(ב) את כל הדברים האלה. מלמד שאמר הקדוש ברוך הוא עשרת הדברות בדבור אחד, מה שאי אפשר לאדם לומר כן אם כן מה תלמוד לומר עוד אנכי ולא יהיה לך, שחזר ופרש על כל דבור ודבור בפני עצמו:
(2) all these words: [This] teaches [us] that the Holy One, blessed be He, said the Ten Commandments in one utterance, something that is impossible for a human being to say [in a similar way]. If so, why does the Torah say again, “I am [the Lord, your God (verse 2)]” and “You shall have no…” (verse 3)? Because He later explained each statement [of the Ten Commandments] individually. — [from Mechilta]
R. Yohanan said: What is meant by the verse, The Lord gave the word: They that publish the tidings are a great host?7 — Every single word that went forth from the Omnipotent was split up into seventy languages. The School of R. Ishmael taught: And like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces., just as a hammer is divided into many sparks, so every single word that went forth from the Holy One, blessed be He, split up into seventy languages....
(יט) שָׁמוֹר וְזָכוֹר בְּדִבּוּר אֶחָד, הִשְׁמִיעָנוּ אֵל הַמְּיֻחָד, יְהֹוָה אֶחָד וּשְׁמוֹ אֶחָד, לְשֵׁם וּלְתִפְאֶרֶת ולִתְהִלָּה:
"Keep" and "Remember" in one utterance, The one and only God made us hear, Adonai is One and God's name is One, for renown, for splendor, and for praise. ...
"Observe" and "Remember" in one act of speech: This refers to two versions of the Ten Commandments. In the first (Ex. 20:8), Israel was commanded to "Remember" the Sabbath; in the second (Deut 5:12) to "observe" it. According to the Sages, both were uttered at the same time.- Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks.
(א) כָּל הַמִּצְווֹת שֶׁנִּתְּנוּ לוֹ לְמֹשֶׁה בְּסִינַי--בְּפֵרוּשָׁן נִתְּנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמָר "וְאֶתְּנָה לְךָ אֶת-לֻחֹת הָאֶבֶן, וְהַתּוֹרָה וְהַמִּצְוָה" (שמות כד,יב): "תּוֹרָה", זוֹ תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב; וּ"מִצְוָה", זֶה פֵּרוּשָׁהּ. וְצִוָּנוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת הַתּוֹרָה, עַל פִּי הַמִּצְוָה. וּמִצְוָה זוֹ, הִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה.
(1) All the mitzvot that were given to Moshe on Sinai - they were given with their explanation, as it is written: "and I will give thee the tables of stone, and the law and the commandment." (Exodus 24:12) "The Law" - this refers to the written Torah; "the commandment" - this refers to the explanation. And He [HaShem] commanded to do [i.e., perform] the Law according to the commandment. And this commandment - this is called the Torah sheb'al Peh [Oral Law].
(ו) דבר אחר: וידבר אלהים את כל הדברים האלה לאמר אמר רבי יצחק: מה שהנביאים עתידים להתנבאות בכל דור ודור, קבלו מהר סיני, שכן משה אומר להם לישראל (דברים כט): כי את אשר ישנו פה עמנו עומד היום ואת אשר איננו פה עמנו היום. עמנו עומד היום אין כתיב כאן, אלא עמנו היום, אלו הנשמות העתידות להבראות, שאין בהם ממש, שלא נאמרה בהם עמידה, שאע"פ שלא היו באותה שעה, כל אחד ואחד קבל את שלו.
"And God spoke all these words, saying" (Exod. 20:1). R. Isaac said: At Mount Sinai the prophets of each and every generation received what they were to prophesy, for Moses told Israel, "But with him that stands here with us this day before Adonai our God, and also with him that is not here this day" (Deut. 29:14). He did not say, "That is not standing here with us this day," but, "That is not here with us this day," a way of referring to souls that are destined to be created. Because as yet these had no substance, Moses did not use the word "standing" for them. Still, even though they did not as yet exist, each one received his share of the Torah. Nor were the future prophets the only ones who received at Sinai the prophecy they were to utter. The sages who were to rise in each and every generation--each and every one of them also received at Sinai the wisdom he was to utter.
(א) ואת אשר איננו פה. ואף עם דורות העתידים להיות:
And also with him who is not here with us this day...also with future generations. — [Tanchuma 3]...
(א) משֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי, וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים, וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים, הֱווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה:
(1) Moshe received the Torah from Sinai, and transmitted it to Yehoshua, and Yehoshua to the Elders, and the Elders to the Prophets, and the Prophets transmitted it to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be deliberate in judgment, and establish many students, and make a fence for the Torah.
