מפני שיבה תקום

אי

Byאביעד יחיאלי

כל מצוות לשמור ולעשות

ויקרא י״ט:ל״ב

מִפְּנֵ֤י שֵׂיבָה֙ תָּק֔וּם וְהָדַרְתָּ֖ פְּנֵ֣י זָקֵ֑ן וְיָרֵ֥אתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ אֲנִ֥י יְהוָֽה׃ (פ)

Leviticus 19:32

You shall rise before the aged and show deference to the old; you shall fear your God: I am the LORD.

כל מצוות 19#

קידושין ל״ב ב

ת"ר מפני שיבה תקום

יכול אפילו מפני זקן אשמאי ת"ל זקן ואין זקן אלא חכם שנאמר אספה לי שבעים איש מזקני ישראל רבי יוסי הגלילי אומר אין זקן אלא מי שקנה חכמה שנאמר ה' קנני ראשית דרכו

יכול יעמוד מפניו ממקום רחוק ת"ל תקום והדרת לא אמרתי קימה אלא במקום שיש הידור

יכול יהדרנו בממון ת"ל תקום והדרת מה קימה שאין בה חסרון כיס אף הידור שאין בו חסרון כיס

יכול יעמוד מפניו מבית הכסא ומבית המרחץ ת"ל תקום והדרת לא אמרתי קימה אלא במקום שיש הידור

יכול יעצים עיניו כמי שלא ראהו ת"ל תקום ויראת דבר המסור ללב נאמר בו ויראת מאלהיך

רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר מנין לזקן שלא יטריח ת"ל זקן ויראת

איסי בן יהודה אומר מפני שיבה תקום אפילו כל שיבה במשמע

רבי יוסי הגלילי היינו תנא קמא!

איכא בינייהו יניק וחכים: ת"ק סבר - יניק וחכים לא, רבי יוסי הגלילי סבר - אפילו יניק וחכים.

מ"ט (מאי טעמא) דרבי יוסי הגלילי? אמר לך: אי ס"ד (סלקא דעתך - עולה על דעתך) כדקאמר ת"ק, א"כ (אם כן) נכתוב רחמנא (התורה/ה') מפני שיבה זקן תקום והדרת מ"ש (מאי שנא - מה השוני) דפלגינהו רחמנא, למימר: דהאי לאו האי והאי לאו האי, ש"מ: אפי' יניק וחכים.

ות"ק? משום דבעי למיסמך 'זקן ויראת'.

ותנא קמא מ"ט? אי ס"ד כדקאמר רבי יוסי הגלילי, א"כ נכתוב רחמנא מפני שיבה תקום והדרת תקום והדרת פני זקן ומדלא כתב הכי, ש"מ חד הוא.

