פתיחתא דחכימי
שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב עַל יְדֵי שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי כב, כט): חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים. חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ, זֶה יוֹסֵף, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (בראשית לט, יא): וַיָּבֹא הַבַּיְתָה לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתּוֹ, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר יוֹם נִבּוּל וְזִבּוּל הָיָה, יוֹם טֵיאַטְרוֹן הָיָה. וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר יוֹם טֵיאַטְרוֹן שֶׁל נִילוּס הָיָה, וְהָלְכוּ כֻּלָּם לִרְאוֹת וְהוּא נִכְנַס לִמְלַאכְתּוֹ לַחְשֹׁב חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹתָיו שֶׁל רַבּוֹ. רַבִּי פִּנְחָס אוֹמֵר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר אַבָּא כָּל שֶׁהוּא מְשַׁמֵּשׁ אֶת רַבּוֹ כָּרָאוּי הוּא יוֹצֵא לַחֵרוּת, מִנַּיִן אָנוּ לְמֵדִין מִיּוֹסֵף, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁשִּׁמֵּשׁ אֶת רַבּוֹ כַּהֹגֶן יָצָא לַחֵרוּת, לְפִיכָךְ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, זֶה פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מא, יד): וַיִּשְׁלַח פַּרְעֹה וַיִּקְרָא אֶת יוֹסֵף וַיְרִיצֻהוּ מִן הַבּוֹר. בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים, זֶה פּוֹטִיפַר, שֶׁהֶחֱשִׁיךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵת עֵינָיו וְסֵרְסוֹ. “The Song of Songs that is Solomon’s” (Song of Songs 1:1).
Prologue of the Sages. “The Song of Songs,” that is what [the verse] written by Solomon states: “Have you seen a man diligent in his labor? He will stand before kings, he will not stand before dark ones” (Proverbs 22:29). “Have you seen a man diligent in his labor” – This is Joseph, in whose regard it is written: “He came into the house to perform his labor [and none of the men of the house were there, in the house]” (Genesis 39:11). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, Rabbi Yehuda says: It was a day of disgrace and manure,1The midrash is referring here to Egyptian ritual worship, and uses these words to describe it in order to demean such idolatry. and a day of theater. Rabbi Neḥemya says it was a day of theater in honor of the Nile. Everyone went to see, and he entered to perform his labor to calculate the accounts of his master.
Rabbi Pinḥas says in the name of Rabbi Shmuel bar Abba: Anyone who serves his master properly is set free. From where do we derive this? From Joseph. Because he served his master properly, he was set free. Therefore, “he will stand before kings,” this is Pharaoh, as it is stated: “Pharaoh sent and summoned Joseph, and they rushed him from the dungeon” (Genesis 41:14). “He will not stand before dark ones,” this is Potiphar, as the Holy One blessed be He blinded his eyes and castrated him.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר וגו', זֶה משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ בִּמְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, לְפִיכָךְ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, זֶה פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ח, טז): הַשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר וְהִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה. בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים, זֶה יִתְרוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה עָשִׂיתָ קֹדֶשׁ חֹל, אֶלָּא לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, זֶה מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כח): וַיְהִי שָׁם עִם ה' אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם. בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים, זֶה פַּרְעֹה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות י, כב): וַיְהִי חשֶׁךְ אֲפֵלָה וגו'. Another matter, “have you seen a man diligent…,” this is Moses in the labor of [constructing] the Tabernacle; therefore, “he will stand before kings,” this is Pharaoh, as it is stated “Arise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh” (Exodus 8:16). “He will not stand before dark ones,” this is Yitro. Rabbi Neḥemya said: You have rendered the sacred profane; rather, “he will stand before kings,” this is the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, as it is stated: “He was there with the Lord forty days” (Exodus 34:28). “He will not stand before dark ones,” this is Pharaoh, as it is stated: “There was a thick darkness [in the entire land of Egypt]” (Exodus 10:22).2Pharaoh is referred to as dark because his land became dark. Alternatively, the reference is due to the fact that Moses announced that he would no longer come to see Pharaoh after the plague of darkness (see Exodus 10:29).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ וגו', אֵלּוּ הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁהֵם עוֹסְקִין בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, לְפִיכָךְ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, שֶׁמִּתְיַצְּבִים בַּתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ח, טו): בִּי מְלָכִים יִמְלֹכוּ. בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים, אֵלּוּ הָרְשָׁעִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה כט, טו): וְהָיָה בְמַחְשָׁךְ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם, וּכְתִיב (תהלים לה, ו): יְהִי דַּרְכָּם חשֶׁךְ וְחַלַּקְלַקֹּת. Another matter, “have you seen a man diligent in his labor…,” these are the righteous who are engaged in the labor of the Holy One blessed be He; therefore, “he will stand before kings,” as they stand resolute in the Torah, as it is stated: “Through me kings reign” (Proverbs 8:15).3This statement is stated from the persective of the Torah. Thus, one who stands resolute in Torah is able to stand before kings. “He will not stand before dark ones,” these are the wicked, as it is stated: “Their deeds are in the dark” (Isaiah 29:15), and it is written: “Let their way be dark and slippery” (Psalms 35:6).
דָּבָר אַחֵר, חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ, זֶה רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אָמְרוּ פַּעַם אַחַת רָאָה אַנְשֵׁי עִירוֹ מַעֲלִים עוֹלוֹת וּשְׁלָמִים, אָמַר כֻּלָּם מַעֲלִים שְׁלָמִים לִירוּשָׁלַיִם וַאֲנִי אֵינִי מַעֲלֶה כְּלוּם, מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה, מִיָּד יָצָא לְמִדְבָּרָהּ שֶׁל עִירוֹ בְּחוּרְבָּה שֶׁל עִירוֹ, וּמָצָא שָׁם אֶבֶן אַחַת, יָצָא וְסִדְּקָהּ וְסִתְּתָהּ וְכִרְכְּמָהּ, אָמַר הֲרֵי עָלַי לְהַעֲלוֹתָהּ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, בִּקֵּשׁ לִשְׂכֹּר לוֹ פּוֹעֲלִים, אָמַר לָהֶם מַעֲלִים לִי אַתֶּם אֶת הָאֶבֶן הַזֹּאת לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ, תֵּן לָנוּ שְׂכָרֵנוּ מֵאָה זְהוּבִים וְאָנוּ מַעֲלִים לְךָ אֶת אַבְנְךָ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם. אָמַר לָהֶם, וְכִי מִנַּיִן לִי מֵאָה זְהוּבִים אוֹ חֲמִשִּׁים לָתֵת לָכֶם, וְלֹא מָצָא לְשָׁעָה, מִיָּד הָלְכוּ לָהֶם. מִיָּד זִמֵּן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חֲמִשָּׁה מַלְאָכִים בִּדְמוּת בְּנֵי אָדָם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ רַבִּי תֵּן לָנוּ חֲמִשָּׁה סְלָעִים וְאָנוּ מַעֲלִים אַבְנְךָ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁתִּתֵּן יָדְךָ עִמָּנוּ, וְנָתַן יָדוֹ עִמָּהֶם וְנִמְצְאוּ עוֹמְדִין בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, בִּקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן לָהֶם שְׂכָרָם וְלֹא מְצָאָן. בָּא הַמַּעֲשֶׂה לְלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית, אָמְרוּ לוֹ דּוֹמֶה רַבֵּנוּ שֶׁמַּלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת הֶעֱלוּ לְךָ אֶת הָאֶבֶן לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, מִיָּד נָתַן לַחֲכָמִים אוֹתוֹ הַשָֹּׂכָר שֶׁהִשְׂכִּיר עִם הַמַּלְאָכִים. Another matter, “have you seen a man diligent in his labor,” this is Rabbi Ḥanina. They said: One time, he saw the residents of his city taking up burnt offerings and peace offerings [to the Temple in Jerusalem]. He said: All of them are taking peace offerings up to Jerusalem and I am not taking up anything. What shall I do? Immediately, he went to the wilderness of his city, in the ruins of his city.4An area of the city that had become ruins and was therefore uninhabited (Etz Yosef). He found a particular stone there and he went and smoothed it, chiseled it, and painted it. He said: ‘I take it upon myself to take it up to Jerusalem.’ He sought to hire laborers, he said to them: ‘Will you take this stone up to Jerusalem for me?’ They said to him: ‘Give us one hundred gold pieces as our wages and we will take your stone to Jerusalem for you.’ He said to them: ‘From where do I have one hundred gold pieces, or [even] fifty to give to you?’ He was unable to find [enough money] at that time, and immediately they went on their way. Immediately, the Holy One blessed be He summoned for him five angels in the guise of men. They said to him: ‘Rabbi, give us five sela and we will take your stone up to Jerusalem for you, provided that you give your hand [and carry it] with us.’ He gave his hand and they found themselves standing in Jerusalem. He sought to give them their wages but did not find them. The incident came to the Chamber of Hewn Stone.5This was the seat of the Great Sanhedrin. He sought direction in what he should do with the money since he was unable to locate the laborers. They said to him: ‘Our rabbi, it appears that ministering angels took the stone to Jerusalem for you.’ Immediately, he gave the Sages those wages with which he hired the angels.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ, זֶה שְׁלֹמֹה בֶּן דָּוִד. לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, שֶׁהָיָה זָרִיז בְּבִנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ו, לח): וַיִּבְנֵהוּ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (מלכים א ז, א): וְאֶת בֵּיתוֹ בָּנָה שְׁלֹמֹה שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה, נִמְצָא מְיֻפֶּה וּמְרֻבֶּה בִּנְיַן בֵּית שְׁלֹמֹה מִבִּנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמְרוּ, בְּבִנְיַן בֵּיתוֹ נִתְעַצֵּל, בְּבִנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָיָה זָרִיז וְלֹא נִתְעַצֵּל. הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַב יוֹסֵף, הַכֹּל מְסַיְעִין אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן הַכֹּל מְסַיְעִים בִּשְׁבִיל כְּבוֹד מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וַאֲפִלּוּ רוּחוֹת, וַאֲפִלּוּ שֵׁדִים, וַאֲפִלּוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת. יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה בַּר יְחֶזְקֵאל אָמַר, כְּתִיב (מלכים א ח, יג): בָּנֹה בָנִיתִי בֵּית זְבֻל לָךְ, בִּנְיַן בָּנֹה בָּנִיתִי. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמַר, הַבַּיִת אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ בּוֹנִים, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (מלכים א ו, ז): וְהַבַּיִת בְּהִבָּנֹתוֹ, מֵאֵלָיו הָיָה נִבְנֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ו, ז): אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה מַסָּע נִבְנָה. בָּנוּי אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא נִבְנָה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיְתָה הָאֶבֶן נוֹשֵׂאת אֶת עַצְמָהּ וְנִתְּנָה עַל גַּבֵּי הַדִּימוֹס. אָמַר רַב אַל תִּתְמַהּ עַל זֶה, מַה כְּתִיב לְהַלָּן (דניאל ו, יח): וְהֵיתָיִת אֶבֶן חֲדָה וְשֻׂמַת עַל פֻּם גֻּבָּא, וְכִי אֲבָנִים יֵשׁ בְּבָבֶל, אֶלָּא מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל פָּרְחָה לָהּ לְשָׁעָה וּבָאת וְיָשְׁבָה לָהּ עַל פִּי הַבּוֹר. רַב הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַב יוֹסֵף אָמַר מַלְאָךְ יָרַד בִּדְמוּת אֲרִי שֶׁל אֶבֶן וְיָשַׁב עַל פִּי הַבּוֹר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ו, יח): אֱלָהִי שְׁלַח מַלְאֲכֵהּ וּסֲגַר פֻּם אַרְיָוָתָא, וְאַל תִּתְמַהּ אִם בִּכְבוֹד אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק כְּתִיב: וְהֵיתָיִת אֶבֶן חֲדָה, בִּכְבוֹדוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, לִפְנֵי מַלְכֵי תּוֹרָה יִתְיַצָּב. בַּל יִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי חֲשֻׁכִּים, אֵלּוּ חַבּוּרָה שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּמְנוּ וְגָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה מְלָכִים וְאַרְבָּעָה הֶדְיוֹטוֹת אֵין לָהֶם חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, בִּקְשׁוּ לְצָרֵף שְׁלֹמֹה עִמָּהֶם, יָצְתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה (תהלים קה, טו): אַל תִּגְּעוּ בִמְשִׁיחָי. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְיַחֵס רֹאשׁ לְשַׁלְשֶׁלֶת יוּחֲסִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יד, כא): וּרְחַבְעָם בֶּן שְׁלֹמֹה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן בַּר סִימוֹן וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים הַלָּלוּ: מִשְׁלֵי; שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים; וְקֹהֶלֶת. Another matter, “have you seen a man diligent in his labor,” this is Solomon son of David. “He will stand before kings,” as he was diligent in the construction of the Temple; that is what is written: “He built it in seven years” (I Kings 6:38), and another verse says: “Solomon built his palace in thirteen years” (I Kings 7:1). Is the result that the construction of Solomon’s palace was finer and more elaborate than the construction of the Temple? Rather, this is what they said: In the construction of his palace, he was indolent; in the construction of the Temple he was diligent and was not indolent. Huna [said] in the name of Rav Yosef: If everyone assists the king, all the more so that everyone assists for the honor of the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, even spirits, even demons, and even ministering angels.
