(ל) וַיַּעַל֩ ל֨וֹט מִצּ֜וֹעַר וַיֵּ֣שֶׁב בָּהָ֗ר וּשְׁתֵּ֤י בְנֹתָיו֙ עִמּ֔וֹ כִּ֥י יָרֵ֖א לָשֶׁ֣בֶת בְּצ֑וֹעַר וַיֵּ֙שֶׁב֙ בַּמְּעָרָ֔ה ה֖וּא וּשְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֹתָֽיו׃ (לא) וַתֹּ֧אמֶר הַבְּכִירָ֛ה אֶל־הַצְּעִירָ֖ה אָבִ֣ינוּ זָקֵ֑ן וְאִ֨ישׁ אֵ֤ין בָּאָ֙רֶץ֙ לָב֣וֹא עָלֵ֔ינוּ כְּדֶ֖רֶךְ כָּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (לב) לְכָ֨ה נַשְׁקֶ֧ה אֶת־אָבִ֛ינוּ יַ֖יִן וְנִשְׁכְּבָ֣ה עִמּ֑וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃ (לג) וַתַּשְׁקֶ֧יןָ אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֛ן יַ֖יִן בַּלַּ֣יְלָה ה֑וּא וַתָּבֹ֤א הַבְּכִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב אֶת־אָבִ֔יהָ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקׄוּמָֽהּ׃ (לד) וַֽיְהִי֙ מִֽמָּחֳרָ֔ת וַתֹּ֤אמֶר הַבְּכִירָה֙ אֶל־הַצְּעִירָ֔ה הֵן־שָׁכַ֥בְתִּי אֶ֖מֶשׁ אֶת־אָבִ֑י נַשְׁקֶ֨נּוּ יַ֜יִן גַּם־הַלַּ֗יְלָה וּבֹ֙אִי֙ שִׁכְבִ֣י עִמּ֔וֹ וּנְחַיֶּ֥ה מֵאָבִ֖ינוּ זָֽרַע׃ (לה) וַתַּשְׁקֶ֜יןָ גַּ֣ם בַּלַּ֧יְלָה הַה֛וּא אֶת־אֲבִיהֶ֖ן יָ֑יִן וַתָּ֤קָם הַצְּעִירָה֙ וַתִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמּ֔וֹ וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע בְּשִׁכְבָ֖הּ וּבְקֻמָֽהּ׃ (לו) וַֽתַּהֲרֶ֛יןָ שְׁתֵּ֥י בְנֽוֹת־ל֖וֹט מֵאֲבִיהֶֽן׃ (לז) וַתֵּ֤לֶד הַבְּכִירָה֙ בֵּ֔ן וַתִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ מוֹאָ֑ב ה֥וּא אֲבִֽי־מוֹאָ֖ב עַד־הַיּֽוֹם׃ (לח) וְהַצְּעִירָ֤ה גַם־הִוא֙ יָ֣לְדָה בֵּ֔ן וַתִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ בֶּן־עַמִּ֑י ה֛וּא אֲבִ֥י בְנֵֽי־עַמּ֖וֹן עַד־הַיּֽוֹם׃ (ס)
(30) Lot went up from Zoar and settled in the hill country with his two daughters, for he was afraid to dwell in Zoar; and he and his two daughters lived in a cave. (31) And the older one said to the younger, “Our father is old, and there is not a man on earth to consort with us in the way of all the world. (32) Come, let us make our father drink wine, and let us lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father.” (33) That night they made their father drink wine, and the older one went in and lay with her father; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose. (34) The next day the older one said to the younger, “See, I lay with Father last night; let us make him drink wine tonight also, and you go and lie with him, that we may maintain life through our father.” (35) That night also they made their father drink wine, and the younger one went and lay with him; he did not know when she lay down or when she rose. (36) Thus the two daughters of Lot came to be with child by their father. (37) The older one bore a son and named him Moab; he is the father of the Moabites of today. (38) And the younger also bore a son, and she called him Ben-ammi; he is the father of the Ammonites of today.
(כד) וַיְהִ֣י ׀ כְּמִשְׁלֹ֣שׁ חֳדָשִׁ֗ים וַיֻּגַּ֨ד לִֽיהוּדָ֤ה לֵֽאמֹר֙ זָֽנְתָה֙ תָּמָ֣ר כַּלָּתֶ֔ךָ וְגַ֛ם הִנֵּ֥ה הָרָ֖ה לִזְנוּנִ֑ים וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוּדָ֔ה הוֹצִיא֖וּהָ וְתִשָּׂרֵֽף׃ (כה) הִ֣וא מוּצֵ֗את וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְאִישׁ֙ אֲשֶׁר־אֵ֣לֶּה לּ֔וֹ אָנֹכִ֖י הָרָ֑ה וַתֹּ֙אמֶר֙ הַכֶּר־נָ֔א לְמִ֞י הַחֹתֶ֧מֶת וְהַפְּתִילִ֛ים וְהַמַּטֶּ֖ה הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ (כו) וַיַּכֵּ֣ר יְהוּדָ֗ה וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ צָֽדְקָ֣ה מִמֶּ֔נִּי כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֥ן לֹא־נְתַתִּ֖יהָ לְשֵׁלָ֣ה בְנִ֑י וְלֹֽא־יָסַ֥ף ע֖וֹד לְדַעְתָּֽה׃ (כז) וַיְהִ֖י בְּעֵ֣ת לִדְתָּ֑הּ וְהִנֵּ֥ה תְאוֹמִ֖ים בְּבִטְנָֽהּ׃ (כח) וַיְהִ֥י בְלִדְתָּ֖הּ וַיִּתֶּן־יָ֑ד וַתִּקַּ֣ח הַמְיַלֶּ֗דֶת וַתִּקְשֹׁ֨ר עַל־יָד֤וֹ שָׁנִי֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר זֶ֖ה יָצָ֥א רִאשֹׁנָֽה׃ (כט) וַיְהִ֣י ׀ כְּמֵשִׁ֣יב יָד֗וֹ וְהִנֵּה֙ יָצָ֣א אָחִ֔יו וַתֹּ֕אמֶר מַה־פָּרַ֖צְתָּ עָלֶ֣יךָ פָּ֑רֶץ וַיִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ פָּֽרֶץ׃ (ל) וְאַחַר֙ יָצָ֣א אָחִ֔יו אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־יָד֖וֹ הַשָּׁנִ֑י וַיִּקְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ זָֽרַח׃ (ס)
(24) About three months later, Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has played the harlot; in fact, she is with child by harlotry.” “Bring her out,” said Judah, “and let her be burned.” (25) As she was being brought out, she sent this message to her father-in-law, “I am with child by the man to whom these belong.” And she added, “Examine these: whose seal and cord and staff are these?” (26) Judah recognized them, and said, “She is more in the right than I, inasmuch as I did not give her to my son Shelah.” And he was not intimate with her again. (27) When the time came for her to give birth, there were twins in her womb! (28) While she was in labor, one of them put out his hand, and the midwife tied a crimson thread on that hand, to signify: This one came out first. (29) But just then he drew back his hand, and out came his brother; and she said, “What a breach you have made for yourself!” So he was named Perez. (30) Afterward his brother came out, on whose hand was the crimson thread; he was named Zerah.