Kiddushin 32b

By contrast, here, is it his Torah, that the teacher can forgo its honor? Rava then said: Yes, if he studies, it is his Torah, as it is written: “For his delight is the Torah of the Lord, and in his Torah he meditates day and night” (Psalms 1:2). This indicates that at first it is “the Torah of the Lord,” but after he studies, it becomes “his Torah.” The Gemara asks: Is that so? But Rava served drinks to the guests at his son’s wedding celebration, and he poured a cup for Rav Pappa and Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, and they stood before him when he approached them. When he poured a cup for Rav Mari and for Rav Pineḥas, son of Rav Ḥisda, they did not stand before him. Rava became angry and said: Are these Sages, i.e., Rav Mari and Rav Pineḥas, Sages, and are those Sages, who stood to honor me, not Sages? Do you think you are so great that you are not required to honor a Sage? And furthermore, it happened that Rav Pappa was serving drinks to the guests at the wedding celebration [hillula] of Abba Mar, his son, and he poured a cup for Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and he did not stand before him, and Rav Pappa became angry. These anecdotes indicate that even when a rabbi forgoes the honor due to him by serving drinks to his guests, his honor is not forgone. The Gemara answers: A rabbi can forgo the full measure of honor due to him, but even so, others are required to perform some act of reverence, such as preparing to stand before him. Rav Ashi said: Even according to the one who says that if a rabbi forgoes the honor due him, his honor is forgone, if a Nasi forgoes the honor due him, his honor is not forgone. The Gemara raises an objection: There was an incident involving Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua and Rabbi Tzadok, who were reclining at the wedding of Rabban Gamliel’s son. And Rabban Gamliel, who was Nasi of the Sanhedrin at the time, was standing over them and serving them drinks. He gave the cup to Rabbi Eliezer and he would not accept it; he gave it to Rabbi Yehoshua and he accepted it. Rabbi Eliezer said to him: What is this, Yehoshua? We sit and the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stands over us and serves us drinks? Rabbi Yehoshua said to him: We found one greater than him who served his guests, as our forefather Abraham was greater than him and he served his guests. Abraham was the greatest man of his generation and it is written about him: “And he stood over them under the tree, and they ate” (Genesis 18:8). And lest you say: His guests appeared to him as ministering angels, and that is why he honored them, in fact they appeared to him only as Arabs. And if so, should not the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stand over us and serve us drinks? Rabbi Tzadok said to them: For how long will you ignore the honor due to the Omnipresent, and deal with the honor of people? You could cite a proof from God Himself. After all, the Holy One, Blessed be He, makes the winds blow, and raises the clouds, and brings the rain, and causes the earth to sprout, and sets a table before each and every creature. And should not the esteemed Rabban Gamliel stand over us and serve us drinks? This discussion indicates that even a Nasi may forgo the honor due him. Rather, if it was stated, it was stated as follows: Rav Ashi said: Even according to the one who says that if a Nasi forgoes the honor due him, his honor is forgone, if a king forgoes the honor due him, his honor is not forgone. As it is stated: “You shall set a king over you” (Deuteronomy 17:15), which indicates that his fear should be upon you. The people are commanded to fear a king, and therefore it is not permitted for him to forgo the honor due to him. § The Sages taught with regard to the verse: “Before the hoary head you shall stand and you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God” (Leviticus 19:32): One might have thought that it is obligatory to stand before a simple [ashmai] elder. Therefore, the verse states: “elder,” and an “elder” means nothing other than a wise man, as it is stated: “Gather unto Me seventy men of the Elders of Israel, whom you know to be the Elders of the people” (Numbers 11:16). Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: An “elder [zaken]” means nothing other than one who has acquired wisdom. He interprets the word zaken as a contraction of the phrase zeh kanna, meaning: This one has acquired. Elsewhere the word kanna is used in reference to wisdom, as it is stated that wisdom says: “The Lord acquired me [kanani] at the beginning of His way” (Proverbs 8:22). The baraita continues: One might have thought that one must stand before an elder as soon as he sees him, even from a distance. Therefore the verse states: “You shall stand and you shall revere” (Leviticus 19:32), which teaches: I said that one is obligated to stand only in a place where there is reverence. If he stands while the elder is still far away, it is not clear that he is doing so in his honor. The baraita continues: One might have thought that he should revere him through money, i.e., that one is required to give an elder money in his honor. Therefore, the verse states: “You shall stand and you shall revere.” Just as standing includes no monetary loss, so too, reverence is referring to an action that includes no monetary loss. One might have thought that one should also stand before him in the lavatory or in the bathhouse. Therefore, the verse states: “You shall stand and you shall revere,” which indicates: I said the mitzva of standing only in a place where there is reverence. It is inappropriate to show respect for someone in places of this kind. The baraita continues: One might have thought that one may close his eyes like one who does not see the elder. Therefore, the verse states: “Before the hoary head you shall stand and you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God” (Leviticus 19:32). With regard to any matter given over to the heart, it is stated: “And you shall fear your God.” This phrase is referring to a situation where it is impossible to prove whether one purposefully made it appear as if he were not aware that he was obligated to perform a mitzva, as only that individual and God know the truth. The baraita continues: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: From where is it derived that an elder should not trouble others to honor him? The verse states: “And you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God.” The phrase “an elder, and you shall fear,” read by itself, without the rest of the verse, indicates that an elder is also commanded to fear God, and not purposefully act in a manner to cause others to have to honor him. In conclusion, the baraita cites another opinion. Isi ben Yehuda says that the verse: “Before the hoary head you shall stand,” indicates that even any person of hoary head is included in this mitzva, not only a Sage. The Gemara analyzes this baraita. Apparently the opinion of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili is the same as that of the first tanna, as they both say that an elder is a Torah scholar. What does Rabbi Yosei HaGelili add? The Gemara answers: There is a difference between them with regard to one who is young and wise. The first tanna maintains: One who is young and wise is not considered an elder, as the mitzva applies only to one who is both elderly and wise. Rabbi Yosei HaGelili maintains: It is even a mitzva to honor one who is young and wise. According to Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, the mitzva is not referring to old age at all, but only to wisdom. The Gemara asks: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili? He could have said to you that if enters your mind to explain as the first tanna says, that for the obligation to honor another be in effect that person must be both elderly and wise, if so, let the Merciful One write: Before the hoary head of an elder you shall stand and you shall revere. What is the difference between the two terms “hoary head” and “elder,” that the Merciful One separates them? This serves to say that this term is not the same as that one, and that term is not the same as this one, i.e., an elder is not required to have a hoary head. Learn from the verse that even one who is young and wise is called an elder. And the first tanna would say that the verse is written this way because the Torah wants to juxtapose “elder” with “and you shall fear,” in accordance with Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar’s statement above that an elder should not trouble others to honor him. The Gemara asks: And what is the reasoning of the first tanna? Why does he maintain that one is obligated to stand only before an elder, wise man? The Gemara answers: The first tanna maintains that if it enters your mind to explain as Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says, let the Merciful One write:

תוספות על קידושין ל״ב ב:ח׳:א׳

זקן אשמאי - פי' בקונטרס אשמאי רשע ועם הארץ וקשה דהיכי קאמר איסי בן יהודה דשיבה משמע אפילו זקן אשמאי והלא מצוה אפילו להכותו לבזותו לזלזלו לכך פר"ת אשמאי לשון שוממין כמו פתחי שמאי דמנחות (דף לג:) כלומר בור ועם הארץ כדמתרגמינן והאדמה לא תשם וארעא לא תבור (בראשית מ״ז:י״ט):

Tosafot on Kiddushin 32b:8:1

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תוספות על קידושין ל״ב ב:ח׳:ב׳

ואין זקן אלא חכם שנאמר אספה לי שבעים איש כו' - לאו גזירה שוה גמורה היא דאם כן ליבעו מומחין כי התם אלא לא הוי אלא הוכחה בעלמא דזקן אשמאי אינו:

Tosafot on Kiddushin 32b:8:2

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תוספות על קידושין ל״ב ב:י״ד:א׳

מאי שנא דפלגינהו ש"מ דהאי לאו האי.