Yitzḥak son of Rav Yehuda bar Yeḥezkel said: It is written: “I have built [bano baniti] an abode for You” (I Kings 8:13); I have built for you a built building.6The verse is quoting Solomon as saying that he put up a building, the Temple, that was actually built by itself. Rabbi Berekhya said: “The House that they were building,” is not written here, but rather: “The House, in its construction” (I Kings 6:7), [indicating that] it was built on its own, as it is stated: “It was built of whole stones that were transported” (I Kings 6:7). “Built” is not written here, but rather, “it was built [nivna].”7The midrash understands the term nivna as a reflexive term, indicating that it built itself. This teaches that the stone would lift itself and be placed on the row of stones. Rav said: Do not be astonished by this. What is written below? “One stone was brought and placed at the entrance to the den” (Daniel 6:18). Were there stones in Babylon?8Babylon has only lowlands and soft earth, and no mountains. Rather, it flew from the Land of Israel at that moment and came and settled at the entrance to the pit. Rav Huna said, in the name of Rav Yosef: An angel descended in the image of a stone lion and settled at the entrance of the pit. That is what in written: “My God sent His angel and closed the lions’ mouths” (Daniel 6:23). Do not be astonished; if in honor of that righteous one [Daniel], it is written: “One stone was brought,” in honor of the Holy One blessed be He9For the building of the Temple. all the more so.
“He will stand before kings”—he will stand before kings of the Torah. “He will not stand before dark ones,” this is the group of the wicked. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: When [the Sages] voted, and concluded that three kings and four commoners do not have a portion in the World to Come, they sought to add Solomon to them.10This was due to what is described in I Kings 11:1–10. A Divine Voice emerged and said: “Do not touch My anointed ones” (Psalms 105:15). Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: Moreover, he is listed as the head of a [royal] genealogical lineage, as it is stated: “Reḥavam the son of Solomon [reigned in Jerusalem]” (I Kings 14:21). Rabbi Yudan bar Simon said: Moreover, the Divine Spirit rested upon him and he composed these three books: Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes.
הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים מה, יז): תַּחַת אֲבֹתֶיךָ יִהְיוּ בָנֶיךָ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא צַדִּיק מוֹלִיד צַדִּיק, רָשָׁע מוֹלִיד רָשָׁע, צַדִּיק מוֹלִיד רָשָׁע, רָשָׁע מוֹלִיד צַדִּיק, וְכֻלְּהוֹן יֵשׁ לָהֶם מִקְרָא, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם מָשָׁל, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם מְלִיצָה. צַדִּיק מוֹלִיד צַדִּיק, יֵשׁ לוֹ מִקְרָא, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ מָשָׁל, מִקְרָא דִּכְתִיב: תַּחַת אֲבֹתֶיךָ יִהְיוּ בָנֶיךָ. מָשָׁל, סִרְכָא דַּאֲקִים תְּאֵנִיתָא. רָשָׁע מוֹלִיד רָשָׁע, יֵשׁ לוֹ מִקְרָא, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ מָשָׁל, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ מְלִיצָה, מִקְרָא דִּכְתִיב (במדבר לב, יד): וְהִנֵּה קַמְתֶּם תַּחַת אֲבֹתֵיכֶם תַּרְבּוּת אֲנָשִׁים חַטָּאִים, מָשָׁל (שמואל א כד, יג): כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר מְשַׁל הַקַּדְמֹנִי מֵרְשָׁעִים יֵצֵא רֶשַׁע. מְלִיצָה מִנַּיִן, מַה יְּלֵדַת חִפּוּשִׁיתָא קְרוּצֵי בִּישֵׁי מִנָּהּ. צַדִּיק מוֹלִיד רָשָׁע, יֵשׁ לוֹ מִקְרָא (איוב לא, מ): תַּחַת חִטָּה יֵצֵא חוֹחַ, מָשָׁל, מוֹלִידִין דְּלֵית כְּוָתְהוֹן, מְרַבְּיָן דְּלָא דַמְיָן לְהוֹן. רָשָׁע מוֹלִיד צַדִּיק, יֵשׁ לוֹ מִקְרָא (ישעיה נה, יג): תַּחַת הַנַּעֲצוּץ יַעֲלֶה בְרוֹשׁ, מָשָׁל, מִן סַנְיָא נָפֵק וַרְדָּא, אֲבָל שְׁלֹמֹה מֶלֶךְ בֶּן מֶלֶךְ, חָכָם בֶּן חָכָם, צַדִּיק בֶּן צַדִּיק, אַוְוגִיטוֹס בֶּן אַוְוגִיטוֹס, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כָּל מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בָּזֶה כָּתוּב בָּזֶה, דָּוִד מָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, וְזֶה מָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה. דָּוִד מָלַךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה, וּבְנוֹ מָלַךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה. אָבִיו בָּנָה אֶת הַיְסוֹדוֹת, וְהוּא בָּנָה אֶת הָעֶלְיוֹנוֹת. אָבִיו מָלַךְ מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, וְזֶה מָלַךְ מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ. דָּוִד כָּתַב סְפָרִים, וּשְׁלֹמֹה כָּתַב סְפָרִים. דָּוִד אָמַר שִׁירִים, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר שִׁירִים. דָּוִד אָמַר הֲבָלִים, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר הֲבָלִים. דָּוִד אָמַר דְּבָרִים, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר דְּבָרִים. דָּוִד אָמַר מְשָׁלִים, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר מְשָׁלִים. דָּוִד קִלֵּס בְּאָז, וּשְׁלֹמֹה קִלֵּס בְּאָז. דָּוִד בָּנָה מִזְבֵּחַ, וּשְׁלֹמֹה בָּנָה מִזְבֵּחַ. דָּוִד הִקְרִיב קָרְבָּן, וּשְׁלֹמֹה הִקְרִיב קָרְבָּן. דָּוִד הֶעֱלָה אֶת הָאָרוֹן, וּשְׁלֹמֹה הֶעֱלָה אֶת הָאָרוֹן. דָּוִד מָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ב, יא): וְהַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ דָּוִד עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, וּשְׁלֹמֹה מָלַךְ אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב ט, ל): וַיִּמְלֹךְ שְׁלֹמֹה בִירוּשָׁלַיִם עַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה. דָּוִד מָלַךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כח, ד): וַיִּבְחַר ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּי מִכָּל בֵּית אָבִי וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה מָלַךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וִיהוּדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ד, כ): יְהוּדָה וְיִשְרָאֵל רַבִּים וגו'. דָּוִד בָּנָה אֶת הַיְסוֹדוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כח, ב): וַיָּקָם דָּוִיד הַמֶּלֶךְ עַל רַגְלָיו וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה בָּנָה אֶת הָעֶלְיוֹנוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ח, יג): בָּנֹה בָנִיתִי בֵּית זְבֻל לָךְ. דָּוִד אָמַר דְּבָרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כג, א): וְאֵלֶּה דִבְרֵי דָוִד הָאַחֲרֹנִים וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר דְּבָרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת א, א): דִּבְרֵי קֹהֶלֶת בֶּן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ בִּירוּשָׁלָיִם. דָּוִד אָמַר הֲבָלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים לט, ו): אַךְ כָּל הֶבֶל כָּל אָדָם נִצָּב סֶלָּה, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר הֲבָלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת א, ב): הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים אָמַר קֹהֶלֶת הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים הַכֹּל הָבֶל. דָּוִד אָמַר מְשָׁלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א כד, יג): כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר מְשַׁל הַקַּדְמֹנִי מֵרְשָׁעִים יֵצֵא רֶשַׁע וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר מְשָׁלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי א, א): מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה בֶן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּוִד כָּתַב סְפָרִים, דִּתְהִלִּים נִכְתַּב עַל שְׁמוֹ, וּשְׁלֹמֹה כָּתַב סְפָרִים, מִשְׁלֵי, קֹהֶלֶת, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. דָּוִד קִלֵּס בְּאָז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכו, ב): אָז יִמָּלֵא שְׂחוֹק פִּינוּ וּלְשׁוֹנֵנוּ רִנָּה אָז יֹאמְרוּ בַגּוֹיִם וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה קִלֵּס בְּאָז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ח, יב): אָז אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה ה' אָמַר וגו'. דָּוִד הֶעֱלָה אֶת הָאָרוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א טו, כה): וַיְהִי דָוִיד וְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה הֶעֱלָה אֶת הָאָרוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ח, א): אָז יַקְהֵל שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו'. דָּוִד אָמַר שִׁירִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כב, א): וַיְדַבֵּר דָּוִד לַה' אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת וגו', וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר שִׁירִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים אֲשֶׁר לִשְׁלֹמֹה. רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן דְּבֵית גּוּבְרִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר, הוֹאִיל וְאַתְּ מַקִּישׁוֹ, מַקִּישׁוֹ מִכָּל צַד, מָה אָבִיו נִמְחַל לוֹ עַל כָּל עֲוֹנוֹתָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב יב, יג): גַּם ה' הֶעֱבִיר חַטָּאתְךָ לֹא תָמוּת, אַף זֶה כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים: מִשְׁלֵי, וְקֹהֶלֶת, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. That is what is written: “Your sons will be in the stead of your fathers” (Psalms 45:17). You find a righteous person begetting a righteous person, a wicked person begetting a wicked person, a righteous person begetting a wicked person, and a wicked person begetting a righteous person. Each of them has [an allusion in] the Bible, has [an allusion in a popular] proverb, and has [an allusion in] common parlance. A righteous person begetting a righteous person has [an allusion in] the Bible and has [an allusion in] a proverb. The Bible, as it is written: “Your sons will be in the stead of your fathers.” It has a proverb: A scion11The scion (a shoot or twig of a plant used to form a graft) of a fig tree. that established a fig tree. A wicked person begetting a wicked person has [an allusion in] the Bible, has [an allusion in] a proverb, and has [an allusion in] common parlance. The Bible, as it is written: “Behold, you have risen in the stead of your fathers, [a brood of sinful men]” (Numbers 32:14). A proverb, [as it is written]: “as the ancient proverb says: From the wicked, wickedness will emerge” (I Samuel 24:14). [In] common parlance, from where? What does the beetle bear? Ticks that are worse than it. A righteous person begetting a wicked person has [an allusion in] the Bible: “Thistles will emerge in the stead of wheat” (Job 31:40). A proverb, [as it is written]: They12Partridges. beget fledglings that are not like them; they raise those that are not similar to them. A wicked person begetting a righteous person has [an allusion in] the Bible: “In the stead of a brier, a cypress will rise” (Isaiah 55:13). [And] a proverb: From the thorn, a rose will emerge.
