַיִּןִ בְּחוֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט סִימָן תכ''ז.

One must refrain from putting coins in one's mouth, lest it's covered with dried saliva of those afflicted with boils. He should not put the palm of his hand in his arm pit, lest his hand touched a metzorah or a harmful poison. He should not put a loaf of bread under his armpit, because of the sweat. He should not put a cooked item or drinks under the bed, since an evil spirit rests on them. He should not stick a knife in an esrog or a radish, lest one fall on its edge and die. Hagah: Similarly, he should be careful of all things that cause danger, because danger is stricter than transgressions, and one should be more careful with an uncertain danger than with an uncertain sin/forbidden action. They also prohibited to go in a dangerous place, such as under a leaning wall, or alone at night. They also prohibited to drink water from rivers at night or to put one's mouth on a stream of water and drink, because these matters have a concern of danger. It is the widespread custom not to drink water during the equinox, and the early ones wrote this and it is not to be changed. They also wrote to flee from the city when a plague is in the city, and one should leave at the beginning of the plague and not at the end. And all of these things are because of the danger, and a person who guards his soul will distance himself from them and it is prohibited to rely on a miracle in all of these matters.

In our context, what is the distinction between a "danger" and a "sin"? What do we think of these (very strict) rabbis drawing the distinction between the two?

אלו דברים צריך נטילה במים. הקם מהמטה והיוצא מבית הכסא. ומבית המרחץ. והנוטל צפורניו. והחולץ מנעליו. והנוגע ברגליו. והחופף ראשו וי"א אף ההולך בין המתים. ומי שנגע במת. ומי שמפליא כליו. והמשמש מטתו. והנוגע בכנה. והנוגע בגופו בידו. ומי שעשה אחת מכל אלו ולא נטל אם ת"ח הוא תלמודו משתכח. ואם אינו ת"ח יוצא מדעתו:
The following things require washing the hands in water [after them]: One who rises from bed, goes out of the bathroom, or of the bath house, one who cuts his nails, takes off his shoes, touches his feet, or washes his head, some say: also one who goes among the dead, or touched the dead, one who cleanses his clothes of lice, has sexual intercourse, touches a louse, or touches his body with his hand. Anyone doing any of these and not washing his hands, if he is a scholar, his studies are forgotten, and if he is not a scholar, he goes out of his mind.

How might we interpret the consequences that this text suggests befalls people who fail to wash their hands?

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃ צַ֚ו אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וִֽישַׁלְּחוּ֙ מִן־הַֽמַּחֲנֶ֔ה כָּל־צָר֖וּעַ וְכָל־זָ֑ב וְכֹ֖ל טָמֵ֥א לָנָֽפֶשׁ׃ מִזָּכָ֤ר עַד־נְקֵבָה֙ תְּשַׁלֵּ֔חוּ אֶל־מִח֥וּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶ֖ה תְּשַׁלְּח֑וּם וְלֹ֤א יְטַמְּאוּ֙ אֶת־מַ֣חֲנֵיהֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י שֹׁכֵ֥ן בְּתוֹכָֽם׃ וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וַיְשַׁלְּח֣וּ אוֹתָ֔ם אֶל־מִח֖וּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶ֑ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֨ר דִּבֶּ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה כֵּ֥ן עָשׂ֖וּ בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ (פ)
The LORD spoke to Moses, saying: Instruct the Israelites to remove from camp anyone with an eruption or a discharge and anyone defiled by a corpse. Remove male and female alike; put them outside the camp so that they do not defile the camp of those in whose midst I dwell. The Israelites did so, putting them outside the camp; as the LORD had spoken to Moses, so the Israelites did.

When is putting people outside the camp no longer sufficient?

ת"ר דבר בעיר כנס רגליך שנאמר ואתם לא תצאו איש מפתח ביתו עד בקר ואומר (ישעיהו כו, כ) לך עמי בא בחדריך וסגור דלתיך בעדך ואומר (דברים לב, כה) מחוץ תשכל חרב ומחדרים אימה מאי ואומר וכי תימא ה"מ בליליא אבל ביממא לא תא שמע לך עמי בא בחדריך וסגור דלתיך

In case you need it: "The Talmud teaches: “The Sages taught, if there is plague in the city, gather your feet – i.e.-limit the time you spend out of the house, as it is stated in the verse: And none of you shall go out of the opening of his house until the morning.’ And it says in another verse: ‘Come, my people, enter into your chambers and shut your doors behind you; hide yourself for a little moment until the anger has passed by (Isaiah 26:20)”

Why is it so hard for us to self-quarantine when, apparently, we've been at it for thousands of years?

ותניא כל עיר שאין בה עשרה דברים הללו אין תלמיד חכם רשאי לדור בתוכה בית דין מכין ועונשין וקופה של צדקה נגבית בשנים ומתחלקת בשלשה ובית הכנסת ובית המרחץ וביהכ"ס רופא ואומן ולבלר (וטבח) ומלמד תינוקות משום ר' עקיבא אמרו אף מיני פירא מפני שמיני פירא מאירין את העינים:
And it is taught in a baraita: A Torah scholar is not permitted to reside in any city that does not have these ten things: A court that has the authority to flog and punish transgressors; and a charity fund for which monies are collected by two people and distributed by three, as required by halakha. This leads to a requirement for another three people in the city. And a synagogue; and a bathhouse; and a public bathroom; a doctor; and a bloodletter; and a scribe [velavlar] to write sacred scrolls and necessary documents; and a ritual slaughterer; and a teacher of young children. With these additional requirements there are a minimum of 120 men who must be residents of the city. They said in the name of Rabbi Akiva: The city must also have varieties of fruit, because varieties of fruit illuminate the eyes.

What do the "varieties of fruit" have to do with the rest of the text? What does it have to do with our current situation?