אמר רבי אבהו, בשם ר' יוחנן: כשנתן הקב"ה את התורה, צפור לא צווח, עוף לא פרח, שור לא געה, אופנים לא עפו, שרפים לא אמרו קדוש קדוש, הים לא נזדעזע, הבריות לא דברו. אלא העולם שותק ומחריש. ויצא הקול: אנכי יקוק אלהיך.
Said Rabbi Abbahu in the name of Rabbi Yochanan: When the Holy One gave the Torah, no bird screeched, no fowl flew, no ox bellowed, none of the ophanim (angels) flapped a wing, nor did the seraphim (burning celestial beings) chant "Kadosh Kadosh Kadosh (Holy, Holy, Holy!)" The sea did not roar, and none of the creatures uttered a sound. Throughout the entire world there was only a deafening silence as the Divine Voice went forth speaking: Anochi Adonai Elohecha (I am the Lord your God)
My nard gave forth its fragrance.
(ב) רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא אָמַר: עַד שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ בִּמְסִבּוֹ, עַד שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּמְסִבּוֹ, בָּרָקִיעַ, כְּבָר הִקְדִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יט, טז): וַיְהִי בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בִּהְיֹת הַבֹּקֶר. לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁגָּזַר לְיוֹם פְּלוֹנִי אֲנִי נִכְנַס לַמְּדִינָה, וְיָשְׁנוּ לָהֶם בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה כָּל הַלַּיְלָה, וּכְשֶׁבָּא הַמֶּלֶךְ וּמְצָאָם יְשֵׁנִים הֶעֱמִיד עֲלֵיהֶם בַּקְלָאנִין, בּוֹקִינַס וְשׁוֹפָר, וְהָיָה הַשַֹּׂר שֶׁל אוֹתָהּ מְדִינָה מְעוֹרְרָן וּמוֹצִיאָן לְאַפַּנְתֵּי שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, וְהָיָה הַמֶּלֶךְ מְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לַפָּלָטִין שֶׁלּוֹ, כָּךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הִקְדִּים, דִּכְתִיב: וַיְהִי בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בִּהְיֹת הַבֹּקֶר, וּכְתִיב (שמות יט, יא): כִּי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי יֵרֵד ה' לְעֵינֵי כָל הָעָם, יָשְׁנוּ לָהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה, לְפִי שֶׁשֵּׁנָה שֶׁל עֲצֶרֶת עֲרֵבָה, וְהַלַּיְלָה קְצָרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן אֲפִלּוּ פּוּרְטַעְנָא לֹא עָקַץ בָּם, בָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּמְצָאָן יְשֵׁנִים, הִתְחִיל מַעֲמִיד עֲלֵיהֶם בַּקְלָאנִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְהִי בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בִּהְיֹת הַבֹּקֶר וַיְהִי קֹלֹת וּבְרָקִים, וְהָיָה משֶׁה מְעוֹרֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וּמוֹצִיאָן לְאַפַּנְתֵּי שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות יט, יז): וַיּוֹצֵא משֶׁה אֶת הָעָם לִקְרַאת הָאֱלֹהִים, וְהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְהַר סִינַי, דִּכְתִיב (שמות יט, יח): וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק זֶה הוּא שֶׁמְּקַנְתְּרָן עַל יְדֵי יְשַׁעְיָהוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נ, ב): מַדּוּעַ בָּאתִי וְאֵין אִישׁ קָרָאתִי וְאֵין עוֹנֶה הֲקָצוֹר קָצְרָה יָדִי מִפְּדוּת.
(2) Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya: “While the king was at his feast,” while the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, was at His feast, in the firmament—He arrived early, as it is stated: “It was on the third day when it was morning” (Exodus 19:16). [This is analogous] to a king who decreed: On such and such day I will enter the province. The residents of the province slept through the night and when the king arrived, he found them asleep. He positioned trumpets, horns, and a shofar, the governor of that province awakened them and brought them out to meet the king, and the king walked before them until he reached his palace. So too, the Holy One blessed be He arrived early, as it is stated: “It was on the third day when it was morning,” and it is written: “For on the third day, the Lord will descend before the eyes of the entire people” (Exodus 19:11). Israel slept through that entire night because sleep during [the season of] Shavuot is pleasant and the night is short. Rabbi Yudan said: Not even a flea stung them. The Holy One blessed be He came and found them asleep. He began positioning trumpets; that is what is written: “It was on the third day when it was morning, there was thunder and lightning” (Exodus 19:16), and Moses was awakening them and taking them out to meet the King of kings the Holy One blessed be He. That is what is written: “Moses took the people out of the camp toward God” (Exodus 19:17). The Holy One blessed be He was walking before them until He reached Mount Sinai, as it is written: “The entire Mount Sinai was smoking [because the Lord had descended]” (Exodus 19:18). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: This is why He taunted them through Isaiah, as it is stated: “Why have I come and there is no man, I called and there is no one to answer? Is My hand insufficient for redemption?” (Isaiah 50:2).