Color Code: Case: Black; Ruling: Green or Red; Name of Tanna: Gold; Reason: Blue; Condition: Purple; Proof: Grey ; Rule: Fuscia
Chapter 10
The Tenth Chapter of Mesechtas Chullin discusses the singular Mitzvah of providing certain portions of every domestic animal Shechted to the Kohein. The Torah teaches,
וְזֶ֡ה יִהְיֶה֩ מִשְׁפַּ֨ט הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים מֵאֵ֣ת הָעָ֗ם מֵאֵ֛ת זֹבְחֵ֥י הַזֶּ֖בַח אִם־שׁ֣וֹר אִם־שֶׂ֑ה וְנָתַן֙ לַכֹּהֵ֔ן הַזְּרֹ֥עַ וְהַלְּחָיַ֖יִם וְהַקֵּבָֽה׃
That a person has an obligation to give the זרוע לחיים וקיבה, the shank bone, lower jaw and abomasum to the Kohein. These are different than the parts normally given to the Kohein from a Korban, which are the חזה ושוק (right back leg and the chest).
Our perek will describe who is obligated and when, whether a Korban that can no longer be used is obligated in Matnos Kehuna and exemptions from the Mitzvah.
Mishnah 10:1
The first Mishnah in our Perek imply sets forth the basic Mitzvah of Matnos Kehunah. Most importantly, the Mishnah teaches that it is not applicable to Korbonos, even though I might have thought that is most certainly applies via a Kal V'Chomer from Korbonos.
(א) הַזְּרוֹעַ וְהַלְּחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה נוֹהֲגִין
בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ,
בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת וְשֶׁלֹּא בִפְנֵי הַבַּיִת,
בְּחֻלִּין אֲבָל לֹא בְמֻקְדָּשִׁין.
שֶׁהָיָה בַדִּין,
וּמָה אִם הַחֻלִּין, שֶׁאֵינָן חַיָּבִין בְּחָזֶה וָשׁוֹק, חַיָּבִין בַּמַּתָּנוֹת,
קָדָשִׁים שֶׁחַיָּבִין בְּחָזֶה וָשׁוֹק, אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁחַיָּבִין בַּמַּתָּנוֹת.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (ויקרא ז), וָאֶתֵּן אֹתָם לְאַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וּלְבָנָיו לְחָק עוֹלָם, אֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁאָמוּר בָּעִנְיָן:
(1) The [law of] the shoulder and the cheeks and the stomach is in force both within the Land and outside it, both during the existence of the Temple and after it, in respect of unconsecrated animals but not consecrated animals. For it might have been argued thus: if unconsecrated animals, which are not subject to the law of the breast and the thigh, are subject to these dues, how much more are consecrated animals, with are subject to the law of the breast and the thigh, subject also to these dues! Scripture states, “And I have given them to Aaron the priest and his sons as a due for ever” (Leviticus 7:34) only what is mentioned in this passage shall be his.
Mishnah 10:2
Our Mishna, which is repeated in Bechoros 2:2 and 2:3, list a number of differences between an animal that has inherent holiness after being designated a Korban (Kedushas HaGuf) and an animal that, because of a preexisting permanent blemish, cannot be dedicated as a Korban. In the later case, if a person were to designate the animal as a Korban, we consider it as if he simply dedicated its vallue t othe Beis HaMikdash (Kedushas Damim). This limited holiness does not change the inherent nature of the animal, nevertheless, certain restrictions on its use remain even after you redeem the animal.
The Mishnah is taught here since one of the distinguishing cases is that an animal with Kedushas HaGuf is exempt from Matnos Kehuna, whereas an an animal with Kedushas Damim that is redeemed is obligated in Matnos Kehuna.
כָּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁקָּדַם מוּם קָבוּעַ לְהֶקְדֵּשָׁן וְנִפְדּוּ,
חַיָּבִין בַּבְּכוֹרָה וּבַמַּתָּנוֹת,
וְיוֹצְאִין לְחֻלִּין, לְהִגָּזֵז וּלְהֵעָבֵד,
וּוְלָדָן וַחֲלָבָן מֻתָּר לְאַחַר פִּדְיוֹנָן,
וְהַשּׁוֹחֲטָן בַּחוּץ פָּטוּר,
וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין תְּמוּרָה,
וְאִם מֵתוּ יִפָּדוּ,
חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וּמִן הַמַּעֲשֵׂר.
כֹּל שֶׁקָּדַם הֶקְדֵּשָׁן אֶת מוּמָן,
אוֹ מוּם עוֹבֵר לְהֶקְדֵּשָׁן, וּלְאַחַר מִכָּאן נוֹלַד לָהֶם מוּם קָבוּעַ וְנִפְדּוּ,
פְּטוּרִין מִן הַבְּכוֹרָה וּמִן הַמַּתָּנוֹת,
וְאֵינָן יוֹצְאִין לְחֻלִּין לְהִגָּזֵז וּלְהֵעָבֵד,
וּוְלָדָן וַחֲלָבָן אָסוּר לְאַחַר פִּדְיוֹנָן,
וְהַשּׁוֹחֲטָן בַּחוּץ חַיָּב,
וְעוֹשִׂין תְּמוּרָה,
וְאִם מֵתוּ, יִקָּבֵרוּ:
(2) All consecrated animals whose permanent physical blemish preceded their consecration and were then redeemed: Are subject to the law of the firstling and to the priestly gifts, And when they become like hullin [by being redeemed] they may be shorn and may be put to work. And their young and their milk are permitted after they have been redeemed. And he who slaughtered them outside the sanctuary is not liable. And they do not render what is substituted for them [holy]. And if they died they may be redeemed, except for the firstling and the tithe of cattle. All [consecrated animals] whose consecration preceded their permanent, or their impermanent blemish [preceded] their consecration and subsequently they contracted a permanent blemish, and they were redeemed: Are exempt from the law of the firstling, and from priestly gifts; And they are not like unconsecrated animals to be shorn or put to work; And [even] after they have been redeemed their young and their milk are forbidden; And he who slaughtered them outside the sanctuary is liable; And they render what was substituted for them [holy], And if they died they must be buried.