But Solomon was a king, son of a king; a wise man, son of a wise man; a righteous man, son of a righteous man; a nobleman, son of a nobleman. You find that everything that is written regarding this one is written regarding that one. David reigned forty years, and that one [Solomon] reigned forty years. David reigned over Israel and Judah, and his son reigned over Israel and Judah. His father [David] built the foundations [of the Temple] and he [Solomon] built the superstructure. His father reigned from one end of the earth to [the other] end, and that one reigned from one end of the earth to [the other] end. David wrote books and Solomon wrote books. David recited songs and Solomon recited songs. David said vanities and Solomon said vanities.13They instructed the people not to chase after temporal pleasures, which are mere vanities (Midrash HaMevoar). David said words and Solomon said words.14They spoke words of wisdom inspired by the Divine Spirit. David stated proverbs and Solomon stated proverbs. David lauded with “then” and Solomon lauded with “then.” David built an altar and Solomon built an altar. David sacrificed an offering and Solomon sacrificed an offering. David took up the Ark and Solomon took up the Ark.
David reigned forty years, as it is stated: “The days that David reigned over Israel were forty years” (I Kings 2:11). Solomon reigned forty years, as it is stated: “Solomon reigned in Jerusalem, over all Israel, for forty years” (II Chronicles 9:30). David reigned over Israel and Judah, as it is stated: “The Lord, God of Israel, chose me from all the house of my father [to be king over Israel forever, for He has chosen Judah]” (I Chronicles 28:4). Solomon reigned over Israel and Judah, as it is stated: “Judah and Israel were numerous...” (I Kings 4:20).15The passage is discussing the reign of Solomon, and begins: “Solomon was king over all Israel” (I Kings 4:1). Thus, the verse cited in the midrash specifically mentions Israel and Judah because he was king over both. David built the foundations [of the Temple], as it is stated: “King David rose on his feet [and said: …it was in my heart to build a resting place for the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord, and for the footstool of our God, and I prepared to build]” (I Chronicles 28:2). Solomon built the superstructure, as it is stated: “I have built an abode for You” (I Kings 8:13). David said words, as it is stated: “These are David’s last words” (II Samuel 23:1). Solomon said words, as it is stated: “The words of Kohelet ben David, king in Jerusalem” (Ecclesiastes 1:1). David said vanities, as it is stated: “Indeed, everyone is vanity, every standing man, Selah” (Psalms 39:6). Solomon said vanities, as it is stated: “Vanity of vanities, said Kohelet; vanity of vanities, everything is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 1:2). David stated proverbs, as it is stated: “As the ancient proverb says: From the wicked, wickedness will emerge” (I Samuel 24:14). Solomon stated proverbs, as it is stated: “The proverbs of Solomon son of David” (Proverbs 1:1). David wrote books, as Psalms is attributed to him. Solomon wrote books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. David lauded with “then,” as it is stated: “Then our mouths will be filled with laughter, and our tongues with song. Then the nations will say…” (Psalms 126:2). Solomon lauded with “then,” as it is stated: “Then Solomon said: The Lord said…” (I Kings 8:12). David took up the Ark, as it is stated: “David, and the elders of Israel […were walking to take up the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord]” (I Chronicles 15:25). Solomon took up the Ark, as it is stated: “Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel… [to take up the Ark of the Covenant…]” (I Kings 8:1). David recited songs, as it is stated: “David spoke to the Lord the words of this song…” (II Samuel 22:1). Solomon recited songs, as it is stated: “The Song of Songs that is Solomon’s.”
Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Yonatan of Bet Guvrin in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: Since you equate them, equate them regarding all aspects. Just as his [Solomon’s] father was forgiven for all his iniquities, as it is stated: “The Lord has also put away your sin; you shall not die” (II Samuel 12:13), so, too, in his regard. Moreover, the Divine Presence rested upon him and he composed three books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי טז, כג): לֵב חָכָם יַשְׂכִּיל פִּיהוּ, לִבּוֹ שֶׁל חָכָם מָלֵא חָכְמָה, מִי יַשְׂכִּיל עָלָיו וּמִי מַחְכִּים עָלָיו, פִּיהוּ, פּוּמֵיהּ מַחְכִּים עֲלוֹי, פּוּמֵיהּ מוֹרֶה עֲלוֹי. (משלי טז, כג): וְעַל שְׂפָתָיו יֹסִיף לֶקַח, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיא דִבְרֵי תוֹרָה מִלִּבּוֹ מוֹסִיף עַל לִקְחָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, מָשְׁלוּ מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְחָבִית שֶׁהִיא מְלֵאָה אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת וּמֻקֶּפֶת צָמִיד פָּתִיל וְהִיא נְתוּנָה בְּזָוִית אַחַת וְאֵין אָדָם יוֹדֵעַ מַה בְּתוֹכָהּ, בָּא אֶחָד וּפִנָּה אוֹתָהּ וְיָדְעוּ הַכֹּל מַה בְּתוֹכָהּ. כָּךְ לִבּוֹ שֶׁל שְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מָלֵא חָכְמָה וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ אָדָם מַה בְּתוֹכָהּ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים, יָדְעוּ הַכֹּל חָכְמָתוֹ. וְעַל שְׂפָתָיו יֹסִיף לֶקַח, לֶקַח שֶׁהוֹסִיף עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, עִילָּהוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת א, יג): וְנָתַתִּי אֶת לִבִּי לִדְרוֹשׁ וְלָתוּר בַּחָכְמָה, מַהוּ וְלָתוּר, לְהֵעָשׂוֹת תַּיָּר בַּחָכְמָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר יג, ב): וְיָתֻרוּ אֶת אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, מַאן דִּקְרָא טַבְוָואוּת נֵיזֵיל לְגַבֵּיהּ, מַאן דִּתְנֵי טַבְוָואוּת נֵיזֵיל לְגַבֵּיהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: לָתוּר בַּחָכְמָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לִדְרוֹשׁ וְלָתוּר, לָתוּר וּלְהוֹתִיר, הָדֵין פַּיְיטָנָא כַּד עָבֵיד אַלְפָא בֵּיתָא זִמְנִין מִיחַסֵּל לָהּ וְזִמְנִין דְּלֵית מִיחַסֵּל לָהּ, בְּרַם שְׁלֹמֹה עֲבַד אַלְפֵי בֵּיתָא וְחַמְשָׁא אָתִין יְתֵרִין עָלָיו, דִּכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, יב): וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָלֶף, וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ שֶׁל אֶלֶף חֲמִשָּׁה. וְלֹא עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה בִּלְבַד הָיָה תָּיֵיר שְׁלֹמֹה, אֶלָּא (קהלת א, יג): עַל כָּל אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשָׂה תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ, כְּגוֹן הֵיאַךְ מַמְתִּיקִין אֶת הַחַרְדָּל, הֵיאַךְ מַמְתִּיקִין אֶת הַתּוּרְמְסִין. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַחַר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה אִילַלְתָּ, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֵין אֲנִי מְקַפֵּחַ שְׂכָרֶךָ, הֲרֵינִי מַשְׁרֶה עָלֶיךָ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, מִיָּד שָׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים הַלָּלוּ: מִשְׁלֵי, קֹהֶלֶת, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. Another matter, “The song of songs”—that is what the verse said: “The heart of the wise will make his mouth prevail” (Proverbs 16:23); the heart of the wise man is filled with wisdom. What can attest to him, what can indicate that he is full of wisdom? His mouth will indicate his wisdom; his mouth will be instructive in his regard. “He will increase his lesson on his lips” (Proverbs 16:23); by expressing matters of Torah from his heart, he increases the lesson of Torah. They stated an analogy, to what is the matter comparable? To a barrel that is filled with gems and pearls, is sealed with a tight cover, placed in one corner, and no one knows what is in it; one person comes and empties it, and everyone knows what is in it. So too, Solomon’s heart was filled with wisdom, but no one knew what was in it. When the Divine Presence rested upon him, and he composed three books, everyone became aware of his wisdom.
“He will increase his lesson on his lips,” the lesson that he added to matters of Torah elevated him, as it is stated: “I applied my heart to seek and to scout [velatur] wisdom” (Ecclesiastes 1:13). What is velatur? It is to become a scout for wisdom. That is what is written: “So they may scout [veyaturu] the land of Canaan” (Numbers 13:2). One who is expert in Bible, I will go to him; one who is expert in Mishna, I will go to him, as it is stated: “To scout wisdom.”