(ו) וַתֵּ֖רֶד הַגֹּ֑רֶן וַתַּ֕עַשׂ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוַּ֖תָּה חֲמוֹתָֽהּ׃ (ז) וַיֹּ֨אכַל בֹּ֤עַז וַיֵּשְׁתְּ֙ וַיִּיטַ֣ב לִבּ֔וֹ וַיָּבֹ֕א לִשְׁכַּ֖ב בִּקְצֵ֣ה הָעֲרֵמָ֑ה וַתָּבֹ֣א בַלָּ֔ט וַתְּגַ֥ל מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖יו וַתִּשְׁכָּֽב׃ (ח) וַיְהִי֙ בַּחֲצִ֣י הַלַּ֔יְלָה וַיֶּחֱרַ֥ד הָאִ֖ישׁ וַיִּלָּפֵ֑ת וְהִנֵּ֣ה אִשָּׁ֔ה שֹׁכֶ֖בֶת מַרְגְּלֹתָֽיו׃ (ט) וַיֹּ֖אמֶר מִי־אָ֑תּ וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אָנֹכִי֙ ר֣וּת אֲמָתֶ֔ךָ וּפָרַשְׂתָּ֤ כְנָפֶ֙ךָ֙ עַל־אֲמָ֣תְךָ֔ כִּ֥י גֹאֵ֖ל אָֽתָּה׃ (י) וַיֹּ֗אמֶר בְּרוּכָ֨ה אַ֤תְּ לַֽיהוָה֙ בִּתִּ֔י הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥ךְ הָאַחֲר֖וֹן מִן־הָרִאשׁ֑וֹן לְבִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙ הַבַּ֣חוּרִ֔ים אִם־דַּ֖ל וְאִם־עָשִֽׁיר׃ (יא) וְעַתָּ֗ה בִּתִּי֙ אַל־תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאמְרִ֖י אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּ֑ךְ כִּ֤י יוֹדֵ֙עַ֙ כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔י כִּ֛י אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל אָֽתְּ׃ (יב) וְעַתָּה֙ כִּ֣י אָמְנָ֔ם כִּ֥י אם גֹאֵ֖ל אָנֹ֑כִי וְגַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽנִּי׃ (יג) לִ֣ינִי ׀ הַלַּ֗יְלָה וְהָיָ֤ה בַבֹּ֙קֶר֙ אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥ךְ טוֹב֙ יִגְאָ֔ל וְאִם־לֹ֨א יַחְפֹּ֧ץ לְגָֽאֳלֵ֛ךְ וּגְאַלְתִּ֥יךְ אָנֹ֖כִי חַי־יְהוָ֑ה שִׁכְבִ֖י עַד־הַבֹּֽקֶר׃
(6) She went down to the threshing floor and did just as her mother-in-law had instructed her. (7) Boaz ate and drank, and in a cheerful mood went to lie down beside the grainpile. Then she went over stealthily and uncovered his feet and lay down. (8) In the middle of the night, the man gave a start and pulled back—there was a woman lying at his feet! (9) “Who are you?” he asked. And she replied, “I am your handmaid Ruth. Spread your robe over your handmaid, for you are a redeeming kinsman.” (10) He exclaimed, “Be blessed of the LORD, daughter! Your latest deed of loyalty is greater than the first, in that you have not turned to younger men, whether poor or rich. (11) And now, daughter, have no fear. I will do in your behalf whatever you ask, for all the elders of my town know what a fine woman you are. (12) But while it is true I am a redeeming kinsman, there is another redeemer closer than I. (13) Stay for the night. Then in the morning, if he will act as a redeemer, good! let him redeem. But if he does not want to act as redeemer for you, I will do so myself, as the LORD lives! Lie down until morning.”