וה"ק (והכי קאמר) מפני שיבה תקום והדרת תקום והדרת פני זקן שקנה חכמה ש"מ אפי' יניק וחכים. ופירש בקונט' מדקפיד קרא אחכמה ש"מ דזקן לאו אשמאי אלא בעינן חכמה בהדיה דליכא למימר ר' יוסי נמי אזקן אשמאי פליג וקאמר דלא בעינן חכמה דא"כ היינו איסי בן יהודה כן פירש הקונטרס

ועוד מוסיף ר"י דליכא למימר נמי דודאי פליג ואמר זקן אשמאי מהני ואיסי פליג עליה ואומר אפי' סבי דארמאי דהא כל שיבה במשמע קאמר הא לא אשכחן בשום דוכתא דזקן עובד כוכבים צריך לכבדו

ועוד דלקמן (קידושין דף לג.) קאמר דרבי יוחנן הוה קאי מקמי סבי ארמאי ותלי טעמא בכמה הרפתקי עדו עלייהו ולא קאמר משום דאיסי

וא"ת כיון דבהדי שיבה נמי בעי חכמה כדפירש בקונטרס לרבי יוסי הגלילי דמרבה אפי' יניק וחכים שיבה דכתב רחמנא למה לי פשיטא כיון דאפי' יניק וחכים כ"ש שיבה וחכים דמי גרע אם הוא זקן בהדי חכם

וי"ל דאי לא כתב רחמנא שיבה ה"א (הוה אמינא) דניבעי זקן וחכם ממש אבל יניק וחכים לא להכי אתא שיבה לגלויי דלא בעינן זקן וחכים אלא בחד לחוד סגי אפילו יניק וחכים

ומיהו קשה דאם כן מאי קאמר אי ס"ד כדקאמר ת"ק לכתוב רחמנא מפני שיבה זקן תקום אדרבה לא לכתוב אלא זקן דהא נמי אמר זקן בלא שיבה זקן במשמעו זקן ממש משמע אלא ודאי זקן יניק וחכים משמע והדרא קושיא לדוכתיה (וחזרה הקושיה למקומה)

ונראה לר"י דודאי יניק וחכים צריך שיהא מופלג ולכך איצטריך שיבה אע"פ שאינו מופלג דכך לי זקן שאינו מופלג כמו יניק וחכים שהוא מופלג, אבל אם היו שוים בחכמה היניק והזקן צריך שיעמוד היניק מפני הזקן דגבי יניק צריך שיהיה מופלג בחכמה וגבי זקן אינו צריך:

Tosafot on Kiddushin 32b:14:1

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משנה תורה, הלכות תלמוד תורה ו׳:ט׳

מִי שֶׁהוּא זָקֵן מֻפְלָג בְּזִקְנָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָכָם עוֹמְדִין לְפָנָיו. וַאֲפִלּוּ הֶחָכָם שֶׁהוּא יֶלֶד עוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי הַזָּקֵן הַמֻּפְלָג בְּזִקְנָה. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לַעֲמֹד מְלֹא קוֹמָתוֹ אֶלָּא כְּדֵי לְהַדְּרוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ זָקֵן כּוּתִי מְהַדְּרִין אוֹתוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וְנוֹתְנִין לוֹ יָד לְסָמְכוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לב) "מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם" כָּל שֵׂיבָה בְּמַשְׁמָע:

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 6:9

For one who is old and distinguished in age, though not a scholar, it is obligatory to rise up; even a young scholar should rise before an old man distinguished in age; but the obligation is not to rise before him in full height, only enough to honor him. It is proper to honor with words even the aged Kuthean and to give him a leaning hand, as it is said: "Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head", the inference being that it includes all hoary heads.⁸Ibid. Baba Batra, 120a. C. G.

יורה דעה רמ״ד:א׳

קימה והידור בפני חכם אפילו אינו רבו. ובו י"ח סעיפים:
מצות עשה לקום מפני כל חכם אפי' אינו זקן אלא יניק וחכים ואפי' אינו רבו (רק שהוא גדול ממנו וראוי ללמוד ממנו) (טור בשם הרמב"ם ור"ן פ"ק דקדושין) וכן מצוה לקום מפני שיבה דהיינו בן שבעים שנה (אפילו הוא ע"ה ובלבד שלא יהיה רשע) (ב"י בשם התוס' ובהגהות מיי' פ"ו ומרדכי פ"ק דקדושין ור' ירוחם ור"ן ור"ת):

Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 244:1

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כל מצוות 20#

קידושין ל״ג א

אמר מר יכול יהדרנו בממון? ת"ל: תקום והדרת, מה קימה שאין בה חסרון כיס אף הידור שאין בו חסרון כיס. וקימה לית בה חסרון כיס? מי לא עסקינן דקא נקיב מרגניתא אדהכי והכי קאים מקמיה ובטיל ממלאכתו?!

אלא אקיש קימה להידור מה הידור שאין בו ביטול אף קימה שאין בה ביטול ואקיש נמי הידור לקימה מה קימה שאין בה חסרון כיס אף הידור שאין בו חסרון כיס.

מכאן אמרו: אין בעלי אומניות רשאין לעמוד מפני תלמידי חכמים בשעה שעוסקין במלאכתם ולא? והתנן כל בעלי אומניות עומדים מפניהם ושואלים בשלומם ואומרים להם אחינו אנשי מקום פלוני בואכם לשלום!