Another matter, “to seek and to scout [latur],”—to fulfill the quota [latur] and go beyond [lehotir]. The poet, when he composes an alphabetic acrostic poem, at times he finishes [the alphabet] and at times he does not finish it. However, Solomon composed an alphabetic acrostic and [added lines for] five additional letters, as it is written: “His songs were a thousand [alef] and five” (I Kings 5:12); his song was an alphabetic acrostic16The word a thousand [alef] is read as a reference to the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, aleph, indicating an alphabetical acrostic poem. and five. It was not only regarding matters of Torah that Solomon would scout, but rather: “Everything that is done under the sun” (Ecclesiastes 1:13), such as how one can sweeten mustard [and] how one can sweeten mandrakes. The Holy One blessed be He said: You scouted after matters of Torah, by your life, I will not withhold your reward. I will rest My Divine Spirit upon you. Immediately, the Divine Spirit rested upon him and he composed Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (קהלת יב, ט): וְיֹתֵר שֶׁהָיָה קֹהֶלֶת חָכָם, אִלּוּ אָדָם אַחֵר אֲמָרָן הָיִיתָ צָרִיךְ לָכוֹף אָזְנֶיךָ וְלִשְׁמֹעַ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה, וְיוֹתֵר שֶׁאֲמָרָן שְׁלֹמֹה. וְאִלּוּ מִדַּעְתּוֹ אֲמָרָן, הָיִיתָ צָרִיךְ לָכוֹף אָזְנֶיךָ וּלְשָׁמְעָם, וְיוֹתֵר שֶׁאֲמָרָן בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְיֹתֵר שֶׁהָיָה קֹהֶלֶת חָכָם עוֹד לִמַּד דַּעַת אֶת הָעָם וְאִזֵּן וְחִקֵּר תִּקֵּן מְשָׁלִים הַרְבֵּה, וְאִזֵּן דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְחִקֵּר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, עָשָׂה אָזְנַיִם לַתּוֹרָה. וְאַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁעַד שֶׁלֹא עָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה לֹא הָיְתָה דּוּגְמָא. רַב נַחְמָן [אמר תרתין], רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר לְפָלָטִין גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁהָיוּ בָהּ פְּתָחִים הַרְבֵּה, וְכָל שֶׁהָיָה נִכְנַס בְּתוֹכָהּ הָיָה טוֹעֶה מִדֶּרֶךְ הַפֶּתַח, בָּא פִּקֵחַ אֶחָד וְנָטַל הַפְּקַעַת וּתְלָאָהּ דֶּרֶךְ הַפֶּתַח, הָיוּ הַכֹּל נִכְנָסִים וְיוֹצְאִין דֶּרֶךְ הַפְּקַעַת. כָּךְ עַד שֶׁלֹא עָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה לֹא הָיָה אָדָם יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁעָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה הִתְחִילוּ הַכֹּל סוֹבְרִין תּוֹרָה. רַב נַחְמָן [אמר לישנא חורי], לְחוּרְשָׁא שֶׁל קַנִּים וְלֹא הָיָה אָדָם יָכוֹל לְהִכָּנֵס בָּהּ, וּבָא פִּקֵחַ אֶחָד וְנָטַל אֶת הַמַּגָּל וְכִסֵּחַ, הִתְחִילוּ הַכֹּל נִכְנָסִין דֶּרֶךְ הַכִּסּוּחַ וְיוֹצְאִין, כָּךְ שְׁלֹמֹה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי לְקֻפָּה גְדוֹלָה מְלֵאָה פֵּרוֹת וְלֹא הָיָה לָהּ אֹזֶן, וְלֹא הָיְתָה יְכוֹלָה לְהִטַּלְטֵל, וּבָא פִּקֵּחַ אֶחָד וְעָשָׂה לָהּ אָזְנַיִם וְהִתְחִילָה לְהִטַּלְטֵל עַל יְדֵי אָזְנַיִם. כָּךְ עַד שֶׁלֹא עָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה לֹא הָיָה אָדָם יָכוֹל לְהַשְׂכִּיל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁעָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה הִתְחִילוּ הַכֹּל סוֹבְרִין תּוֹרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שֵׁילָא לְקִיתוֹן גָּדוֹל שֶׁהוּא מָלֵא רוֹתְחִין וְלֹא הָיָה לוֹ אֹזֶן לְהִטַּלְטֵל, וּבָא אֶחָד וְעָשָׂה לוֹ אֹזֶן וְהִתְחִיל לְהִטַּלְטֵל עַל יְדֵי אָזְנוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא לִבְאֵר עֲמֻקָּה מְלֵאָה מַיִם וְהָיוּ מֵימֶיהָ צוֹנְנִין וּמְתוּקִים וְטוֹבִים, וְלֹא הָיְתָה בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לִשְׁתּוֹת מִמֶּנָּה, בָּא אָדָם אֶחָד וְסִפֵּק לָהּ חֶבֶל בְּחֶבֶל, מְשִׁיחָא בִּמְשִׁיחָא, וְדָלָה מִמֶּנָּה, וְשָׁתָה, הִתְחִילוּ הַכֹּל דּוֹלִין וְשׁוֹתִין. כָּךְ מִדָּבָר לְדָבָר, מִמָּשָׁל לְמָשָׁל, עָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה עַל סוֹדָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, דִּכְתִיב (משלי א, א): מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה בֶן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַל יְדֵי מִשְׁלוֹתָיו שֶׁל שְׁלֹמֹה עָמַד עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין אַל יְהִי הַמָּשָׁל הַזֶּה קַל בְּעֵינֶיךָ, שֶׁעַל יְדֵי הַמָּשָׁל הַזֶּה אָדָם יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁאָבַד זָהוּב מִבֵּיתוֹ אוֹ מַרְגָּלִית טוֹבָה, לֹא עַל יְדֵי פְּתִילָה כְּאִיסָר הוּא מוֹצֵא אוֹתָהּ, כָּךְ הַמָּשָׁל הַזֶּה לֹא יִהְיֶה קַל בְּעֵינֶיךָ, שֶׁעַל יְדֵי הַמָּשָׁל אָדָם עוֹמֵד עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהוּא כֵן, שֶׁהֲרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה עַל יְדֵי הַמָּשָׁל הַזֶּה עָמַד עַל דִּקְדּוּקֶיהָ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה בָּרַבִּים זוֹכֶה שֶׁתִּשְׁרֶה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ עָלָיו, וּמִמִּי אַתָּה לָמֵד, מִשְּׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁעַל יְדֵי שֶׁאָמַר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה בָּרַבִּים, זָכָה שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים: מִשְׁלֵי, קֹהֶלֶת, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. Another matter, “The song of songs,” that is what the verse says: “Beyond the fact that Kohelet was wise” (Ecclesiastes 12:9). Had another person said them,17The lessons stated in the book of Ecclesiastes. you would have been required to bend your ear and listen to those matters; more so because Solomon said them. Had he said them on his own, you would have been required to bend your ear and listen to them; more so because he said them through the Divine Spirit.
“Beyond the fact that Kohelet was wise, moreover, he taught the people knowledge, considered [izen] and investigated, composed many proverbs” (Ecclesiastes 12:9). He considered matters of Torah, investigated matters of Torah, and made ears [ozynayim] for the Torah.18This can be understood to mean that he attracted many listeners for matters of Torah. Or it could be understood to mean that he crafted handles [oznayim] for the Torah in the sense that he explained the Torah and thereby made it more accessible, just as the handles of a vessel allow one to easily lift and transport it. You find that until Solomon arose, there was no analogy.19No one composed analogies to help the masses understand difficult Torah concepts. Rav Naḥman
Rabbi Yosei said: [This is analogous] to a large basked filled with produce, but it did not have a handle, and it could not be moved. One clever man came and crafted handles for it and it began to be moved by means of the handles. So too, until Solomon arose, no one was able to understand matters of Torah. Once Solomon arose, everyone began discoursing regarding matters of Torah.
Rabbi Sheila said: [This is analogous] to a large jug that was filled with boiling water but it did not have a handle so that it could be moved. One came and crafted a handle and it began to be moved by means of the handle.
Rabbi Ḥanina said: [This is analogous] to a deep well filled with water, and its water was cold, sweet, and excellent, but no creature could drink from it. One man came and tied rope to rope and string to string, drew from it and drank. Everyone began drawing and drinking. So too, from word to word and proverb to proverb, Solomon comprehended the secrets of the Torah, as it is written: “The proverbs of Solomon son of David” (Proverbs 1:1). By means of Solomon’s proverbs, he was able to comprehend matters of Torah.
The Rabbis say: Do not let this analogy be insignificant in your eyes, as by means of the analogy a person can comprehend matters of Torah. This is analogous to a king who lost a gold piece in his house, or a fine gem; is it not by means of a wick worth an isar21A small copper coin. that he finds it? So too, do not let the analogy be insignificant in your eyes, as by means of the analogy a person comprehends matters of Torah. Know that it is so, as Solomon, by means of analogy, comprehended the minute details of the Torah.
Rabbi Yudan said: It is to teach you that anyone who says matters of Torah in public will be privileged to have the Divine Spirit rest upon him. From whom do you learn [this]? From Solomon, as because he said matters of Torah in public, he was privileged to have the Divine Spirit rest upon him, and he composed three books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs.
רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בֶּן יָאִיר פָּתַח (משלי ב, ד): אִם תְּבַקְשֶׁנָּה כַכָּסֶף וגו', אִם אַתָּה מְחַפֵּשׂ אַחַר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה כַּמַּטְמוֹנִים הַלָּלוּ, אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְקַפֵּחַ שְׂכָרְךָ. מָשָׁל לְאָדָם אִם מְאַבֵּד סֶלַע אוֹ כִילָרִין בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, הוּא מַדְלִיק כַּמָּה נֵרוֹת, כַּמָּה פְּתִילוֹת, עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד עֲלֵיהֶם, וַהֲרֵי דְּבָרִים קַל וָחֹמֶר, וּמָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם חַיֵּי שָׁעָה שֶׁל עוֹלָם הַזֶּה אָדָם מַדְלִיק כַּמָּה נֵרוֹת וְכַמָּה פְּתִילוֹת עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד עֲלֵיהֶם וְיִמְצָאֵם, דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה שֶׁהֵם חַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, אֵין אַתָּה צָרִיךְ לְחַפֵּשׂ אַחֲרֵיהֶם כַּמַּטְמוֹנִים הַלָּלוּ, הֱוֵי: אִם תְּבַקְשֶׁנָּה כַכָּסֶף וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מִיָּמַי לֹא קְדָמַנִּי אָדָם לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ, וְלֹא הִנַּחְתִּי שָׁם אָדָם וְיָצָאתִי, פַּעַם אַחַת הִשְׁכַּמְתִּי וּמָצָאתִי הַזַּבָּלִים וְתַבָּנִים, וְאָמַרְתִּי: אִם תְּבַקְשֶׁנָּה כַכָּסֶף וְכַמַּטְמוֹנִים תַּחְפְּשֶׂנָּה, אָז תָּבִין יִרְאַת ה', אֲנַחְנוּ לֹא נִזְבָּלִים וְלֹא נִתְבָּנִים, אֲפִלּוּ כַּתַּבָּנִים אֲפִלּוּ כַּזַּבָּלִים, מִכָּאן תְּנֵינָא הָיָה רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בֶּן יָאִיר אוֹמֵר, זְרִיזוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי נְקִיּוּת, נְקִיּוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי טָהֳרָה, טָהֳרָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי קְדֻשָּׁה, קְדֻשָּׁה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי עֲנָוָה, עֲנָוָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי יִרְאַת חֵטְא, יִרְאַת חֵטְא מְבִיאָה לִידֵי חֲסִידוּת, חֲסִידוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְבִיאָה לִידֵי תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים, תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים מְבִיאָה לִידֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ הַנָּבִיא זָכוּר לַטּוֹב. זְרִיזוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי נְקִיּוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טז, כ): וְכִלָּה מִכַּפֵּר אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ. נְקִיּוּת לִידֵי טָהֲרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יב, ח): וְכִפֶּר עָלֶיהָ הַכֹּהֵן וְטָהֵרָה. טָהֲרָה לִידֵי קְדֻשָּׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טז, יט): וְטִהֲרוֹ וְקִדְּשׁוֹ. קְדֻשָּׁה לִידֵי עֲנָוָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נז, טו): כִּי כֹה אָמַר רָם וְנִשָֹּׂא שֹׁכֵן עַד וְקָדוֹשׁ שְׁמוֹ מָרוֹם וְקָדוֹשׁ אֶשְׁכּוֹן וְאֶת דַּכָּא וּשְׁפַל רוּחַ. עֲנָוָה לִידֵי יִרְאַת חֵטְא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כב, ד): עֵקֶב עֲנָוָה יִרְאַת ה'. יִרְאַת חֵטְא לִידֵי חֲסִידוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פט, כ): אָז דִּבַּרְתָּ בְחָזוֹן לַחֲסִידֶיךָ. חֲסִידוּת לִידֵי רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אָז דִּבַּרְתָּ בְחָזוֹן לַחֲסִידֶיךָ. רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ לִידֵי תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לז, יד): וְנָתַתִּי רוּחִי בָכֶם וִחְיִיתֶם. תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים לִידֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ הַנָּבִיא זָכוּר לַטּוֹב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, כג): הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ לָכֶם אֶת אֵלִיָּה הַנָּבִיא. אָמַר רַבִּי מַתְנָא, מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂת חָכְמָה עֲטָרָה לְרֹאשָׁהּ עָשָׂת עֲנָוָה סַנְדָּל לַעֲקֵבָהּ. מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂת חָכְמָה עֲטָרָה לְרֹאשָׁהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קיא, י): רֵאשִׁית חָכְמָה יִרְאַת ה', עָשָׂת עֲנָוָה סַנְדָל לַעֲקֵבָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כב, ד): עֵקֶב עֲנָוָה יִרְאַת ה'. תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים עַל יְדֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ הַנָּבִיא זָכוּר לַטּוֹב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ב, ה): אָז תָּבִין יִרְאַת ה' וְדַעַת [קדושים] [אלהים תמצא], זוֹ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ. רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא, לְבֻלְיוֹטוֹס שֶׁהָיָה גָּדֵל בְּבֵיתוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, אָמַר לֵיהּ הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁאַל מָה אֶתֶּן לָךְ, אָמַר הַבֻּלְיוֹטוֹס אִם שׁוֹאֵל אֲנִי כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי, אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת, הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי, אָמַר הֲרֵינִי שׁוֹאֵל בִּתּוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ וְהַכֹּל בִּכְלָל. כָּךְ (מלכים א ג, ה): בְּגִבְעוֹן נִרְאָה ה' אֶל שְׁלֹמֹה בַּחֲלוֹם הַלַּיְלָה וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים שְׁאַל מָה אֶתֶּן לָךְ, אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה אִם אֶשְׁאַל כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב וַאֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי, אֶלָּא הֲרֵי אֲנִי שׁוֹאֵל אֶת הַחָכְמָה, וְהַכֹּל בִּכְלָל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ג, ט): וְנָתַתָּ לְעַבְדְּךָ לֵב שֹׁמֵעַ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׁלֹמֹה חָכְמָה שָׁאַלְתָּ לְךָ, וְלֹא שָׁאַלְתָּ עשֶׁר וּנְכָסִים וְנֶפֶשׁ אוֹיְבֶיךָ, חַיֶּיךָ הַחָכְמָה וְהַמַּדָּע נָתוּן לָךְ, וְעַל יְדֵי כָךְ עשֶׁר וּנְכָסִים אֶתֶּן לָךְ, מִיָּד (מלכים א ג, טו): וַיִּקַּץ שְׁלֹמֹה וְהִנֵּה חֲלוֹם, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק חֲלוֹם הָיָה עוֹמֵד עַל כַּנּוֹ, חֲמוֹר נוֹהֵק וְהוּא יוֹדֵעַ מַה נּוֹהֵק, צִפּוֹר מְצוֹצֵי וְהוּא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ מַה מְּצוֹצֵי, מִיָּד (מלכים א ג, טו): וַיָּבוֹא יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וַיַּעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי אֲרוֹן בְּרִית ה' וַיַּעַל עֹלוֹת וַיַּעַשׂ שְׁלָמִים וַיַּעַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּה לְכָל עֲבָדָיו, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר מִכָּאן שֶׁעוֹשִׂין סְעוּדָה לְגָמְרָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁמְּלַמֵּד תּוֹרָה בָּרַבִּים זוֹכֶה שֶׁשּׁוֹרָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, שֶׁכָּךְ עָשָׂה שְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁלָּמַד וְשָׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים: מִשְׁלֵי, וְקֹהֶלֶת, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair began: “If you seek it like silver…” (Proverbs 2:4). If you seek matters of Torah like these hidden treasures, the Holy One blessed be He will not withhold your reward. This is analogous to a person, if he loses a sela or a kilarin22This was a valuable ornament of gold inlaid with a jewel. in his house, he will kindle several lamps, several wicks, until he finds them. The matter can be inferred a fortiori; if for these, that [enhance] the temporal life of this world, a person kindles several lamps and several wicks until he discovers them and finds them, matters of Torah, that [are essential for] life in this world and in the World to Come, do you not need to search for them like these hidden treasures? That is: “If you seek it like silver….” Rabbi Elazar said: In all my days, no one preceded me to the study hall and I did not leave a person there and exit. One time I awoke early and I found the collectors of manure and collectors of straw,23These individuals would arise very early to collect straw and manure from public thoroughfares in order to sell them as fertilizer. They had begun their work before Rabbi Elazar had gone to the study hall. and I said: “If you seek it like silver and search for it like for hidden treasures, then you will understand fear of the Lord” (Proverbs 2:4–5). We are not even like the collectors of manure and collectors of straw. Thus we have learned that Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair used to say: Alacrity leads to cleanliness. Cleanliness leads to purity. Purity leads to sanctity. Sanctity leads to humility. Humility leads to fear of sin. Fear of sin leads to piety. Piety leads to the Divine Spirit. The Divine Spirit leads to the resurrection of the dead. The resurrection of the dead leads to Elijah the prophet, of blessed memory.
Alacrity leads to cleanliness, as it is stated: “He shall complete atoning24The term kapara means atonement as well as cleanliness. This verse, which is about the service of the High Priest in the Temple on Yom Kippur, indicates that it is the completion of a service, which is accomplished through alacrity, that leads to atonement, or cleanliness. for the Sanctuary” (Leviticus 16:20). Cleanliness leads to purity, as it is stated: “The priest shall atone for her and she will be purified” (Leviticus 12:8). Purity leads to sanctity, as it is stated: “He shall purify it and he shall sanctify it” (Leviticus 16:19). Sanctity leads to humility, as it is stated: “For so said the Exalted and Most High, who abides forever and whose name is holy: Exalted and holy I will dwell and I will be with the downtrodden and lowly” (Isaiah 57:15). Humility leads to fear of sin, as it is stated: “In the wake of humility is fear of the Lord…” (Proverbs 22:4). Fear of sin leads to piety, as it is stated: “Then you spoke in a vision to your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20).25Some suggest that the text here should read: “The mercy [ḥesed] of the Lord is forever and ever upon those who fear Him” (Psalms 103:17), in accordance with the parallel text of the Jerusalem Talmud (Shekalim 3:3). The term ḥesed, translated in the verse as mercy, is related to the term ḥasidut, piety (see Etz Yosef). Piety leads to the Divine Spirit, as it is stated: “Then you spoke in a vision to your pious ones” (Psalms 89:20). The Divine Spirit leads to the resurrection of the dead, as it is stated: “I will place My spirit in you, and you will live” (Ezekiel 37:14). The resurrection of the dead leads to Elijah the prophet, of blessed memory, as it is stated: “Behold, I am sending Elijah the prophet to you [before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord]” (Malachi 3:23).26“The great and terrible day of the Lord” is understood as a reference to the resurrection of the dead. Elijah will come before the resurrection of the dead, but it is the need to perform the resurrection of the dead that leads to his coming (Etz Yosef).
Rabbi Matna said: What wisdom made as a crown on its head, humility made as a sandal on its heel. What wisdom made a crown on its head [roshah], as it is stated: “The beginning of wisdom is fear of the Lord” (Psalms 111:10), humility made a sandal on its heel [akevah], as it is stated: “In the wake of [ekev] humility is fear of the Lord…” (Proverbs 22:4).