(א) וַיְהִי֩ לִתְשׁוּבַ֨ת הַשָּׁנָ֜ה לְעֵ֣ת ׀ צֵ֣את הַמַּלְאֿכִ֗ים וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח דָּוִ֡ד אֶת־יוֹאָב֩ וְאֶת־עֲבָדָ֨יו עִמּ֜וֹ וְאֶת־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וַיַּשְׁחִ֙תוּ֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י עַמּ֔וֹן וַיָּצֻ֖רוּ עַל־רַבָּ֑ה וְדָוִ֖ד יוֹשֵׁ֥ב בִּירוּשָׁלִָֽם׃ (ס) (ב) וַיְהִ֣י ׀ לְעֵ֣ת הָעֶ֗רֶב וַיָּ֨קָם דָּוִ֜ד מֵעַ֤ל מִשְׁכָּבוֹ֙ וַיִּתְהַלֵּךְ֙ עַל־גַּ֣ג בֵּית־הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וַיַּ֥רְא אִשָּׁ֛ה רֹחֶ֖צֶת מֵעַ֣ל הַגָּ֑ג וְהָ֣אִשָּׁ֔ה טוֹבַ֥ת מַרְאֶ֖ה מְאֹֽד׃ (ג) וַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח דָּוִ֔ד וַיִּדְרֹ֖שׁ לָֽאִשָּׁ֑ה וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הֲלוֹא־זֹאת֙ בַּת־שֶׁ֣בַע בַּת־אֱלִיעָ֔ם אֵ֖שֶׁת אוּרִיָּ֥ה הַחִתִּֽי׃ (ד) וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ דָּוִ֨ד מַלְאָכִ֜ים וַיִּקָּחֶ֗הָ וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלָיו֙ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֣ב עִמָּ֔הּ וְהִ֥יא מִתְקַדֶּ֖שֶׁת מִטֻּמְאָתָ֑הּ וַתָּ֖שָׁב אֶל־בֵּיתָֽהּ׃ (ה) וַתַּ֖הַר הָֽאִשָּׁ֑ה וַתִּשְׁלַח֙ וַתַּגֵּ֣ד לְדָוִ֔ד וַתֹּ֖אמֶר הָרָ֥ה אָנֹֽכִי׃
(1) At the turn of the year, the season when kings go out [to battle], David sent Joab with his officers and all Israel with him, and they devastated Ammon and besieged Rabbah; David remained in Jerusalem. (2) Late one afternoon, David rose from his couch and strolled on the roof of the royal palace; and from the roof he saw a woman bathing. The woman was very beautiful, (3) and the king sent someone to make inquiries about the woman. He reported, “She is Bathsheba daughter of Eliam [and] wife of Uriah the Hittite.” (4) David sent messengers to fetch her; she came to him and he lay with her—she had just purified herself after her period—and she went back home. (5) The woman conceived, and she sent word to David, “I am pregnant.”
(יח) וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ תּוֹלְד֣וֹת פָּ֔רֶץ פֶּ֖רֶץ הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־חֶצְרֽוֹן׃ (יט) וְחֶצְרוֹן֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־רָ֔ם וְרָ֖ם הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־עַמִּֽינָדָֽב׃ (כ) וְעַמִּֽינָדָב֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־נַחְשׁ֔וֹן וְנַחְשׁ֖וֹן הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־שַׂלְמָֽה׃ (כא) וְשַׂלְמוֹן֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־בֹּ֔עַז וּבֹ֖עַז הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־עוֹבֵֽד׃ (כב) וְעֹבֵד֙ הוֹלִ֣יד אֶת־יִשָׁ֔י וְיִשַׁ֖י הוֹלִ֥יד אֶת־דָּוִֽד׃
(ז) אבל מחשבות בורא עולם--אין כוח באדם להשיגם, כי לא דרכינו דרכיו ולא מחשבותינו מחשבותיו. וכל הדברים האלו של ישוע הנוצרי, ושל זה הישמעאלי שעמד אחריו--אינן אלא ליישר דרך למלך המשיח, ולתקן את העולם כולו לעבוד את ה' ביחד: שנאמר "כי אז אהפוך אל עמים, שפה ברורה, לקרוא כולם בשם ה', ולעובדו שכם אחד" (ראה צפניה ג,ט).
(7) Nonetheless, the Thoughts of the Creator of the World are beyond any man’s understanding. For our ways are not His Ways, and our thoughts are not His Thoughts. And all the doings of Jesus the Nazarene and that of that Ishmaelite131I.e. Mohammed. The Rambam labels him “Meshugah” in his Igeress Teiman. who came after him are nothing but to pave the way for the King Messiah and prepare the entire world to worship G-d together, as it says, “For then132When they will realize that their Messiahs were false will they abandon them and turn to G-d’s true Messiah. I will turn to the peoples a pure language, that they may all call upon the Name of the Lord, to serve Him with one consent” (Zephania 3:9).
(א) המלך המשיח עתיד לעמד ולהחזיר מלכות דוד לישנה לממשלה הראשונה. ובונה המקדש ומקבץ נדחי ישראל. וחוזרין כל המשפטים בימיו כשהיו מקדם. מקריבין קרבנות. ועושין שמטין ויובלות ככל מצותן האמורה בתורה.
