אחת שבועת העדות ואחת שבועת הפקדון ואפילו שבועת שוא היה אחד מהן משחק בקוביא ומלוה ברבית ומפריחי יונים וסוחרי שביעית שכנגדו נשבע ונוטל

One is considered suspect with regard to oaths if he has been found to have taken a false oath, whether it was an oath of testimony, or whether it was an oath on a deposit, or even an oath taken in vain, which is a less severe prohibition. There are also categories of people who by rabbinic decree are considered suspect with regard to oaths: If one of the litigants was a dice player, or one who lends with interest, or among those who fly pigeons, or among the vendors of produce of the Sabbatical Year, then the litigant opposing him takes an oath and receives payment of his claim.

היו שניהן חשודין חזרה השבועה למקומה דברי רבי יוסי רבי מאיר אומר יחלוקו

If both litigants were suspect, the oath returned to its place. This is the statement of Rabbi Yosei, and will be explained in the Gemara. Rabbi Meir says: Since neither can take an oath, they divide the disputed amount.

והחנוני על פנקסו כיצד לא שיאמר לו כתוב על פנקסי שאתה חייב לי מאתים זוז אלא אומר לו תן לבני סאתים חטין תן לפועלי סלע מעות הוא אומר נתתי והן אומרים לא נטלנו הוא נשבע ונוטל והן נשבעין ונוטלין

And how does this halakha apply to the storekeeper relying on his ledger? This ruling is not referring to the case where a storekeeper says to a customer: It is written in my ledger that you owe me two hundred dinars. Rather, it is referring to a case where a customer says to a storekeeper: Give my son two se’a of wheat, or: Give my laborers a sela in small coins. And later the storekeeper says: I gave it to them; but they say: We did not receive it. In such a case, where the father or employer admits that he gave those instructions and it is also recorded in the storekeeper’s ledger, the storekeeper takes an oath that he gave the son the wheat or paid the laborers, and he receives compensation from the father or employer; and the laborers take an oath that they were not paid and receive their wages from the employer.

אמר בן ננס כיצד אלו ואלו באין לידי שבועת שוא אלא הוא נוטל שלא בשבועה והן נוטלין שלא בשבועה

Ben Nannas said: How is it that both these and those come to take an oath in vain? One of them is certainly lying. Rather, the storekeeper receives his compensation without taking an oath, and the laborers receive their wages without taking an oath.

אמר לחנוני תן לי בדינר פירות ונתן לו אמר לו תן לי אותו דינר אמר לו נתתיו לך ונתתו באונפלי ישבע בעל הבית שנתן לו את הדינר אמר לו תן לי את הפירות אמר לו נתתים לך והולכתים לתוך ביתך ישבע חנוני רבי יהודה אומר כל שהפירות בידו ידו על העליונה

§ If one said to a storekeeper: Give me produce valued at a dinar, and he gave him the produce. And later the storekeeper said to him: Give me that dinar you owe me, and the customer said to him: I gave it to you, and you put it in your wallet [be’unpali], the customer shall take an oath that he gave him the dinar. If, after he gave the storekeeper the money, the customer said to him: Give me the produce, and the storekeeper said to him: I gave it to you and you transported it to your house, the storekeeper shall take an oath that he has already filled the order, and he is exempt from supplying the produce. Rabbi Yehuda says: Whoever has the produce in his possession has the advantage, and his claim is accepted without his taking an oath.

אמר לשולחני תן לי בדינר מעות ונתן לו אמר לו תן לי את הדינר אמר לו נתתי לך ונתתו באונפלי ישבע בעל הבית נתן לו את הדינר אמר לו תן לי את המעות אמר לו נתתים לך והשלכת לתוך כיסך ישבע שולחני רבי יהודה אומר אין דרך שולחני ליתן איסר עד שיטול דינר

Similarly, if one said to a money changer: Give me small coins valued at a dinar, and he gave him the coins, and subsequently the money changer said to him: Give me the dinar, and the customer said to him: I gave it to you, and you put it in your wallet; the customer shall take an oath that he paid. If the customer gave the money changer the dinar, and then said to him: Give me the coins, and the money changer said to him: I gave them to you and you cast them into your purse, the money changer shall take an oath. Rabbi Yehuda says: It is not a money changer’s way to give even an issar until he receives a dinar. Therefore, the fact that the customer received the coins indicates that the money changer already received his payment.

כשם שאמרו הפוגמת כתובתה לא תפרע אלא בשבועה ועד אחד מעידה שהיא פרועה לא תפרע אלא בשבועה מנכסים משועבדים ומנכסי יתומים לא תפרע אלא בשבועה והנפרעת שלא בפניו לא תפרע אלא בשבועה וכן היתומים לא יפרעו אלא בשבועה

§ These cases of taking an oath are just like other cases where the Sages said that one takes an oath and receives payment. The mishna (see Ketubot 87a) teaches: A woman who vitiates her marriage contract by acknowledging receipt of partial payment may collect the remainder only by taking an oath; or if one witness testifies that her marriage contract has been paid, she may collect it only by taking an oath. She may collect it from liened property that has been sold to a third party, or from the property of orphans, only by taking an oath, and a woman who collects it from her husband’s property when not in his presence may collect it only by taking an oath. And likewise, orphans may collect a loan with a promissory note inherited from their father only by taking an oath.