א"ר יוחנן מפניהם עומדים, מפני תלמידי חכמים אין עומדים. אמר רבי יוסי בר אבין בוא וראה כמה חביבה מצוה בשעתה שהרי מפניהם עומדים מפני תלמידי חכמים אין עומדים. ודלמא שאני התם דא"כ אתה מכשילן לעתיד לבא

Kiddushin 33a

Before the hoary head of an elder you shall stand and revere; you shall stand and revere the face of an elder. From the fact that the Merciful One did not write this and thereby divide the two concepts, learn from it that “elder” and “hoary head” are together referring to one type of person. The Master said previously in the baraita: One might have thought that he should revere him through money, i.e., he is required to give him money in his honor; therefore, the verse states: “You shall stand and you shall revere” (Leviticus 19:32). Just as standing includes no monetary loss, so too, reverence is referring to an action that includes no monetary loss. The Gemara asks: And does standing include no monetary loss at all? Are we not dealing with a case where he was piercing pearls, a highly remunerative task, and in the meantime he must stand for the elder and thereby neglect his work, which causes him a loss? Rather, the verse juxtaposes standing to reverence: Just as reverence does not include neglect of work, so too, standing does not include neglect of work; therefore, one who is engaged in work is not obligated to stand before an elder. And the verse also juxtaposes reverence to standing: Just as standing includes no monetary loss, as standing applies only when it does not entail neglect of work, as explained previously, so too, reverence is referring to an action that includes no monetary loss. From here the Sages stated: Craftsmen are not permitted to stand before Torah scholars when they are engaged in their work. The Gemara asks: And are craftsmen not required to stand before Torah scholars? But didn’t we learn in a mishna (Bikkurim 3:3): When farmers bring their first fruits to Jerusalem, all craftsmen stand before them, and greet them, and say to them: Our brothers from such and such a place, welcome! Since craftsmen would stand even for those engaged in a mitzva, all the more so should they stand for Torah scholars. Rabbi Yoḥanan says: There is no difficulty here, as indeed they stood before those bringing first fruits, and yet they would not stand before Torah scholars. Based on this Rabbi Yosei bar Avin says: Come and see how beloved is a mitzva performed in its proper time, as the craftsmen stood before those who were fulfilling a mitzva, whereas they did not stand before Torah scholars. The Gemara responds: This does not prove that the same applies to all mitzvot performed in their proper times, as perhaps it is different there, with regard to the bringing of the first fruits; for if so, i.e., if one does not treat those who bring first fruits with such honor, they will not want to come at all, and you will cause them to stumble and sin in the future. Consequently, the Sages instituted that those bringing first fruits should be treated with special honor. This reasoning does not apply to people performing other mitzvot. The Master said previously: One might have thought that one should also stand before an Elder in the lavatory or in the bathhouse; therefore, the verse said: “You shall stand and you shall revere,” which indicates that the mitzva of standing applies only in a place where there is reverence. The Gemara asks: And does one not show honor in a lavatory? But Rabbi Ḥiyya was sitting in a bathhouse and Rabbi Shimon bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi passed by, and he did not stand before him. And Rabbi Shimon bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi became angry and went and said to his father, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: I taught Rabbi Ḥiyya two of the five parts of the book of Psalms, and yet he did not stand before me. This indicates that a display of honor is appropriate even in a bathhouse. And furthermore, bar Kappara, and some say it was Rabbi Shmuel bar Rabbi Yosei, was sitting in a bathhouse. Rabbi Shimon bar Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi entered and passed by, and he did not stand before him. Rabbi Shimon became angry and went and said to his father: I taught him two of the nine parts of Torat Kohanim, the halakhic midrash on Leviticus, and yet he did not stand before me. And Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to Rabbi Shimon: Perhaps he was sitting and contemplating what you taught him and did not see you come in. The Gemara explains the proof: The fact that the reason he might have been exempt was that he was sitting and pondering the lessons indicates that if that were not so, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi would not have justified such behavior. One must stand before a Sage even in a bathhouse. The Gemara answers that this is not difficult: This halakha, that one is not required to stand in a bathhouse, applies to the inner rooms, where everyone is naked; standing in a place of this kind certainly does not bestow honor. That halakha, that one is obligated to stand in a bathhouse, applies to the outer rooms, where people are still dressed. Standing is a sign of respect in these rooms. The Gemara comments: So too, it is reasonable that this is the correct explanation, as Rabba bar bar Ḥana says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: One is permitted to contemplate matters of Torah everywhere, except for the bathhouse and the lavatory. Since Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi suggested that the student might have been sitting and pondering his studies, it can be assumed that the episode occurred in a location where only some of the halakhot governing one’s behavior in a bathhouse apply, i.e., the outer rooms. The Gemara rejects this proof: Perhaps one whose studies are beyond his control is different; it is possible he was so absorbed in Torah study that he forgot that he was in a place where it is prohibited to think about sacred matters. It is taught in the same baraita: One might have thought that one may close his eyes like one who does not see the elder; therefore, the verse states: “Before the hoary head you shall stand, and you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God” (Leviticus 19:32). The Gemara expresses surprise at this statement: Is that to say that we are dealing with wicked people who would intentionally act this way to avoid fulfilling a mitzva? Rather, this means: One might have thought that one may close his eyes before the obligation to stand arrives, i.e., when the elder is still far off. This would mean that when the obligation does arrive he will not see him, such that he would be required to stand before him. In this manner he thinks that he can avoid the obligation altogether. Therefore the verse states: “You shall stand…and you shall fear,” i.e., one should fear He who knows the secrets of one’s heart. § A Sage taught: What is the type of standing that indicates reverence? You must say that this applies when it is clear that one is standing in the elder’s honor, which is within four cubits of him. Abaye said: We said this halakha, that one must stand within four cubits of the elder, only with regard to one who is not his primary teacher; but for his primary teacher he must stand when he is within his range of vision, i.e., as soon as he sees him, even if he is more than four cubits away. The Gemara likewise reports that Abaye would stand as soon as he saw the ear of Rav Yosef’s donkey coming toward him. The Gemara relates: Abaye was riding a donkey along the bank of the Sagya River. Rav Mesharshiyya and other rabbis were sitting on the other bank of the river, and they did not stand before him. Abaye said to them: Am I not your primary teacher? You are therefore required to stand before me, despite the fact that I am far away. They said to him: That did not enter our minds, i.e., we did not see you at all. § It was further stated in the baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: From where is it derived that an elder should not trouble others to honor him? The verse states: “And you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God.” Abaye said: We have a tradition that if a Sage circumnavigates an area so that people will not have to stand before him, he will live a long life. The Gemara relates that Abaye would circumnavigate an area, and likewise Rabbi Zeira would circumnavigate an area. The Gemara cites another incident involving honor one demonstrates for his teacher. Once, when Ravina was sitting before Rabbi Yirmeya of Difti, a certain man passed before him and did not cover his head. Ravina said: How rude is this man, who does not show respect by covering his head in honor of a rabbi. Rabbi Yirmeya of Difti said to him: Perhaps he is from the city of Mata Meḥasya, where rabbis are common and the people living there are consequently not as careful to display honor as those in other places. § It was stated previously that Isi ben Yehuda says that as the verse states: “Before the hoary head you shall stand,” it indicates that even anyone of hoary head is included, not only a Torah scholar. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Isi ben Yehuda. The Gemara relates: Rabbi Yoḥanan himself would stand before Aramean, i.e., gentile, elders. He said: How many experiences [harpatkei] have occurred to these individuals. It is appropriate to honor them, due to the wisdom they have garnered from their long lives. Rava would not stand before them, but he displayed reverence to them. Abaye would extend a hand to elders so that they could lean on him. Rava would send his agent to help them. Rav Naḥman would send officers [goza’ei], his servants, to assist elders. He said: If not for the Torah, how many people named Naḥman bar Abba would there be in the marketplace? In other words, I am not permitted to treat my Torah study lightly by assisting them myself, as I can perform this mitzva through others. Rabbi Aivu says that Rabbi Yannai says:

תוספות על קידושין ל״ג א:ג׳:א׳

אין בעלי אומניות רשאין לעמוד כו' - תימה מה לשון רשאי שייך דמשמע דאיכא איסורא? וי"ל דמיירי בעוסקין במלאכת אחרים, והשתא שייך לשון רשאים. ומיהו י"ל רשאים כמו חייבין, כי ההיא דתנן בערכין פרק המקדיש שדהו (ערכין דף כח:) כמה רוצה אדם ליתן בשור זה לעולה אע"פ שאינו רשאי פי' אע"פ שאינו חייב - והשתא ניחא דמיירי שפיר בעוסקין במלאכת עצמן:

Tosafot on Kiddushin 33a:3:1

...

משנה תורה, הלכות תלמוד תורה ו׳:ב׳

(ב) אֵין עוֹמְדִין מִפָּנָיו לֹא בְּבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ וְלֹא בְּבֵית הַכִּסֵּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לב) "תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ" קִימָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ הִדּוּר. וְאֵין בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת חַיָּבִין לַעֲמֹד מִפְּנֵי תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעוֹסְקִין בִּמְלַאכְתָּן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ מַה הִדּוּר שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס אַף קִימָה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲצִים עֵינָיו מִן הֶחָכָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֵהוּ עַד שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲמֹד מִפָּנָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְיָרֵאתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶיךָ. הָא כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא מָסוּר לַלֵּב נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ וְיָרֵאתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶיךָ:

Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 6:2

(2) There is no rising up in a bath house, nor in a lavatory, for it is said: "Thou shalt rise and honor", a rising up which is accompanied by honor. Working men are not obliged to rise up before the disciples of the wise, during their working hours, for it is said: "Thou shalt rise up and honor", even as doing honor does not cause a loss to the purse, so must the rising up be without loss to the purse. Whence do we know that one is forbidden to close his eyes at the approach of a wise man so as not to see him at the time when he is obligated to rise before him? From what it is said: "And thou shalt fear thy God" (Ibid.), herefrom we infer that of everything which belongs to one's heart, it is said: "And thou shalt fear thy God".¹Kiddushin, 32b and 33a; Yer. end of Bikkurim; Hullin, 54a. C. G.

כל מצוות 21#

קידושין ל״ג א:י״א

אמר מר: יכול יעמוד מפניו מבית הכסא ומבית המרחץ ולא? והא ר' חייא הוה יתיב בי מסחותא, וחליף ואזיל רבי שמעון בר רבי ולא קם מקמיה, ואיקפד, ואתא אמר ליה לאבוה: שני חומשים שניתי לו בספר תהלים ולא עמד מפני?! ותו: בר קפרא ואמרי לה ר' שמואל בר ר' יוסי הוה יתיב בי מסחותא, על ואזיל ר' שמעון בר רבי ולא קם מקמיה, ואיקפד, ואתא א"ל לאבוה: שני שלישי שליש שניתי לו בתורת כהנים ולא עמד מפני?! ואמר לו שמא בהן יושב ומהרהר. טעמא דבהן יושב ומהרהר, הא לאו הכי לא! לא קשיא: הא בבתי גואי, הא בבתי בראי. ה"נ מסתברא, דאמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר ר' יוחנן: בכל מקום מותר להרהר חוץ מבית המרחץ ומבית הכסא - דילמא לאונסיה שאני

יכול יעצים עיניו כמי שלא ראהו אטו ברשיעי עסקינן?! אלא יכול יעצים עיניו מקמי דלימטיה זמן חיובא, דכי מטא זמן חיובא הא לא חזי ליה דקאים מקמיה? ת"ל תקום ויראת.