(1) The King Messiah will arise and re-establish the monarchy of David as it was in former times. He will build the Sanctuary and gather in the dispersed of Israel. All the earlier statutes will be restored as they once were. Sacrifices will be offered, the Sabbatical and Jubilee years will be observed, as commanded in the Torah. Anyone who does not believe in him or one who does not anticipate his coming not only denies the Prophets, but also the Torah and Moses our Teacher. For the Torah has given testimony about him saying, “And the Lord your G-d will turn your captivity and have compassion with you. He will return and gather you from all the peoples…If any of you should be dispersed at the ends of Heaven, from there G-d will gather you, from there He will fetch you. And the Lord, your G-d will bring you…” (Deut. 30:3-4). These matters are explicit in the Torah and include everything said by all the Prophets. It is even written in the Chapter of Balaam who prophesized about both the Messiahs. The first Messiah was David who saved Israel from her adversities. The final Messiah will be from his sons and will deliver Israel from the hands of the descendants of Esau. There it says, “I shall see him, but not now” (Numbers 24:17) - this refers to David; “I behold him, and not soon” (ibid.) - this is the King Messiah; “A star from Jacob shall step forth” (ibid.) - this is David; “and a scepter shall arise out of Israel” (ibid.) - this the King Messiah; “and shall smite through the corners of Moab” - this is David; and so it says, “And he smote Moab and measured them with a rope” (II Samuel 8:2); “and break down all the sons of Seth” (Numbers 24:17) - this is King Messiah of whom it says, “and his dominion shall be from sea to sea” (Zechariah 9:10); “and Edom shall be a possession” (Numbers 24:18) - this is David, as it says, “And Edom shall become slaves to David” (see II Samuel 8:6 and II Samuel 8:14); “Seir also, even his enemies, shall be a possession” (Numbers 24:18) - this is King Messiah, as it says, “And the saviors shall come upon Mount Zion to judge the mount of Esau…” (Obadiah 1:21).
(ד) ואם יעמד מלך מבית דוד הוגה בתורה ועוסק במצות כדוד אביו. כפי תורה שבכתב ושבעל פה. ויכף כל ישראל לילך בה ולחזק בדקה. וילחם מלחמות ה'. הרי זה בחזקת שהוא משיח. (אם עשה והצליח ובנה מקדש במקומו וקבץ נדחי ישראל הרי זה משיח בודאי. ויתקן את העולם כלו לעבד את ה' ביחד שנאמר כי אז אהפך אל עמים שפה ברורה לקרא כלם בשם ה' ולעבדו שכם אחד):
(4) Now, if a king should arise from the House of David who is versed in Torah and engages in Commandments, as did David his forefather, in accordance with both the Written and the Oral Torahs, and he enjoins all of Israel to follow in its ways and encourages them to repair its breaches, and he fights the Wars of G-d128I.e. he defends Israel., then he may be presumed to be the Messiah. If he succeeds in his efforts and defeats the enemies around and builds the Sanctuary in its proper place and gathers the dispersed of Israel, he is definitely the Messiah.
(ב) ואיש אין בארץ סְבוּרוֹת הָיוּ, שֶׁכָּל הָעוֹלָם נֶחֱרַב כְּמוֹ בְּדוֹר הַמַּבּוּל: (בראשית רבה):
(ב) ורז"ל אמרו שנתכוונו לשם שמים כדי לישב העולם, כי היו רואות החרבן הגדול בדור ההוא והיו מתפחדות לאבד מין האדם, ולפי שכבר נאבדה אמן בלקות נציב מלח ואביהן היה יחיד בלא בת זוגו, על כן הוצרכו לעשות המעשה הזה בו כדי לחיות הזרע ממנו ושלא יכלה המין. ומזה אמרו בטענתם ואיש אין בארץ וגו'. ומפני זה לא תמצא שהזכיר בהן הכתוב לשון זנות בכל הפרשה, לפי שכוונתם היתה לשם שמים, ועל כן זכתה הבכירה שיצאת ממנה רות המואביה שקבלה עליה תר"ו מצות שישראל יתרים על בני נח.
Our sages go so far as to quote G’d as saying that it had only been these two פרידות טובות, “good seeds,” which emerged from these two nations which justified Him in keeping these people alive in history. This particular portion of the Torah is one of a small number concerning which the sages said that it may be read both in the original Hebrew and may be translated into the language the readers are familiar with. To the question why this is not obvious, the sages answered that there was a contrary consideration, namely that out of concern for the honor of the family purity of Avraham this passage should not be read in translation for unlearned people. The Talmud decided that such a consideration was not sufficient to withhold the information in our portion from wider audiences.