Mishnah 10:3
Our Mishnah discusses a number of exceptions to when the Matnos Kehuna must be given the Kohein. The underlying idea is that the obligation to give the Matnos is merely a monetary obligation, there is no Kedusha inherent in these Matnos Kehuna. Therefore, anytime there is a Safek, a doubt, whether the Matnos need to be given, it is up to the Kohein to prove that he is entitled to them.
Exceptions listed in our Mishnah include, when an exempt animal gets lost in a larger flock of animals and the status of animals belonging to a non-Jew or a Kohein. The last case of our Mishnah discusses who must bear the cost of giving the Matonos to the Kohein, the butcher from you purchase the meat or the consumer.
בְּכוֹר שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב בְּמֵאָה,
בִּזְמַן שֶׁמֵּאָה שׁוֹחֲטִין אֶת כֻּלָּן, פּוֹטְרִין אֶת כֻּלָּן.
אֶחָד שׁוֹחֵט אֶת כֻּלָּן, פּוֹטְרִין לוֹ אֶחָד.
הַשּׁוֹחֵט לְכֹהֵן וּלְנָכְרִי, פָּטוּר מִן הַמַּתָּנוֹת.
וְהַמִּשְׁתַּתֵּף עִמָּהֶן, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּרְשֹׁם.
וְאִם אָמַר חוּץ מִן הַמַּתָּנוֹת, פָּטוּר מִן הַמַּתָּנוֹת.
אָמַר, מְכֹר לִי בְנֵי מֵעֶיהָ שֶׁל פָּרָה, וְהָיוּ בָהֶן מַתָּנוֹת, נוֹתְנָן לְכֹהֵן וְאֵינוֹ מְנַכֶּה לוֹ מִן הַדָּמִים. לָקַח הֵימֶנּוּ בְמִשְׁקָל, נוֹתְנָן לְכֹהֵן וּמְנַכֶּה לוֹ מִן הַדָּמִים:
(3) A first-born got mixed up with a hundred other animals: If a hundred [and one] persons slaughtered them all, they are all exempt from the gifts. If one person slaughtered them all, only one animal is exempt from the gifts. If a man slaughtered an animal for a priest or a non-Jew, he is exempt from the gifts. If he had a share [in the animal] with them, he must indicate this by some sign. If he said, “Except the gifts” he is exempt from giving the gifts. If he said, “Sell me the entrails of a cow” and among them were the gifts, he must give them to a priest and [the seller] does not need to reduce the price. But if he bought them from him by weight, he must give them to a priest, and [the seller] must reduce the price.
Mishnah 10:4
The final Mishnah of the Perek discusses one final exemption from Matnos Kehuna, that is a covert who is uncertain if his animal was Shechted prior to or subsequent to his conversion. The second part of the Mishnah describes the pieces of the animal that make up the Matnos Kehuna.
גֵּר שֶׁנִּתְגַּיֵּר וְהָיְתָה לוֹ פָרָה,
נִשְׁחֲטָה עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְגַּיֵּר, פָּטוּר.
מִשֶּׁנִּתְגַּיֵּר, חַיָּב.
סָפֵק, פָּטוּר, שֶׁהַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵרוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָה.
אֵיזֶהוּ הַזְּרוֹעַ,
מִן הַפֶּרֶק שֶׁל אַרְכֻּבָּה עַד כַּף שֶׁל יָד. וְהוּא שֶׁל נָזִיר.
וּכְנֶגְדּוֹ בָרֶגֶל, שׁוֹק.
רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, שׁוֹק, מִן הַפֶּרֶק שֶׁל אַרְכֻּבָּה עַד סֹבֶךְ שֶׁל רָגֶל.
אֵיזֶהוּ לְחִי, מִן הַפֶּרֶק שֶׁל לְחִי עַד פִּקָּה שֶׁל גַּרְגָּרֶת:
(4) A convert who converted and owned a cow: If he slaughtered it before he converted, he is exempt from giving the gifts. If [he slaughtered it] after he converted, he is liable. If there was a doubt about it, he is exempt, for the burden of proof lies upon the claimant. What is ‘the shoulder’? From the joint up to the shoulder-socket of the forelimb, and this is the same for the nazirite. The corresponding part of the hind leg is called the thigh. Rabbi Judah says: the thigh extends from the joint up to the fleshy part of the leg. What counts as ‘the cheek? From the joint of the jaw to the last protrusion of the windpipe.