תנא איזוהי קימה שיש בה הידור הוי אומר זה ד' אמות אמר אביי: לא אמרן אלא ברבו שאינו מובהק, אבל ברבו המובהק מלא עיניו. אביי מכי הוה חזי ליה לאודניה דחמרא דרב יוסף דאתי הוה קאים. אביי הוה רכיב חמרא וקא מסגי אגודא דנהר סגיא, יתיב רב משרשיא ורבנן באידך גיסא ולא קמו מקמיה, אמר להו: ולאו רב מובהק אנא? אמרו ליה: לאו אדעתין.

Kiddushin 33a:11

It is taught in the same baraita: One might have thought that one may close his eyes like one who does not see the elder; therefore, the verse states: “Before the hoary head you shall stand, and you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God” (Leviticus 19:32). The Gemara expresses surprise at this statement: Is that to say that we are dealing with wicked people who would intentionally act this way to avoid fulfilling a mitzva?

שני חומשין - פי' בקונט' לשון חומש הספר, וי"מ חמשה חומשין יש בו כמו בשל תורה: 'אשרי האיש' (תהלים א) 'כאיל תערוג על אפיקי מים' (שם מב) 'אך טוב לישראל' (שם עג) 'תפלה למשה' (שם צ) 'יאמרו גאולי' (שם קז) - לכל אחד מן הספרים אלו מסיים באמן לבד מן האחרון שהוא סוף תהלים:

כל מצוות 22#

קידושין ל״ג א:י״ד-י״ח

ר' שמעון בן אלעזר אומר מנין לזקן שלא יטריח ת"ל זקן ויראת. אמר אביי נקטינן דאי מקיף חיי. אביי מקיף, רבי זירא מקיף. רבינא הוה יתיב קמיה דר' ירמיה מדיפתי, חלף ההוא גברא קמיה ולא מיכסי רישא, אמר: כמה חציף הא גברא! א"ל: דלמא ממתא מחסיא ניהו, דגיסי בה רבנן.

איסי בן יהודה אומר: מפני שיבה תקום ואפילו כל שיבה במשמע. אמר ר' יוחנן: הלכה כאיסי בן יהודה. ר' יוחנן הוה קאי מקמי סבי דארמאי, אמר: כמה הרפתקי עדו עלייהו דהני. רבא מיקם לא קאי, הידור עבד להו. אביי יהיב ידא לסבי; רבא משדר שלוחיה; רב נחמן משדר גוזאי, אמר: אי לאו תורה כמה נחמן בר אבא איכא בשוקא?

א"ר אייבו אמר ר' ינאי אין תלמיד חכם רשאי לעמוד מפני רבו אלא שחרית וערבית כדי שלא יהיה כבודו מרובה מכבוד שמים מיתיבי ר' שמעון בן אלעזר אומר מנין לזקן שלא יטריח ת"ל זקן ויראת

ואי אמרת שחרית וערבית בלבד אמאי לא ניטרח חיובא הוא אלא לאו כולי יומא לא לעולם שחרית וערבית בלבד ואפ"ה כמה דאפשר ליה לא ניטרח

אמר ר' אלעזר כל ת"ח שאין עומד מפני רבו נקרא רשע ואינו מאריך ימים ותלמודו משתכח שנאמר 'וטוב לא יהיה לרשע ולא יאריך ימים כצל אשר איננו ירא מלפני האלהים' מורא זו איני יודע מהו כשהוא אומר 'ויראת מאלהיך' הרי מורא זו קימה

ואימא מוראת רבית ומוראת משקלות ר' אלעזר פני פני גמר

Kiddushin 33a:14-18

The Gemara likewise reports that Abaye would stand as soon as he saw the ear of Rav Yosef’s donkey coming toward him. The Gemara relates: Abaye was riding a donkey along the bank of the Sagya River. Rav Mesharshiyya and other rabbis were sitting on the other bank of the river, and they did not stand before him. Abaye said to them: Am I not your primary teacher? You are therefore required to stand before me, despite the fact that I am far away. They said to him: That did not enter our minds, i.e., we did not see you at all. § It was further stated in the baraita that Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: From where is it derived that an elder should not trouble others to honor him? The verse states: “And you shall revere the face of an elder, and you shall fear your God.” Abaye said: We have a tradition that if a Sage circumnavigates an area so that people will not have to stand before him, he will live a long life. The Gemara relates that Abaye would circumnavigate an area, and likewise Rabbi Zeira would circumnavigate an area. The Gemara cites another incident involving honor one demonstrates for his teacher. Once, when Ravina was sitting before Rabbi Yirmeya of Difti, a certain man passed before him and did not cover his head. Ravina said: How rude is this man, who does not show respect by covering his head in honor of a rabbi. Rabbi Yirmeya of Difti said to him: Perhaps he is from the city of Mata Meḥasya, where rabbis are common and the people living there are consequently not as careful to display honor as those in other places. § It was stated previously that Isi ben Yehuda says that as the verse states: “Before the hoary head you shall stand,” it indicates that even anyone of hoary head is included, not only a Torah scholar. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Isi ben Yehuda. The Gemara relates: Rabbi Yoḥanan himself would stand before Aramean, i.e., gentile, elders. He said: How many experiences [harpatkei] have occurred to these individuals. It is appropriate to honor them, due to the wisdom they have garnered from their long lives. Rava would not stand before them, but he displayed reverence to them. Abaye would extend a hand to elders so that they could lean on him. Rava would send his agent to help them. Rav Naḥman would send officers [goza’ei], his servants, to assist elders. He said: If not for the Torah, how many people named Naḥman bar Abba would there be in the marketplace? In other words, I am not permitted to treat my Torah study lightly by assisting them myself, as I can perform this mitzva through others.