(א) ויבם אותה והקם זרע לאחיך הבן יקרא על שם המת לשון רש"י ואין זה אמת כי במצות התורה נאמר גם כן (דברים כה ו) יקום על שם אחיו המת ולא ימחה שמו מישראל ואין היבם מצווה לקרא לבנו כשם אחיו המת ואמר בבועז וגם את רות המואביה אשת מחלון קניתי לי לאשה להקים שם המת על נחלתו ולא יכרת שם המת מעם אחיו ומשער מקומו ותקראנה אותו עובד לא מחלון (רות ד י) ועוד שאמר וידע אונן כי לא לו יהיה הזרע ומה הרעה אשר תבא עליו עד כי השחית זרעו מפניה אם יקרא שם בנו כשם אחיו המת ורוב בני האדם מתאוים לעשות כן ולא אמר הכתוב "ויאמר אונן" אבל אמר וידע אונן כי לא לו יהיה הזרע כי ידיעה ברורה היתה לו בזה שלא יהיה לו הזרע אבל הענין סוד גדול מסודות התורה בתולדת האדם ונכר הוא לעיני רואים אשר נתן להם השם עינים לראות ואזנים לשמוע והיו החכמים הקדמונים קודם התורה יודעים כי יש תועלת גדולה ביבום האח והוא הראוי להיות קודם בו ואחריו הקרוב במשפחה כי כל שארו הקרוב אליו ממשפחתו אשר הוא יורש נחלה יגיע ממנו תועלת והיו נוהגים לישא אשת המת האח או האב או הקרוב מן המשפחה ולא ידענו אם היה המנהג קדמון לפני יהודה ובבראשית רבה (פה ה) אמרו כי יהודה התחיל במצות יבום תחלה כי כאשר קבל הסוד מאבותיו נזדרז להקים אותו וכאשר באתה התורה ואסרה אשת קצת הקרובים רצה הקב"ה להתיר איסור אשת האח מפני היבום ולא רצה שידחה מפניו איסור אשת אחי האב והבן וזולתם כי באח הורגל הדבר ותועלת קרובה ולא בהם כמו שהזכרתי והנה נחשב לאכזריות גדולה באח כאשר לא יחפוץ ליבם וקוראים אותו בית חלוץ הנעל (דברים כה י) כי עתה חלץ מהם וראוי הוא שתעשה המצוה זאת בחליצת הנעל וחכמי ישראל הקדמונים מדעתם הענין הנכבד הזה הנהיגו לפנים בישראל לעשות המעשה הזה בכל יורשי הנחלה באותם שלא יהיה בהם איסור השאר וקראו אותו גאולה וזהו ענין בועז וטעם נעמי והשכנות והמשכיל יבין
(א) צדקה ממני צדקה בדבריה ממני היא מעוברת ורבותינו דרשו (סוטה י) שיצאה בת קול ואמרה ממני ומאתי יצאו הדברים לשון רש"י והנכון שהוא כמו צדיקים וטובים ממנו (מלכים א ב לב) ויאמר אל דוד צדיק אתה ממני כי אתה גמלתני הטובה ואני גמלתיך הרעה (שמואל א כד יז) צדקה במעשיה יותר ממני כי היא הצדקת ואני החוטא אליה שלא נתתיה לשלה בני והטעם כי שלה הוא היבם ואם לא יחפוץ לקחת את יבמתו אביו הוא הגואל אחריו כאשר פירשתי למעלה (בפסוק ח) בדין היבום "ולא יסף עוד לדעתה" - אחרי שהקים זרע לבניו לא רצה להיות עמה עוד אף על פי שהיה ברצונו כי איננה אסורה עליו והיתה אשתו כמשפט היבמים וזה טעם האומר (סוטה י) לא פסק כתיב הכא ולא יסף וכתיב התם (דברים ה יט) קול גדול ולא יסף
דרש רבא מאי דכתיב (תהלים לח, יח) כי אני לצלע נכון ומכאובי נגדי תמיד ראויה היתה בת שבע בת אליעם לדוד מששת ימי בראשית אלא שבאה אליו במכאוב וכן תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל ראויה היתה לדוד בת שבע בת אליעם אלא שאכלה פגה
(יג) וַיֹּ֤אמֶר דָּוִד֙ אֶל־נָתָ֔ן חָטָ֖אתִי לַֽיהוָ֑ה (ס) וַיֹּ֨אמֶר נָתָ֜ן אֶל־דָּוִ֗ד גַּם־יְהוָ֛ה הֶעֱבִ֥יר חַטָּאתְךָ֖ לֹ֥א תָמֽוּת׃ (יד) אֶ֗פֶס כִּֽי־נִאֵ֤ץ נִאַ֙צְתָּ֙ אֶת־אֹיְבֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה בַּדָּבָ֖ר הַזֶּ֑ה גַּ֗ם הַבֵּ֛ן הַיִּלּ֥וֹד לְךָ֖ מ֥וֹת יָמֽוּת׃
דרש רב עוירא בשכר נשים צדקניות שהיו באותו הדור נגאלו ישראל ממצרים בשעה שהולכות לשאוב מים הקב"ה מזמן להם דגים קטנים בכדיהן ושואבות מחצה מים ומחצה דגים ובאות ושופתות שתי קדירות אחת של חמין ואחת של דגים
(יט) יתן ה' את האשה. א"ר אחא כל הנושא אשה כשרה כאלו קיים כל התורה מראש ועד סוף, ועליו הוא אומר אשתך כגפן פוריה, לפיכך נכתבה אשת חיל מאל'ף ועד תי"ו. ואין הדורות נגאלים אלא בשכר נשים צדקניות שיש בדור, שנאמר זכר חסדו ואמונתו לבית ישראל, לבני ישראל אין כתיב כאן אלא לבית ישראל:
Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik
This principle underlies the commandment of ki1dush ha-Shem, sanctification of the Divine Name, and the prohibition of hillul ha-Shem, desecration of the Divine Name.
Mattan Torah, the giving of the Torah, initiated the messianic process of redeeming the world from its crudity and profanity. The Torah was given to the Jew, who was told to disseminate the word of God among pagans, atheists, agnostics, and hedonists, thereby bringing them to their Maker. It is a piecemeal, slow movement. Nevertheless, it will be consummated in the messianic era, when "the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established on the top of the mountains" (Isa. 2:2).
Mattan Torah is bound up with the Messiah, who will possess the heroism of his grandmothers whom the Almighty found in the non-Jewish world. They represented the heroism of loneliness, the heroism of universal commitment, and the heroism of faith and waiting. The ideal of mattan Torah will be fully realized only in the time of the Messiah. This great vision of a redeemed world would have been impossible had Lot's daughters been destroyed in Sodom.
Torah is so interested in telling us the strange story of the act of incest that took place in the cave. Why else would the Torah record such an ugly event? It is not a story of incest. It is the story of the Messiah.
The personality of the King Messiah is not monotonic. God weaves the personality of the Messiah with vast amounts of multicolored threads, like Joseph's shirt. The messianic soul is iridescent, multi-talented, rich in thought-filled volition, and will be endowed with talents that seem mutually exclusive. But everything good and fine and noble in man must be passed on to the Messiah. He will have the capacity for gevurah and hesed. He will be a hero with unlimited power and strength who will defend justice. He will also be a man of unlimited loving-kindness, humble and simple. All these capabilities, capacities, and talents will merge in beautiful harmony in the King Messiah. The Messiah will represent creation at its best. Apparently, then, Lot's daughters had something beautiful in them to contribute to the Messiah's rich and powerful personality. If there is something fine in the non-Jewish families of the earth, it, too, will be passed on to the Messiah.