The resurrection of the dead is by means of Elijah the prophet, of blessed memory. That is what is written: “Then you will understand fear of the Lord, and you will find knowledge of
Rabbi Simon [said] in the name of Rabbi Ḥalafta: [This is analogous] to a royal adviser who grew prominent in the king’s palace. The king said to him: ‘Make a request; what shall I give you?’ The adviser said: If I request silver and gold, he will give them to me; gems and pearls, he will give them to me. He said: I will request the king’s daughter, and everything will be included. So too, “In Givon, the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream at night; God said: Request; what shall I give you?” (I Kings 3:5). Solomon said: If I request silver, gold, gems and pearls, he will give them to me. But I will request wisdom and everything will be included. That is what is written: “Give Your servant an attentive heart” (I Kings 3:9). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Solomon, you requested wisdom and you did not request wealth and property and the lives of your enemies. By your life, wisdom is granted you, and thereby, I will give you wealth and property.’ Immediately, “Solomon awakened and behold, a dream” (I Kings 3:15). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The dream was fulfilled; a donkey brayed and he knew what it was braying, a bird tweeted and he knew what it was tweeting. Immediately, “he came to Jerusalem and stood before the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord. He sacrificed burnt offerings, he performed peace offerings, and he made a feast for all his servants” (I Kings 3:15). Rabbi Elazar said: From here it is derived that one makes a feast upon completion of the Torah. Rabbi Yudan said: It is to teach you that anyone who teaches Torah in public is privileged to have the Divine Spirit rest upon him, as so Solomon did. He taught and the Divine Spirit rested upon him and he composed three books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר שִׁיר חַד, הַשִּׁירִים תְּרֵין, הָא תְּלָתָא. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן אֲמַר שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים כֻּלָּהּ חַד, וְאִלֵּין תַּרְתֵּין אָחְרָנְיָאתָא מָה אַתְּ עָבֵד לוֹן, שִׁיר הַמַּעֲלוֹת לִשְׁלֹמֹה, וְחַד מִזְמוֹר שִׁיר חֲנֻכַּת הַבַּיִת לְדָוִד, סָבְרִין מֵימַר דָּוִד אֲמָרָן, וְאַתְּ תּוֹלֶה בְּדָוִד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ד, ד): כְּמִגְדַּל דָּוִיד צַוָּארֵךְ, אֶלָּא מַה שִּׁיר הַשִּׁירִים שְׁלֹמֹה אֲמָרָהּ וְתָלָה אוֹתָהּ בְּדָוִד. כְּשֶׁתִּמְצָא אוֹמֵר כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ מְשֻׁלָּשִׁין הָיוּ, שָׁלשׁ מַעֲלוֹת עָלָה שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמַּעֲלָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה כְּתִיב (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר. בְּמַעֲלָה שְׁנִיָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ה, א): וּשְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מוֹשֵׁל. בְּמַעֲלָה שְׁלִישִׁית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כט, כג): וַיֵּשֶׁב שְׁלֹמֹה עַל כִּסֵּא ה' לְמֶלֶךְ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לְאָדָם לֵישֵׁב עַל כִּסֵּא ה', אוֹתוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (דברים ד, כד): כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֵשׁ אֹכְלָה הוּא, וּכְתִיב (דניאל ז, י): נְהַר דִּי נוּר נָגֵד וְנָפֵק וגו', וּכְתִיב (דניאל ז, ט): כָּרְסְיֵהּ שְׁבִיבִין דִּי נוּר, וְאַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ וַיֵּשֶׁב שְׁלֹמֹה עַל כִּסֵּא ה', אֶלָּא מַה כִּסְּאוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שׁוֹלֵט מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, אַף כִּסְּאוֹ שֶׁל שְׁלֹמֹה שׁוֹלֵט מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ. מַה כִּסֵּא ה' דָּן בְּלֹא עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה, אַף כִּסֵּא שְׁלֹמֹה דָּן בְּלֹא עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה, וְאֵי זֶה הוּא, זֶה דִינִין שֶׁל זוֹנוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ג, טז): אָז תָּבֹאנָה שְׁתַּיִם נָשִׁים, מִי הָיוּ, רַב אָמַר רוּחוֹת הָיוּ, וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין יְבָמוֹת הָיוּ. רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר זוֹנוֹת מַמָּשׁ הָיוּ וְהוֹצִיא דִינָן בְּלֹא עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה. שָׁלשׁ יְרִידוֹת יָרַד שְׁלֹמֹה, יְרִידָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָיָה מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, נִתְמַעֲטָה מַלְכוּתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה מֶלֶךְ אֶלָּא עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי א, א): מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה בֶן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. יְרִידָה שְׁנִיָּה, מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָיָה מֶלֶךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, נִתְמַעֲטָה מַלְכוּתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה מֶלֶךְ אֶלָּא עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת א, יב): אֲנִי קֹהֶלֶת הָיִיתִי מֶלֶךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּירוּשָׁלָיִם. יְרִידָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית, מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָיָה מֶלֶךְ עַל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, נִתְמַעֲטָה מַלְכוּתוֹ וְלֹא הָיָה מֶלֶךְ אֶלָּא עַל בֵּיתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים ג, ז): הִנֵּה מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁלִּשְׁלֹמֹה, (שיר השירים ג, ח): כֻּלָּם אֲחֻזֵי חֶרֶב, וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל מִטָּתוֹ לֹא הָיָה מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁהָיָה מְפַחֵד מִן הָרוּחוֹת. שְׁלשָׁה עוֹלָמוֹת רָאָה, רַבִּי יוּדָן וְרַבִּי חוּנְיָא, רַבִּי יוּדָן אָמַר, מֶלֶךְ, הֶדְיוֹט, וּמֶלֶךְ. חָכָם, טִפֵּשׁ, וְחָכָם. עָשִׁיר, עָנִי, וְעָשִׁיר. מַה טַּעַם (קהלת ז, טו): אֶת הַכֹּל רָאִיתִי בִּימֵי הֶבְלִי, לֵית בַּר נָשׁ מְתַנֵּי אוּנְקִי דִּידֵיהּ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת רַוְחֵיהּ. רַבִּי חוּנְיָא אָמַר, הֶדְיוֹט, מֶלֶךְ, וְהֶדְיוֹט. טִפֵּשׁ, חָכָם, וְטִפֵּשׁ. עָנִי, עָשִׁיר, וְעָנִי. מַה טַּעַם אֲנִי קֹהֶלֶת הָיִיתִי מֶלֶךְ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, הָיִיתִי הֲוֵינָא כַּד הֲוֵינָא, בְּרַם כְּעָן לֵית אֲנָא. שָׁלשׁ, עֲבֵרוֹת עָבַר, הִרְבָּה לוֹ סוּסִים, הִרְבָּה לוֹ נָשִׁים, הִרְבָּה לוֹ כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב ט, כז): וַיִּתֵּן הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת הַכֶּסֶף בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם כַּאֲבָנִים, וְלֹא הָיוּ נִגְנָבוֹת. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא אַבְנֵי עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת וְאַבְנֵי שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אֲפִלּוּ מִשְׁקָלוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה, שֶׁל זָהָב הָיוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב ט, כ): אֵין כֶּסֶף נֶחְשָׁב בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה. הִרְבָּה לוֹ נָשִׁים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א יא, א): וְהַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה אָהַב נָשִׁים נָכְרִיּוֹת רַבּוֹת וְאֶת בַּת פַּרְעֹה וגו' מִן הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר ה' אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא תָבֹאוּ בָהֶם וְהֵם לֹא יָבֹאוּ בָכֶם וגו', רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר עַל שֵׁם (דברים ז, ג): לֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אוֹמֵר לְאַהֲבָה, אַהֲבָה מַמָּשׁ לִזְנוּת. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר כְּתִיב (נחמיה יג, כו): גַּם אוֹתוֹ הֶחֱטִיאוּ הַנָּשִׁים הַנָּכְרִיּוֹת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה בּוֹעֲלָן כְּשֶׁהֵן נִדּוֹת וְלֹא הָיוּ מוֹדִיעוֹת אוֹתוֹ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא אוֹמֵר לְאַהֲבָה, לְהַאֲהִיבָן לְאָהֳבָן וּלְקָרְבָן וּלְגַיְּרָן וּלְהַכְנִיסָן תַּחַת כַּנְפֵי הַשְּׁכִינָה, נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אָמְרוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא פָּלִיג אַתְּלָתֵיהוֹן. שְׁלשָׁה שְׂטָנִים נִזְדַּוְּגוּ לוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א יא, יד): וַיָּקֶם ה' שָׂטָן לִשְׁלֹמֹה אֵת הֲדַד הָאֲדֹמִי, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א יא, כג): וַיָּקֶם אֱלֹהִים לוֹ שָׂטָן אֶת רָזוֹן בֶּן אֶלְיָדָע, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א יא, כה): וַיְהִי שָׂטָן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל כָּל יְמֵי שְׁלֹמֹה. הִרְבָּה לוֹ סוּסִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א י, כט): וַתַּעֲלֶה וַתֵּצֵא מֶרְכָּבָה מִמִּצְרַיִם בְּשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת כֶּסֶף וְסוּס בַּחֲמִשִּׁים וּמֵאָה. שָׁלשׁ מְשָׁלוֹת אָמַר (משלי א, א): מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה בֶן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל. (משלי י, ט): מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה בֶּן חָכָם יְשַׂמַח אָב, (משלי כה, א): גַּם אֵלֶּה מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה אֲשֶׁר הֶעְתִּיקוּ אַנְשֵׁי חִזְקִיָּה מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה. שְׁלשָׁה הֲבָלִים אָמַר (קהלת א, ב): הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים אָמַר קֹהֶלֶת וגו', הֲבֵל חַד, וַהֲבָלִים תְּרֵין, הָא תְּלָתָא. שְׁלשָׁה שִׁירִים אָמַר: שִׁיר חַד, הַשִּׁירִים תְּרֵין, הָא תְּלָתָא. שְׁלשָׁה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ לוֹ: יְדִידְיָה, שְׁלֹמֹה, קֹהֶלֶת. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר הַנְהוּ תְּלָתָא, אָגוּר, יָקֶה, לְמוּאֵל, אִיתִיאֵל, הָא שִׁבְעָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן וְעִקַּר אַוְתֶנְטִיָּה שֶׁלָּהֶן, יְדִידְיָה, קֹהֶלֶת, שְׁלֹמֹה. מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּאֵלּוּ אַרְבָּעָה שֶׁנִּתּוֹסְפוּ לוֹ וְנִתְכַּנָּה בָּהֶן, הֵן צְרִיכִין לְהִדָּרֵשׁ: אָגוּר, שֶׁאָגוּר דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. בִּן יָקֶה, בֶּן שֶׁהֵקִיאָה לְשָׁעָה, כַּסֵּפֶל הַזֶּה שֶׁנִּתְמַלֵּא בְּשַׁעְתּוֹ וְנִשְׁפַּךְ בְּשַׁעְתּוֹ, כָּךְ לָמַד שְׁלֹמֹה תּוֹרָה בְּשַׁעְתָּהּ וּשְׁכֵחָהּ בְּשַׁעְתָּהּ. לְמוּאֵל, שֶׁנָּם לָאֵל בְּכָל לִבּוֹ, אָמַר יָכוֹל אֲנִי לְהַרְבּוֹת וְלֹא לַחֲטוֹא. לְאִיתִיאֵל, לְאִיתִיאֵל וְאֻכָל, אִיתִיאֵל, אִתִּי אֵל וְאֻכָל. שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים כָּתַב: מִשְׁלֵי, וְקֹהֶלֶת, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. אֵי זֶה מֵהֶן כָּתַב תְּחִלָּה, רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה וְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה אָמַר מִשְׁלֵי כָּתַב תְּחִלָּה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, וְאַחַר כָּךְ קֹהֶלֶת, וּמַיְתֵי לָהּ מֵהַאי קְרָא (מלכים א ה, יב): וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל, מָשָׁל זֶה סֵפֶר מִשְׁלֵי, וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָלֶף, זֶה שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, וְקֹהֶלֶת בַּסּוֹף אָמַר. מַתְנְיָיתָא דְרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה פְּלִיגָא עַל הָדֵין שְׁמַעְתָּא, מַתְנִיתָּא אָמְרָה שְׁלָשְׁתָּן כָּתַב כְּאַחַת, וּשְׁמַעְתָּא אָמְרָהּ כָּל חַד וְחַד בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה רַק לְעֵת זִקְנַת שְׁלֹמֹה שָׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים: מִשְׁלֵי, וְקֹהֶלֶת, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים. רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן אָמַר שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים כָּתַב תְּחִלָּה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מִשְׁלֵי, וְאַחַר כָּךְ קֹהֶלֶת, וּמַיְתֵי לָהּ רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן מִדֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, כְּשֶׁאָדָם נַעַר אוֹמֵר דִּבְרֵי זֶמֶר, הִגְדִיל אוֹמֵר דִּבְרֵי מְשָׁלוֹת, הִזְקִין אוֹמֵר דִּבְרֵי הֲבָלִים. רַבִּי יַנַּאי חָמוּי דְּרַבִּי אַמֵּי אָמַר הַכֹּל מוֹדִים שֶׁקֹּהֶלֶת בַּסּוֹף אֲמָרָהּ. Another matter, “The song of songs,” Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Aivu said: Song, one, of songs, two; that is three.28The term song is singular while the term songs is plural. Adding the two terms together, they refer to three songs, indicating that Song of Songs is really comprised of three independent songs. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: Song of Songs is entirely one. The other two, what do you do with them? [One is] “A song of ascents for Solomon” (Psalms 127:1) and one is: “A psalm, a song for the dedication of the House, by David” (Psalms 30:1). They thought to say that David said it. But you say it was attributed to David,29One might think that David composed Psalm 30 with divine inspiration, despite the fact that it is about the Temple, which was built after his death. The midrash clarifies that Solomon composed it and attributed it to David because David had made the preparations necessary for the construction of the Temple. Thus, the verse is to be understood as referring to the “House by David,”—the Temple, whose construction was prepared by David. as it is stated: “Your neck is like the tower of David” (Song of Songs 4:4).30This is a reference to the Temple. Rather, it is just like Song of Songs; Solomon said it, and attributed it to David.