כל מצוות 23#

קידושין ל״ג ב:ה׳-י״א

איבעיא להו בנו והוא רבו מהו לעמוד מפני אביו ת"ש דאמר ליה שמואל לרב יהודה שיננא קום מקמי אבוך שאני רב יחזקאל דבעל מעשים הוה דאפילו מר שמואל נמי קאים מקמיה אלא מאי קאמר ליה הכי קאמר ליה זימנין דאתי מאחורי קום את מקמיה ולא תיחוש ליקרא דידי

איבעיא להו בנו והוא רבו מהו שיעמוד אביו מפניו ת"ש דאמר ר' יהושע בן לוי אני איני כדי לעמוד מפני בני אלא משום כבוד בית נשיא טעמא דאנא רביה הא איהו רבאי קאימנא מקמיה ה"ק אני איני כדי לעמוד מפני בני ואפילו הוא רבאי דהא אנא אבוה אלא משום כבוד בית נשיא

איבעיא להו רכוב כמהלך דמי או לא אמר אביי ת"ש טמא יושב תחת האילן וטהור עומד טמא טמא עומד תחת האילן וטהור יושב טהור ואם ישב הטמא הטהור טמא וכן באבן המנוגעת ואמר רב נחמן בר כהן זאת אומרת רכוב כמהלך דמי ש"מ

Kiddushin 33b:5-11

A dilemma was raised before them: With regard to one who is both a man’s son and his teacher, what is the halakha as to whether that son must stand before his father? The Gemara answers: Come and hear, as Shmuel said to Rav Yehuda: Big-toothed one, stand before your father. Although Rav Yehuda was a great Torah scholar and taught his father, he was still required to stand before him. The Gemara answers: Rav Yeḥezkel, Rav Yehuda’s father, is different, as he was a man of good deeds, and even Mar Shmuel himself would stand before him. The Gemara asks: Rather, what is Shmuel saying to Rav Yehuda? If he is not teaching him that one who is his father’s teacher must stand before his father, why did Shmuel say this to Rav Yehuda? The Gemara answers that this is what Shmuel said to him: Sometimes your father comes from behind me and I do not see him or stand before him. Nevertheless, you should stand before him and do not be concerned about my honor. Another dilemma was raised before them, with regard to one who is both a man’s son and his teacher, what is the halakha as to whether the father must stand before his son? The Gemara answers: Come and hear, as Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: It is not appropriate for me to stand before my son solely due to his greatness in Torah, as I am greater than him. But due to the honor of the household of the Nasi I do stand before him, as his son was a son-in-law of the Nasi. It may be inferred from here that if his son were not in the household of the Nasi he would not stand for him, and the reason was that he could claim: I am his teacher and therefore I am not obligated to stand before him. Accordingly, Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi is indicating that if he were my teacher I would stand before him. The Gemara rejects this proof: This is what Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi is saying: It is not appropriate for me to stand before my son, even if he were my teacher, as I am his father. But due to the honor of the household of the Nasi I do stand before him. A dilemma was raised before them: If one’s teacher is riding on an animal, is that considered like walking, and therefore one must stand before him, or is he not obligated to stand before him, since he is stationary relative to the animal? Abaye said: Come and hear a resolution from a different issue (Nega’im 13:7): If a leper, who is ritually impure and transfers impurity through a tent, i.e., anyone who enters the location of the leper is rendered impure, is sitting under the branches of a tree, which form a tent over him, and a pure person is standing under that tree, the pure person is rendered impure. If the impure person is standing under the tree and the pure person is sitting there, he remains pure. In this case, as the impure person is not settled there, he does not impart ritual impurity in a tent. But if the impure person sat and established his place there, the pure individual is rendered impure. That mishna adds: And the same halakha applies with regard to a stone afflicted with a leprous sore (see Leviticus, chapter 14), which also imparts impurity of a tent. If one carrying a stone of this kind sits under a tree, a pure person standing under the tree is rendered impure, whereas if the person carrying the stone stands, he does not render the other individual impure. And Rav Naḥman bar Kohen says: That is to say that riding is considered like walking, as although the stone is stationary relative to the person, it is considered to be moving. Conclude from it that in all cases riding is like walking.

כל מצוות 24#

קידושין ל״ג ב:י״ב-ט״ז

איבעיא להו מהו לעמוד מפני ספר תורה ר' חלקיה ור' סימון ור' אלעזר אמרי קל וחומר מפני לומדיה עומדים מפניה לא כל שכן ר' אלעי ור' יעקב בר זבדי הוו יתבי חליף ואזיל ר' שמעון בר אבא וקמו מקמיה אמר להו חדא דאתון חכימי ואנא חבר ועוד כלום תורה עומדת מפני לומדיה סבר לה כר' אלעזר דאמר ר' אלעזר אין ת"ח רשאי לעמוד מפני רבו בשעה שעוסק בתורה לייט עלה אביי

והביטו אחרי משה עד בואו האהלה ר' אמי ור' יצחק נפחא חד אמר לגנאי וחד אמר לשבח מאן דאמר לגנאי כדאיתא מ"ד לשבח אמר חזקיה אמר לי ר' חנינא בריה דר' אבהו א"ר אבהו א"ר אבדימי דמן חיפא חכם עובר עומד מלפניו ד' אמות וכיון שעבר ד' אמות יושב אב ב"ד עובר עומד מלפניו מלא עיניו וכיון שעבר ד' אמות יושב נשיא עובר עומד מלפניו מלא עיניו ואינו יושב עד שישב במקומו שנאמר והביטו אחרי משה עד בואו האהלה