R. Eleazar stated: What is meant by the verse "And in you shall the families of the earth be blessed, ve-nivrekhu vekha" (Gen. 12:3)? The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Abraham, "I have two goodly shoots to engraft on to you, lehavrikh bakh: Ruth the Moabitess and Naamah the Ammonitess" (Yevamot 63a).
Lot's daughter had something beautiful to contribute to the emerging personality of the King Messiah. What did this primitive girl possess that the Almighty, gathering virtues and noble traits from all over the world, picked up? She was uncouth and primitive, she committed incest, and yet she was the great-great-grandmother of Ruth. The Messiah will be her descendant!
She was under the impression, says Rashi (Gen. 19:31), that a cosmic cataclysm had struck and only three human beings had survived. (Years ago, we were unable to imagine this, but now we understand that it is something that can happen any day.) She acted as she did because she wanted to save humanity. This girl wanted to rebuild the world, to start from scratch and raise another race to take the place of the human race, which she believed had been destroyed simultaneously with the destruction of Sodom. This was heroism of an undreamt caliber. Instead of giving up, she had the courage to try to rebuild the world, to make a new humanity arise from the ashes of Sodom. She convinced her younger sister. Never mind that their method was primitive and crude. These two girls took upon themselves an impossible task, something staggering and awesome.
"And the firstborn said unto the younger: Our father is old and there is not a man in earth. . . . Come, let us make our father drink wine, that we may preserve the seed of our father" (Gen. 19:31-32). The plan per se was reprehensible, but their motivation was imaginative, noble, and heroic. The King Messiah will save the world. Indeed, he will achieve what his great-great-grandmothers wanted to do. The great-great-grandson, the King Messiah, will accomplish what the lonely girls could not. The heroism of Lot's daughters consisted in their commitment to mankind and their urge to save it.
The Messiah has another grandmother who came to us from the gentile world: Tamar, the daughter-in-law of Judah. She was the great-great-grandmother of Boaz and consequently of David and therefore of the King Messiah. The Torah tells us, "It came to pass at that time that Judah went down from his brethren . . . and saw there the daughter of a certain Canaanite" (Gen. 38:1). The Midrash says that "at that time" means that everyone was busy: Jacob was busy mourning Joseph, Joseph was busy mourning his fate, Reuben was busy mourning his lost opportunity, Judah was busy choosing a wife, and "God was busy creating the light of the King Messiah" (Gen. Rabbah 85:1). In other words, Judah set in motion a process leading to his ultimate marriage to Tamar, which resulted in the inspired personality of the Messiah.
Tamar was a heroic woman, a great woman. God gleaned and gathered beautiful things from throughout the world—gems, noble emotions, heroic capabilities. What could Tamar do that others could not? She could wait; she possessed the heroic ability and patience to wait without end.
Judah told Tamar, his daughter-in-law, "Remain a widow in your father's house until Shelah my son be grown up," for he said [to himself], "Lest he also die like his brothers." Tamar went and dwelt in her father's house. And in process of time, Shua's daughter, the wife of Judah, died . . . (Gen. 38:11-12).
Tamar waited many years. She was lonely, forsaken, forgotten by everyone. Seasons passed. All her friends married, reared families; all contact with them came to an end; people treated her with ridicule and contempt. Shelah married; Judah had forgotten her. And yet she waited and never said a word. Wasn't she the incarnation of Keneset Yisrael, which has waited for her Beloved hundreds and thousands of years under the most trying circumstances? Did not Tamar personify the greatest of all heroic action—to wait while the waiting arouses laughter and derision?
The Messiah has yet another grandmother who came to us from the gentile world—Ruth. She, too, was heroic. Boaz acknowledged the great courage of this pagan girl in casting her lot with a people she did not previously know.
Boaz answered and said to her: "It has fully been told me all that you have done unto your mother-in law since the death of your husband, and how you have left your father and your mother and the land of your nativity and
are come into a people that you knew not heretofore. May the Lord recompense your work, and may your reward be complete from the Lord, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge" (Ruth 2:11).
When we read these words thanking Ruth for joining a people which she knew not, we willy-nilly think of the question that is addressed to any non-Jew who applies for gerut: "What prompts you to convert? Do you not know that the Jews at this time are persecuted and oppressed, despised, harassed and overcome by afflictions?" (Yevamot 47a). Of course, Boaz did not say it explicitly; but the meaning of his words points toward the same truth: only a hero joins our strange and lonely people.
It is amazing! The words of Boaz were spoken at the dawn of Jewish history, at a time when the tension between Jew and non-Jew was as yet unknown. This episode preceded Haman's hatred and indictment of the Jews, the Alexandrian hate literature, and the Gospels. The world knew nothing of the Jew's uniqueness, his so-called isolationism and egocentrism. Nevertheless, Boaz admired Ruth's fortitude for daring to join a strange and misunderstood people.
We Jews have been a strange people since the very birth of our nation. It has always taken courage, the ability to do something bold, to defy public resentment and identify with this unknown, mysterious people. What was mysterious about the Jews in early biblical times? The mere fact that they were not pagans, that they believed in one invisible and incorporeal God, was puzzling to pagans. Moreover, the Jews served their God by preaching morality, whereas the pagans worshipped their idols by giving gifts to them, by intoxicating themselves with orgiastic pleasure, by living like voluptuaries.
Ruth was a heroic woman; she joined a people alien to her, and committed herself to a way of life she did not understand. She came from a pagan background, where unlimited pleasure
and over-indulgence were an element in worship, and she joined a religion that demands discipline, redemption of the biological call for gratification.
To outsiders, Judaism is a difficult religion. The mere fact that the Halakhah interferes with every phase of human life, that Judaism is so concerned with the trivial, makes the commitment seem staggering and almost superhuman. To convert to Judaism and accept an all-inclusive Judaic commitment borders on the heroic. In addition, even as early as the period of the Judges, to become a Jew has meant to be alienated from the rest of the world. The destiny of Avraham ha-Ivri, the lonely Abraham, has always accompanied the Jews.