שבועה שלא פקדנו אבא ולא אמר לנו אבא שלא מצינו בין שטרותיו של אבא ששטר זה פרוע ר' יוחנן בן ברוקה אומר אפי' נולד הבן לאחר מיתת האב הרי זה נשבע ונוטל א"ר שמעון בן גמליאל אם יש עדים שאמר האב בשעת מיתתו שטר זה אינו פרוע הוא נוטל שלא בשבועה

Orphans who wish to collect payment of money owed to their father must take the following oath: On our oath our father did not direct us on his deathbed not to collect with this promissory note, and our father did not say to us that this note was paid, and we did not find among our father’s documents a record showing that this promissory note was paid. After taking that oath, they may collect the money. Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka says: Even if the son was born after the father’s death, he needs to take an oath in order to receive the money owed to his father. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: If there are witnesses that the father said at the time of his death: This promissory note has not been paid, the son collects the debt without having to take an oath.

ואלו נשבעין שלא בטענה השותפין והאריסין והאפוטרופין והאשה הנושאת והנותנת בתוך הבית ובן הבית אמר לו מה אתה טועניני רצוני שתשבע לי חייב

§ And these people are sometimes required to take an oath that they do not owe anything even when there is no explicit claim against them: Partners, sharecroppers, stewards [apotropin], a woman who does business from home, where she manages the property of orphans, and the member of the household appointed to manage the household’s affairs. For example, in a case where one of these people said to one of the people whose property he or she manages: What is your claim against me? If the other replied: It is simply my wish that you take an oath to me that you have not taken anything of mine, the former is liable to take that oath.

חלקו השותפין והאריסין אין יכול להשביעו נתגלגל לו שבועה ממקום אחר מגלגלין עליו את הכל והשביעית משמטת את השבועה:

Once the partners or the sharecroppers have divided the common property, each taking his share, then one side may not require an oath of the other absent a definite claim. But if an oath was imposed upon him due to some other situation, that oath can be extended to impose upon him any other oath, i.e., it can be extended to apply to any other of their disputes. The mishna adds: And the Sabbatical Year abrogates the obligation to take an oath about a debt, just like it abrogates a debt.

גמ׳ כל הנשבעין שבתורה נשבעין ולא משלמין מנלן דאמר קרא (שמות כב, י) ולקח בעליו ולא ישלם מי שעליו לשלם לו שבועה:

GEMARA: The mishna teaches: All those who take an oath that is legislated by the Torah take an oath and do not pay. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that oaths mandated by Torah law serve only to exempt one from payment? We derive it from the fact that the verse states: “The oath of the Lord shall be between them both, to see whether he has not put his hand on his neighbor’s goods; and its owner shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution” (Exodus 22:10). According to the verse, with regard to he who would otherwise need to pay, it is on him that the obligation to take the oath is imposed.

ואלו נשבעין ונוטלין כו': מאי שנא שכיר דתקינו ליה רבנן דמשתבע ושקיל אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל הלכות גדולות שנו כאן הלכות הני הלכתא נינהו אלא אימא תקנות גדולות שנו כאן

§ The mishna teaches: And these litigants take an oath and receive possession of the disputed funds or property, and it lists a hired worker in that category. The Gemara asks: What is different about a hired worker that the Sages instituted for him that he take an oath and receive his wages? Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: Great halakhot were taught here. The Gemara asks: Halakhot? Are these oaths actually halakhot transmitted to Moses from Sinai, as is usually indicated by the use of the term halakhot? They are instituted by rabbinic law. Rather, say: Great ordinances were taught here.

גדולות מכלל דאיכא קטנות

The Gemara asks: Since these ordinances are called great, can one conclude by inference that there are also minor ordinances? Are there rabbinic ordinances that are less important?

אדרבה שכיר ניחא ליה דלשתבע בעל הבית ונפקע כי היכי דליגריה בעל הבית בעה"ב על כורחיה אגר שכיר נמי על כורחיה מיתגר אלא בעה"ב טרוד בפועליו הוא

The Gemara asks: On the contrary, isn’t it preferable for the hired worker that in the case of a dispute between them the employer takes the oath and is released from payment? He would agree to this arrangement in order to create conditions in which the employer will readily hire him. If employers are exposed to the risk of being cheated by dishonest workers, they will be wary of hiring. The Gemara answers: The employer perforce hires workers, since he needs the work done. The Gemara asks: Doesn’t the hired worker also perforce accept employment, since he needs it for his livelihood? Rather, the reason the worker takes the oath is that the employer is distracted with managing his laborers, so it is reasonable to assume that he forgot to pay.

וליתב ליה בלא שבועה

The Gemara raises a difficulty: But if it is presumed that the employer forgot to pay, let him give the wages to the worker without the worker taking an oath.

כדי להפיס דעתו של בעה"ב וליתב ליה בעדים טריחא ליה מילתא וליתב ליה מעיקרא שניהן רוצין בהקפה

The Gemara explains: The oath was instituted to alleviate the concerns of the employer, to ensure him that he is not being cheated. And why did the Sages not institute that the employer should give the worker his wages in the presence of witnesses so that it could readily be established whether he was paid? The Gemara answers: Finding witnesses whenever he pays wages would be a burdensome matter for him. And why did the Sages not institute that the employer should give him his wages at the outset, when he hires him, so there would be no need for an oath? The Gemara answers: They both want the work to be done on credit, i.e., before the wages are paid, as sometimes the employer has no money ready when he hires a worker, and the worker also prefers receiving his money at the end of the day.