When you analyze you say that all the actions of that man [Solomon] were threefold. Solomon rose to three levels. Regarding the first level, it is written: “For he ruled over the entire region beyond the River” (I Kings 5:4). Regarding the second level, it is stated: “Solomon was the ruler [over all the kingdoms from the River to the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt]” (I Kings 5:1). Regarding the third level, it is stated: “Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord as king” (I Chronicles 29:23). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Is it possible for a person to sit on the throne of the Lord, in whose regard it is written: “For the Lord your God is a consuming fire” (Deuteronomy 4:24), and it is written: “A river of fire flowed and emerged [from before Him]” (Daniel 7:10), and it is written: “His throne was sparks of fire” (Daniel 7:9), and you say: “Solomon sat on the throne of the Lord”? Rather, just as the throne of the Holy One blessed be He rules from one end of the earth to the other, so, too, the throne of Solomon ruled from one end of the earth to the other. Just as the throne of the Lord judges without witnesses and forewarning, so, too, the throne of Solomon judged without witnesses and forewarning. Which [trial] was that? That was the trial of the harlots. That is what is written: “Then two women, [who were harlots,] came” (I Kings 3:16).31They each had a baby, and one of the babies died. Each claimed the living baby was hers, and they came before King Solomon for adjudication. See I Kings 3:16–28. Who were they? Rav said: They were spirits. The Rabbis say: They were childless women awaiting levirate marriage.32If a man dies without children, his widow is subject to the law of levirate marriage, whereby the brother of her dead husband must marry her. The husbands of these women had died without living children, but while their wives were pregnant, and the women subsequently gave birth. However, a child who dies within the first thirty days of its life does not exempt the mother from undergoing levirate marriage, and therefore an outcome of the case would be the determination of which woman would be subject to levirate marriage (Midrash HaMevo’ar). Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: They were actual harlots, and Solomon issued his ruling without witnesses and forewarning.
Solomon descended three descents. The first descent: After he was a great king from one end of the earth to the other, his kingdom diminished and he was king only over Israel. That is what is written: “The proverbs of Solomon son of David, king of Israel” (Proverbs 1:1). The second descent: After he was king over Israel, his kingdom diminished and he was king only over Jerusalem. That is what is written: “I am Kohelet, I was king over Israel in Jerusalem” (Ecclesiastes 1:12). The third descent: After he was king over Jerusalem, his kingdom diminished and he was king only over his house,33The reading in the Gemara (Sanhedrin 20b) is that he was king only over his own bed. as it is stated: “Behold Solomon’s bed; [sixty mighty men are around it, from the mighty of Israel,] all armed with a sword… [from fear in the nights]” (Song of Songs 3:7–8). He was not even king over his bed, as he feared the spirits.34Even in his own bed he was not a powerful king, as indicated in the verses cited in the midrash. He feared the spirits who had deposed him from his throne; see Kohelet Rabba 1:12.
He saw three worlds. Rabbi Yudan and Rabbi Ḥunya, Rabbi Yudan said: King, commoner, and king, wise man, fool, and wise man, wealthy, indigent, and wealthy.35He was a king, wise, and wealthy, and then he became a commoner, a fool, and indigent, and then he once again became a king who was wise and wealthy. These were Solomon’s three worlds, meaning three stages of life. What is the reason? “I have seen everything in the days of my vanity” (Ecclesiastes 7:15). A person relates his troubles only during the days of his wellbeing.36Thus, since this verse was written at the end of Solomon’s life, it is apparent that he was restored to his position of wellbeing, as a king who was wise and wealthy. Rabbi Hunya said: Commoner, king, and commoner, fool, wise man, and fool, indigent, wealthy, and indigent. What is the reason? “I am Kohelet, I was king over Israel in Jerusalem” (Ecclesiastes 1:12). “I was,” I was when I was; however, now, I am no longer.37Thus, since this verse was written at the end of Solomon’s life, it is apparent that he ended his life as a commoner who was a fool and indigent. Since Solomon did end his life as a wise king, this is to be understood to mean that he did not regain the levels of power, wisdom, and wealth that he once had (Etz Yosef).
He violated three prohibitions: He amassed horses, he amassed women, he amassed silver and gold,38These were in violation of the Torah’s commandments regarding the behavior of kings; see Deuteronomy 17:16–17. as it is stated: “The king rendered the silver in Jerusalem like stones” (II Chronicles 9:27). Would they not have been stolen? Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: They were ten-cubit stones and eight-cubit stones.39Thus, the silver and gold pieces on the streets of Jeusalem were too heavy to steal. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Even the weights that were in use during Solomon’s era were of gold; that is what is written: “Silver was not considered anything in the days of Solomon” (II Chronicles 9:20). He amassed women, as it is stated: “King Solomon loved many foreign women, and Pharaoh’s daughter…from the nations of whom the Lord said to the children of Israel: Do not consort with them and they shall not consort with you… [to them Solomon cleaved for love]” (I Kings 11:1–2).
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is due to: “You shall not marry them” (Deuteronomy 7:3).40In addition to the fact that Solomon married too many women, the verse in Kings appears to critique him for marrying foreign women. This is due to the fact that he violated the verse cited here from Deuteronomy. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: “For love” (I Kings 11:2); for actual love, for licentiousness.41He consorted with them but did not marry them. Thus, he did not violate the prohibition stated in Deuteronomy 7:3, but his conduct was considered improper. Rabbi Eliezer son of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: It is written: “He, too, the foreign women caused him to sin” (Nehemiah 13:26); it teaches that he would have relations with them when they were menstruants and they would not inform him. Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta says: “For love,” to render them beloved [to God], to love them, to draw them near, to convert them, and to cause them to enter beneath the wings of the Divine Presence. It turns out that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai, and Rabbi Eliezer son of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili all said the same thing. Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta disagrees with the three of them.42According to Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta, the verse does not criticize Solomon for the fact that he married foreign women.
Three adversaries confronted him. That is what is written: “The Lord raised up an adversary for Solomon, Hadad the Edomite” (I Kings 11:14); and it is written: “God raised up an adversary for him: Retzon son of Elyada” (I Kings 11:23); and it is written: “He was an adversary for Israel all the days of Solomon,” (I Kings 11:25).43Although this verse refers to Retzon, the midrash may be interpreting this as a reference to Jeroboam, whom the next verse (I Kings 11:26) states rebelled against Solomon. Thus, Jeroboam is the third adversary (see Etz Yosef). He amassed horses, as it is stated: “A chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred silver pieces and a horse for one hundred and fifty” (I Kings 10:29).44The verse previously established (I Kings 10:26) that Solomon had one thousand four hundred chariots and twelve thousand horsemen, which were considered very large numbers.
He stated three proverbs: “The proverbs of Solomon son of David, king of Israel” (Proverbs 1:1); “the proverbs of Solomon: A wise son brings joy to a father” (Proverbs 10:1); “these, too, are the proverbs of Solomon, that the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied” (Proverbs 25:1).
He said three vanities: “Vanity [havel] of vanities [havalim] said Kohelet…” (Ecclesiastes 1:2), havel, one, havalim, two;45Havel is a singular term, whereas havalim is a plural term. that is three.
He recited three songs: Song, one, of songs, two, that is three.
He was called three names: Yedidya, Solomon, Kohelet. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said these three, [and also] Agur, Yakeh, Lemuel, Itiel,46These additional names are based on Proverbs 30:1 and 31:1. are seven. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: The primary among them are Yedidya, Kohelet, Solomon. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman concedes that these [additional] four were added for him and that he was called by them, and they must be expounded: Agur, because he amassed [agur] matters of Torah; bin-Yakeh, a son [bin], who vomited [hekia] for a time, like this basin that is filled for a time and emptied for a time; so, too, Solomon studied Torah for a time and forgot it for a time. Lemuel,47This is expounded as though it were written Nemuel. who spoke to God [nam laEl] with all his heart. He said: I can amass and not sin. “To Itiel, to Itiel and Ukhal” (Proverbs 30:1). Itiel, God [el] is with me [iti] and I will prevail [veukhal].
He wrote three books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. Which of them did he write first? Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great and Rabbi Yonatan, Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great said: He wrote Proverbs first, then Song of Songs, and then Ecclesiastes, and he derived it from this verse: “He spoke three thousand proverbs” (I Kings 5:12); proverbs, this is the book of Proverbs; “his songs were one thousand and five” (I Kings 5:12), this is Song of Songs, and he said Ecclesiastes last.
The baraita of Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great disagrees with this statement.48This baraita represents an alternate tradition regarding Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great’s opinion, different from the statement cited previously in his name. The baraita says: He wrote the three of them simultaneously, and the statement says that he wrote each and every one individually. Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great taught: It was only in Solomon’s old age that the Divine Presence rested upon him and he composed three books: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs. Rabbi Yonatan said: He wrote Song of Songs first, then Proverbs, and then Ecclesiastes. Rabbi Yonatan derived it from the way of the world. When a person is young, he says words of song, when he matures, he says words of proverbs, when he grows old, he speaks of [how the pleasures of the world are] vanities. Rabbi Yannai, the father-in-law of Rabbi Ami said: Everyone concedes that he composed Ecclesiastes last.
רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר אֲבִינָה מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אַחָא וְרַבָּנִין, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר: וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל, עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר. וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָלֶף, אֶלֶף וַחֲמִשָּׁה טְעָמִים עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר. וְרַבָּנִין אָמְרִין: וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל, עַל כָּל פָּסוּק וּפָסוּק. וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָלֶף, אֶלֶף וַחֲמִשָּׁה טְעָמִים עַל כָּל מָשָׁל וּמָשָׁל. וַיְהִי מְשָׁלוֹ, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָלֶף, שִׁירוֹ שֶׁל מָשָׁל, טַעְמֵיהּ דְּמִלְּתָא טַעְמֵיהּ דְּמִלְּתָא. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, חִזַרְנוּ עַל כָּל סֵפֶר מִשְׁלֵי וְלֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁכָּתַב בּוֹ אֶלָּא תְּשַׁע מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר פְּסוּקִים, וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין לְךָ כָּל פָּסוּק וּפָסוּק שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלשָׁה טְעָמִים, כְּגוֹן (משלי כה, יב): נֶזֶם זָהָב וַחֲלִי כָתֶם, (משלי יא, כב): נֶזֶם זָהָב בְּאַף חֲזִיר; (משלי כה, ו): אַל תִּתְהַדַּר לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ וּבִמְקוֹם גְּדֹלִים אַל תַּעֲמֹד, אֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר תֵּשֵׁב, תֵּשֵׁב אֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹא תְדַבֵּר. תְּנֵינַן אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לֹא נֶחְלַק אָדָם אֶחָד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל עַל שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים שֶׁלֹא תְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם, שֶׁאֵין כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ כְּדַאי כַּיּוֹם שֶׁנִּתְּנָה בּוֹ שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, לָמָּה, שֶׁכָּל הַכְּתוּבִים קֹדֶשׁ וְזֶה קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים, וְעַל מַה נֶּחְלְקוּ עַל קֹהֶלֶת, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בַּר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חָמִיו שֶׁל רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא כְּדִבְרֵי בֶּן עֲזַאי כָּךְ נֶחְלְקוּ וְכָךְ גָּמְרוּ, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה עֲבַד לָהּ מַתְלָא, לְאֶחָד שֶׁהוֹלִיךְ סְאָה שֶׁל חִטִּים אֵצֶל הַנַּחְתּוֹם, אָמַר לוֹ הוֹצֵא לִי מִמֶּנָּה קֶמַח. סֹלֶת, הוֹצֵא לִי מִמֶּנָּהּ קְלוּסְקְיָא קֶמַח וְסֹלֶת אַחַת. כָּךְ כָּל חָכְמָתֵיהּ דִּשְׁלֹמֹה לֹא סֹלֶת אֶלָּא שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, הַמְשֻׁבָּח שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים, הַמְעֻלֶּה שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים, הַמְסֻלְסָל שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים. נֹאמַר שִׁירִים וּנְשַׁבֵּחַ לְמִי שֶׁעֲשָׂאָנוּ שִׁירִים בָּעוֹלָם, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (עמוס ח, ג): וְהֵילִילוּ שִׁירוֹת הֵיכָל, שְׁבָחוֹת דְּהֵיכָלָא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, הַמְשֻׁבָּח שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים הַמְעֻלֶּה שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים, הַמְסֻלְסָל שֶׁבַּשִּׁירִים, נֹאמַר שִׁירִים לְמִי שֶׁעֲשָׂאָנוּ שִׁיּוּרִים לָעוֹלָם, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים לב, יב): ה' בָּדָד יַנְחֶנּוּ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא נֹאמַר שִׁירִים וְשֶׁבַח לְמִי שֶׁעָתִיד לְהַשְּׁרוֹת עָלֵינוּ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, נֹאמַר לְפָנָיו שִׁירִים הַרְבֵּה, בְּכָל הַשִּׁירִים אוֹ הוּא מְקַלְּסָן, אוֹ הֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ, בְּשִׁירַת משֶׁה הֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ, וְאוֹמֵר (שמות טו, ב): זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ, וּבְשִׁירַת משֶׁה הוּא מְקַלְּסָן (דברים לב, יג): יַרְכִּיבֵהוּ עַל בָּמֳתֵי אָרֶץ. בְּרַם הָכָא הֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ וְהוּא מְקַלְּסָן, הוּא מְקַלְּסָן (שיר השירים א, טו): הִנָּךְ יָפָה רַעְיָתִי, וְהֵן מְקַלְּסִין אוֹתוֹ (שיר השירים א, טו): הִנְּךָ יָפֶה דוֹדִי אַף נָעִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָנִין דְּצִפֳּרִין אָמַר שִׁיר כָּפוּל. רַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר כָּפוּל וּמְכֻפָּל. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנוֹת אָבוֹת וַעֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת נֶאֶמְרָה מִנְיַן שִׁיר, שִׁיר חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְעֶשֶׂר, וְאִי תֵימַר דְּאִית בְּהוֹן יַתִּיר, צֵא מֵהֶן שְׁנֵי רְעָבוֹן שֶׁאֵין עוֹלִין מִן הַמִּנְיָן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, רַבִּי יוּדָן וְרַבִּי לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּמְגִלָּה זוֹ בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, בַּמֶּלֶךְ סְתָם, בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. וְרַבָּנִין אָמְרִין כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה, בַּמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהַשָּׁלוֹם שֶׁלּוֹ הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, בַּמֶּלֶךְ סְתָם בִּכְנֶסֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. Rabbi Elazar bar Avina in the name of Rabbi Aḥa and the Rabbis. Rabbi Elazar said [in the name of Rabbi Aḥa]: “He spoke three thousand proverbs” regarding each and every matter. “His songs were one thousand and five”—one thousand and five reasons for each and every matter. The Rabbis say: “He spoke three thousand proverbs” on each and every verse. “His songs were one thousand and five”—one thousand and five reasons for each and every proverb. “His proverbs were” is not written here, but rather, “his songs were one thousand and five”—the song of the proverb, the reason for the matter, [and another] reason for the matter.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: We reviewed the entire book of Proverbs and we found written in it only nine hundred and fifteen verses, and you say three thousand proverbs? Rather, you do not have any verse that does not have two or three thoughts, like: “A nose ring of gold and an adornment of fine gold” (Proverbs 25:12), “a nose ring of gold in the snout of a pig” (Proverbs 11:22). 49The first verse equates “a nose ring of gold and an adornment of fine gold.” The second verse mentions only the nose ring of gold, but it also applies to an adornment of fine gold. “Do not glorify yourself before a king, and do not stand in the place of the great” (Proverbs 25:6). It goes without saying do not sit; do not sit, and it goes without saying, do not speak.50By teaching that one should not stand in the place of the great, by corollary Solomon is also teaching that one should not sit in their place, and that one should not speak there.
We learned:51Mishna Yadayim 3:5. Rabbi Akiva said: God forbid, not even one person in Israel disagreed regarding Song of Songs, claiming that it does not impurify the hands,52There is a rabbinic decree that any sacred scroll renders teruma or one’s hands impure. (This decree was enacted so that people would not store their teruma with those scrolls; that could result in vermin attracted by the teruma gnawing at the scrolls and causing them damage.) Thus, if one were to hold that a scroll of the Song of Songs does not render one’s hands impure, that would mean it is not part of the Bible. as there is no day in the entire history of the world like the day that Song of Songs was given. Why? It is because all the Writings are holy, and this is the holy of holies. Regarding what did they disagree? It is regarding Ecclesiastes. Rabbi Yoḥanan bar Rabbi Yehoshua son of Rabbi Akiva’s father-in-law said in accordance with the statement of ben Azai: So they disagreed, so they concluded.53There was a dispute regarding both Song of Songs and Ecclesiastes, but the conclusion was that both are part of the Bible and therefore render one’s hands impure.
Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya stated a parable for it. [It is comparable] to one who took a se’a of wheat to the baker [and] said to him: ‘Produce for me from it flour, fine flour.54Grind the wheat into flour, and then sift it repeatedly to produce fine flour. Produce for me from it one loaf, from the fine flour, [produced from] the flour.’ So, of all of Solomon’s wisdom, only Song of Songs is fine flour for Israel. Song of Songs, the best of songs, the finest of songs, the most excellent of songs; we will recite songs to the One who has made us into a song in the world, just as you say: “Wail, songs of the palace” (Amos 8:3); the praises of the Temple.55The verse addresses songs as if they are people, alluding to the fact that the people of Israel are like a song in that they represent the glory of God.
Another matter, Song of Songs, the best of songs, the finest of songs, the most excellent of songs; we will recite songs [shirim] to the One who rendered us the remnants [shiyurim] of the world, just as it is stated: “The Lord alone will lead him” (Deuteronomy 32:12).56The verse is expounded to mean that the Lord will lead him alone, meaning that the people of Israel will remain alone in tranquility at the end of days. Rabbi Yoḥanan [said] in the name of Rabbi Aḥa in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Abba: We will recite songs and praise to the One who is destined to rest the Divine Spirit upon us. We will recite many songs before Him.
In all the songs, either He lauds them, or they laud Him. In the song of Moses, they laud Him and say: “This is my Lord and I will glorify Him” (Exodus 15:2). And in the song of Moses, He lauds them: “He would mount him on the elevations of the earth” (Deuteronomy 32:13). However, here, they laud Him and He lauds them. He lauds them, “Behold, you are fair, my love” (Song of Songs 1:15) and they laud Him: “Behold you are fair my beloved, pleasant, too” (Song of Songs 1:16).
Rabbi Shimon in the name of Rabbi Ḥanin of Tzippori said, it is a double song.57God and Israel praise each other. Rabbi Simon said: Doubled and redoubled.58In many verses, the praise is doubled even from the perspective of one speaker, such as: “Behold, you are fair, my love, behold, you are fair” (1:15).
Rabbi Levi said: The numerical value of shir corresponds to the years of the patriarchs and the Ten Commandments.59Song of Songs is a tribute to Israel, as implied by the fact that the numerical value of the word shir, song, corresponds to the number of years of the lives of the patriarchs, plus the Ten Commandments given to Israel at Sinai. Shir is five hundred and ten.60Shin 300, yod 10, reish 200, equal 510. If you say that there is a surplus in them,61Abraham lived 175 years, Isaac, 180, and Jacob, 147, plus 10 commandments, equal 512, not 510. deduct from them the years of famine62One year during the lifetime of Abraham, and one year during the lifetime of Isaac. that are not included in the tally.
Another matter, Rabbi Yudan and Rabbi Levi in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan [said]: Every place that “King Solomon” is mentioned in this scroll, the verse is speaking of King Solomon. [Whenever it says] simply “the king,” the verse is speaking of the Holy One blessed be He. The Rabbis say: Every place that “King Solomon” [Shelomo] is mentioned in this scroll, the verse is speaking of the King, [of Whom it may be said that] peace is His. [Whenever it says] simply “the king,” the verse is speaking of the congregation of Israel.