In a word, gerut is heroic action at the level of observance and practical living, and also at the level of one's relationship with the non-Jewish world. No wonder the Talmud says that the Jews, upon responding "We shall do and obey," were called gib-borei koah, heroes (Shabbat 88a).
The King Messiah must be endowed with heroic qualities, for he is coming to change the status quo, to revolutionize concepts and opinions, to transform our outlook on life. He will defy evil, oppose ruthlessness, challenge injustice, "and decide with equity for the meek of the earth; and he shall smite the land with the rod of his mouth and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked" (Isa. 11:4). Messianism minus heroic action is meaningless.
The poor of biblical times used to glean and gather after the reapers. The Almighty, too, gleaned and gathered—not ears of corn but beautiful inclinations and noble virtues. From them He wove the soul of the King Messiah. God found a heroic girl in Moab. The Almighty was "busy" with the formation and creation of the Messiah's personality, which was to embody the finest and most beautiful elements concealed in the depths of mankind. God brought the girl to Judea so that she could collaborate with Him in creating a Messiah personality. She contributed the heroism of lonelinessand acceptance of the incomprehensible.character, no matter how heroic and revolutionary her spirit, was in her heart deeply loyal and grateful. In fact, her heroism was the consequence of her loyalty to her mother-in-law. Her first words, "Do not entreat me to leave you" (Ruth 1:16), tell a story of great humility. She revered her mother-in-law. When Naomi told her to do something odd, namely, to visit the threshing floor and uncover Boaz's feet, she did not argue with her mother-in-law. "And she did according to all that her mother-in-law bade her" (Ruth 3:6). Respect for the elderly, humility, and a sense of gratitude are indispensable. Heroism is important, provided it goes hand in hand with humility and loyalty.
Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik
This principle underlies the commandment of ki1dush ha-Shem, sanctification of the Divine Name, and the prohibition of hillul ha-Shem, desecration of the Divine Name.
Mattan Torah, the giving of the Torah, initiated the messianic process of redeeming the world from its crudity and profanity. The Torah was given to the Jew, who was told to disseminate the word of God among pagans, atheists, agnostics, and hedonists, thereby bringing them to their Maker. It is a piecemeal, slow movement. Nevertheless, it will be consummated in the messianic era, when "the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established on the top of the mountains" (Isa. 2:2).
Mattan Torah is bound up with the Messiah, who will possess the heroism of his grandmothers whom the Almighty found in the non-Jewish world. They represented the heroism of loneliness, the heroism of universal commitment, and the heroism of faith and waiting. The ideal of mattan Torah will be fully realized only in the time of the Messiah. This great vision of a redeemed world would have been impossible had Lot's daughters been destroyed in Sodom.
Torah is so interested in telling us the strange story of the act of incest that took place in the cave. Why else would the Torah record such an ugly event? It is not a story of incest. It is the story of the Messiah.
The personality of the King Messiah is not monotonic. God weaves the personality of the Messiah with vast amounts of multicolored threads, like Joseph's shirt. The messianic soul is iridescent, multi-talented, rich in thought-filled volition, and will be endowed with talents that seem mutually exclusive. But everything good and fine and noble in man must be passed on to the Messiah. He will have the capacity for gevurah and hesed. He will be a hero with unlimited power and strength who will defend justice. He will also be a man of unlimited loving-kindness, humble and simple. All these capabilities, capacities, and talents will merge in beautiful harmony in the King Messiah. The Messiah will represent creation at its best. Apparently, then, Lot's daughters had something beautiful in them to contribute to the Messiah's rich and powerful personality. If there is something fine in the non-Jewish families of the earth, it, too, will be passed on to the Messiah.
R. Eleazar stated: What is meant by the verse "And in you shall the families of the earth be blessed, ve-nivrekhu vekha" (Gen. 12:3)? The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Abraham, "I have two goodly shoots to engraft on to you, lehavrikh bakh: Ruth the Moabitess and Naamah the Ammonitess" (Yevamot 63a).
Lot's daughter had something beautiful to contribute to the emerging personality of the King Messiah. What did this primitive girl possess that the Almighty, gathering virtues and noble traits from all over the world, picked up? She was uncouth and primitive, she committed incest, and yet she was the great-great-grandmother of Ruth. The Messiah will be her descendant!
She was under the impression, says Rashi (Gen. 19:31), that a cosmic cataclysm had struck and only three human beings had survived. (Years ago, we were unable to imagine this, but now we understand that it is something that can happen any day.) She acted as she did because she wanted to save humanity. This girl wanted to rebuild the world, to start from scratch and raise another race to take the place of the human race, which she believed had been destroyed simultaneously with the destruction of Sodom. This was heroism of an undreamt caliber. Instead of giving up, she had the courage to try to rebuild the world, to make a new humanity arise from the ashes of Sodom. She convinced her younger sister. Never mind that their method was primitive and crude. These two girls took upon themselves an impossible task, something staggering and awesome.
"And the firstborn said unto the younger: Our father is old and there is not a man in earth. . . . Come, let us make our father drink wine, that we may preserve the seed of our father" (Gen. 19:31-32). The plan per se was reprehensible, but their motivation was imaginative, noble, and heroic. The King Messiah will save the world. Indeed, he will achieve what his great-great-grandmothers wanted to do. The great-great-grandson, the King Messiah, will accomplish what the lonely girls could not. The heroism of Lot's daughters consisted in their commitment to mankind and their urge to save it.