Kiddushin 33b:12-16

A dilemma was raised before them: What is the halakha as to whether one should stand before a Torah scroll? Rabbi Ḥilkiya and Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Elazar say that this dilemma can be resolved by an a fortiori inference: If one stands before those who study the Torah, is it not all the more so true that one should stand before the Torah itself? The Gemara relates: Rabbi Elai and Rabbi Ya’akov bar Zavdi were sitting and studying Torah. Rabbi Shimon bar Abba passed before them and they stood before him. Rabbi Shimon bar Abba said to them: You are not obligated to do this, for two reasons. One reason is that that you are ordained scholars and I am only an associate, i.e., he had not been ordained. And furthermore, does the Torah stand before those who study it? Since you are engaged in Torah study at the present moment you are not required to stand before a Torah scholar. The Gemara comments: Rabbi Shimon bar Abba holds in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar, as Rabbi Elazar says: A Torah scholar may not stand before his teacher when he is studying Torah, because he is engaged in honoring the Torah itself. The Gemara adds: Even so, Abaye cursed anyone who acted in accordance with this ruling, as he would give the appearance of one who disrespected his teacher. § The Gemara continues to discuss the mitzva of standing before a Torah scholar. With regard to the verse: “And they looked after Moses until he was gone into the tent” (Exodus 33:8), Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa disputed its correct interpretation. One said that this is stated unfavorably, and one said that it is meant favorably. The one who said it was stated unfavorably explains the verse as it is interpreted in the midrash. The one who said it was stated favorably interprets the verse in accordance with that which Ḥizkiyya says. As Ḥizkiyya says: Rabbi Ḥanina, son of Rabbi Abbahu, said to me that Rabbi Abbahu says that Rabbi Avdimi of Haifa says: If a Torah scholar is passing, one stands before him if he passes within four cubits of him, and once he passes four cubits from him he sits. If the president of the court is passing, one stands before him as soon as he comes within his range of vision. And once he passes four cubits from him, he sits. If the Nasi is passing, one stands before him as soon as he comes within his range of vision, and he does not sit until the Nasi sits in his place, as it is stated: “And they looked after Moses until he was gone into the tent,” and only afterward did they sit. According to this interpretation, the verse is praising the behavior of the Jews.

מדרש תנחומא, פקודי ז׳:ד׳

וְלָמָּה עָשָׂה חֶשְׁבּוֹן. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַאֲמִינוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: בְּכָל בֵּיתִי נֶאֱמָן הוּא (במדבר יב, ז), וּמֹשֶׁה נָתַן חֶשְׁבּוֹן? אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁשָּׁמַע לֵיצָנֵי הַדּוֹר שֶׁהָיוּ מְשִׂיחִין אַחֲרָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיָה כְּצֵאת מֹשֶׁה וְגוֹ' וְהִבִּיטוּ אַחֲרֵי מֹשֶׁה (שמות לג, ח). וּמֶה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים? רַבִּי יִצְחָק הָיָה דוֹרֵשׁ לְשֶׁבַח (וכו', כי תשא כז). וַחֲבֵרוֹ מְשִׁיבוֹ, רֵיקָה, אָדָם שֶׁנִּתְמַנָּה עַל מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן עַל כִּכְּרֵי כֶסֶף וְעַל כִּכְּרֵי זָהָב שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵקֶר וְלֹא מִשְׁקָל וְלֹא מִנְיָן, מָה אַתָּה רוֹצֶה, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה עָשִׁיר? כְּשֶׁשָּׁמַע כֵּן, אָמַר חַיֵּיכֶם, מִשֶּׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן אֲנִי נוֹתֵן לָהֶם חֶשְׁבּוֹן. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה, אָמַר לָהֶם: אֵלֶּה פְקוּדֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן.

Midrash Tanchuma, Pekudei 7:4

What prompted him to sit down and give an accounting: These are the accounts of the Tabernacle? Why did he trouble to render an accounting, since the Holy One, blessed be He, trusted him, as it is said: He is trusted in all My house (Num. 12:7)? He gave them an accounting because he heard the scoffers of that generation whispering behind his back, as is said: And it came to pass, when Moses entered into the tent … and they looked after Moses (Exod. 33:8). What were they saying? R. Isaac explained: When one person would praise him, his companion would retort: “Fool, do you imagine that a man in charge of the work of building a Sanctuary, with weights of silver and gold that are not examined, nor weighed or accounted for, will not become wealthy!” When he heard that he said: “Be assured, when the work of the Tabernacle is completed, I will give them an accounting.” When it was completed he said to them: These are the accounts of the Tabernacle.

תוספות על קידושין ל״ג ב:א׳:א׳

אין תלמיד חכם רשאי לעמוד מפני רבו אלא שחרית וערבית - תימה למה איקפיד רבא לעיל שמא קמו מפניו שחרית וערבית ולאו אדעתיה ונראה לפרש דדין זה אינו נוהג אלא באותם הדרין בבית הרב דמסתמא עמדו שחרית וערבית אבל תלמידים אחרים חייבין לעמוד אפי' מאה פעמים ביום שמא יראה אחר ויחשדם ואפילו אותם שדרין בבית הרב נמי אם באו פנים חדשות צריכין לעמוד:

Tosafot on Kiddushin 33b:1:1

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