The Messiah has another grandmother who came to us from the gentile world: Tamar, the daughter-in-law of Judah. She was the great-great-grandmother of Boaz and consequently of David and therefore of the King Messiah. The Torah tells us, "It came to pass at that time that Judah went down from his brethren . . . and saw there the daughter of a certain Canaanite" (Gen. 38:1). The Midrash says that "at that time" means that everyone was busy: Jacob was busy mourning Joseph, Joseph was busy mourning his fate, Reuben was busy mourning his lost opportunity, Judah was busy choosing a wife, and "God was busy creating the light of the King Messiah" (Gen. Rabbah 85:1). In other words, Judah set in motion a process leading to his ultimate marriage to Tamar, which resulted in the inspired personality of the Messiah.
Tamar was a heroic woman, a great woman. God gleaned and gathered beautiful things from throughout the world—gems, noble emotions, heroic capabilities. What could Tamar do that others could not? She could wait; she possessed the heroic ability and patience to wait without end.
Judah told Tamar, his daughter-in-law, "Remain a widow in your father's house until Shelah my son be grown up," for he said [to himself], "Lest he also die like his brothers." Tamar went and dwelt in her father's house. And in process of time, Shua's daughter, the wife of Judah, died . . . (Gen. 38:11-12).
Tamar waited many years. She was lonely, forsaken, forgotten by everyone. Seasons passed. All her friends married, reared families; all contact with them came to an end; people treated her with ridicule and contempt. Shelah married; Judah had forgotten her. And yet she waited and never said a word. Wasn't she the incarnation of Keneset Yisrael, which has waited for her Beloved hundreds and thousands of years under the most trying circumstances? Did not Tamar personify the greatest of all heroic action—to wait while the waiting arouses laughter and derision?
The Messiah has yet another grandmother who came to us from the gentile world—Ruth. She, too, was heroic. Boaz acknowledged the great courage of this pagan girl in casting her lot with a people she did not previously know.
Boaz answered and said to her: "It has fully been told me all that you have done unto your mother-in law since the death of your husband, and how you have left your father and your mother and the land of your nativity and
are come into a people that you knew not heretofore. May the Lord recompense your work, and may your reward be complete from the Lord, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge" (Ruth 2:11).
When we read these words thanking Ruth for joining a people which she knew not, we willy-nilly think of the question that is addressed to any non-Jew who applies for gerut: "What prompts you to convert? Do you not know that the Jews at this time are persecuted and oppressed, despised, harassed and overcome by afflictions?" (Yevamot 47a). Of course, Boaz did not say it explicitly; but the meaning of his words points toward the same truth: only a hero joins our strange and lonely people.
It is amazing! The words of Boaz were spoken at the dawn of Jewish history, at a time when the tension between Jew and non-Jew was as yet unknown. This episode preceded Haman's hatred and indictment of the Jews, the Alexandrian hate literature, and the Gospels. The world knew nothing of the Jew's uniqueness, his so-called isolationism and egocentrism. Nevertheless, Boaz admired Ruth's fortitude for daring to join a strange and misunderstood people.
We Jews have been a strange people since the very birth of our nation. It has always taken courage, the ability to do something bold, to defy public resentment and identify with this unknown, mysterious people. What was mysterious about the Jews in early biblical times? The mere fact that they were not pagans, that they believed in one invisible and incorporeal God, was puzzling to pagans. Moreover, the Jews served their God by preaching morality, whereas the pagans worshipped their idols by giving gifts to them, by intoxicating themselves with orgiastic pleasure, by living like voluptuaries.
Ruth was a heroic woman; she joined a people alien to her, and committed herself to a way of life she did not understand. She came from a pagan background, where unlimited pleasure
and over-indulgence were an element in worship, and she joined a religion that demands discipline, redemption of the biological call for gratification.
To outsiders, Judaism is a difficult religion. The mere fact that the Halakhah interferes with every phase of human life, that Judaism is so concerned with the trivial, makes the commitment seem staggering and almost superhuman. To convert to Judaism and accept an all-inclusive Judaic commitment borders on the heroic. In addition, even as early as the period of the Judges, to become a Jew has meant to be alienated from the rest of the world. The destiny of Avraham ha-Ivri, the lonely Abraham, has always accompanied the Jews.
In a word, gerut is heroic action at the level of observance and practical living, and also at the level of one's relationship with the non-Jewish world. No wonder the Talmud says that the Jews, upon responding "We shall do and obey," were called gib-borei koah, heroes (Shabbat 88a).
The King Messiah must be endowed with heroic qualities, for he is coming to change the status quo, to revolutionize concepts and opinions, to transform our outlook on life. He will defy evil, oppose ruthlessness, challenge injustice, "and decide with equity for the meek of the earth; and he shall smite the land with the rod of his mouth and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the wicked" (Isa. 11:4). Messianism minus heroic action is meaningless.
The poor of biblical times used to glean and gather after the reapers. The Almighty, too, gleaned and gathered—not ears of corn but beautiful inclinations and noble virtues. From them He wove the soul of the King Messiah. God found a heroic girl in Moab. The Almighty was "busy" with the formation and creation of the Messiah's personality, which was to embody the finest and most beautiful elements concealed in the depths of mankind. God brought the girl to Judea so that she could collaborate with Him in creating a Messiah personality. She contributed the heroism of lonelinessand acceptance of the incomprehensible.character, no matter how heroic and revolutionary her spirit, was in her heart deeply loyal and grateful. In fact, her heroism was the consequence of her loyalty to her mother-in-law. Her first words, "Do not entreat me to leave you" (Ruth 1:16), tell a story of great humility. She revered her mother-in-law. When Naomi told her to do something odd, namely, to visit the threshing floor and uncover Boaz's feet, she did not argue with her mother-in-law. "And she did according to all that her mother-in-law bade her" (Ruth 3:6). Respect for the elderly, humility, and a sense of gratitude are indispensable. Heroism is important, provided it goes hand in hand with humility and loyalty.