Ruth Rabbah 2:22-24

רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי וְרַבִּי חָמָא אֲבוּי דְּרַבִּי הוֹשֵׁעַ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֹא נִתַּן דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים אֶלָּא לְהִדָּרֵשׁ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים א ד, כא): בְּנֵי שֵׁלָה בֶן יְהוּדָה עֵר אֲבִי לֵכָה, אַב בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל לֵכָה. וְלַעְדָּה אֲבִי מָרֵשָׁה, אַב בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל מָרֵשָׁה. וּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת בֵּית עֲבֹדַת הַבֻּץ, זוֹ רָחָב הַזּוֹנָה שֶׁהִטְמִינָה הַמְרַגְּלִים בַּבּוּץ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יהושע ב, ו): וַתִּטְמְנֵם בְּפִשְׁתֵּי הָעֵץ, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּבוּסְמִין הָיְתָה עִסְקָהּ. לְבֵית אַשְׁבֵּעַ, שֶׁנִּשְׁבְּעוּ לָהּ הַמְּרַגְּלִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע ב, יב): וְעַתָּה הִשָּׁבְעוּ נָא לִי בַּה'. (דברי הימים א ד, כב): וְיוֹקִים, שֶׁקִּיְּמוּ לָהּ הַשְּׁבוּעָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יהושע ו, כג): וַיָּבֹאוּ הַנְּעָרִים הַמְרַגְּלִים, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וְאֵת כָּל מִשְׁפְּחוֹתֶיהָ הוֹצִיאוּ, תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה מִשְׁפַּחְתָּהּ מָאתַיִם אֲנָשִׁים וְהָלְכוּ וְנִדְבְּקוּ בְּמָאתַיִם מִשְׁפָּחוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת, כֻּלָּן נִצּוֹלוֹת בִּזְכוּתָהּ. וְאֵת כָּל מִשְׁפַּחְתָּהּ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא וְאֵת כָּל מִשְׁפְּחוֹתֶיהָ. וְאַנְשֵׁי כֹזֵבָה, שֶׁכִּזְּבָה בְּמֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע ב, ד): וַתֹּאמֶר כֵּן בָּאוּ אֵלַי הָאֲנָשִׁים וגו'. וְיוֹאָשׁ, שֶׁנִּתְיָאֲשָׁהּ מִן הַחַיִּים. וְשָׂרָף, שֶׁתִּקְנָה עַצְמָהּ לִשְׂרוּפִין. אֲשֶׁר בָּעֲלוּ לְמוֹאָב, שֶׁבָּאתָה וְנִדְבְּקָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְעָלוּ מַעֲשֶׂיהָ לְאָבִיהָ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. וְיָשֻׁבִי לָחֶם, שֶׁנִּדְבְּקָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהּ (משלי ט, ה): לְכוּ לַחֲמוּ בְלַחֲמִי. וְהַדְּבָרִים עַתִּיקִים, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אוֹמְרִים דְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ סְתוּמִין כָּאן וּמְפֹרָשִׁין בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. (דברי הימים א ד, כג): הֵמָּה הַיּוֹצְרִים, אֵלּוּ הַמְּרַגְּלִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (יהושע ב, א): וַיִּשְׁלַח יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן נוּן מִן הַשִּׁטִּים וגו', רַבִּי יְהוּדָה וְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה חַד אָמַר כְּלֵי נַגָּרוּת הָיָה בְּיָדָם, מְרַגְּלִים חֶרֶשׁ לֵאמֹר, רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר כְּלֵי קַדָּרוּת הָיָה בְּיָדָם, מְקַדְּרִין חֶרֶשׂ לֵאמֹר. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי חֶרֶשׁ כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, אָמַר לָהֶם עֲשׂוּ עַצְמְכֶם חֵרְשִׁין וְאַתֶּם עוֹמְדִים עַל רָזֵיהֶם. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁאַתֶּם עוֹשִׂים עַצְמְכֶם חֵרְשִׁים אַתֶּם עוֹמְדִין עַל אָפְנָיִם שֶׁלָּהֶם. וְישְׁבֵי נְטָעִים שֶׁהָיוּ בְּקִיאִין בִּנְטִיעָה, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יג, כג): וַיִּכְרְתוּ מִשָּׁם זְמוֹרָה. וּגְדֵרָה, שֶׁהִטְמִינָה אוֹתָן אַחֲרֵי הַגָּדֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַתֹּאמֶר לָהֶם הָהָרָה לֵּכוּ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלֶיהָ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ עַד שֶׁלֹא נִכְנְסוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, וְכִי מֵהֵיכָן הָיְתָה יוֹדַעַת שֶׁחוֹזְרִין לִשְׁלשֶׁת יָמִים, מִכָּן שֶׁשָּׁרְתָה עָלֶיהָ רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ. עִם הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּמְלַאכְתוֹ יָשְׁבוּ שָׁם, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ עֲשָׂרָה כֹּהֲנִים נְבִיאִים עָמְדוּ מֵרָחָב הַזּוֹנָה: יִרְמְיָה, חִלְקִיָּה, שְׂרָיָה, מַחְסֵיָה, חֲנַמְאֵל, שַׁלּוּם, בָּרוּךְ, נֵרִיָה, יְחֶזְקֵאל, בּוּזִי. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים אַף חֻלְדָּה הַנְּבִיאָה מִבְּנֵי בָנֶיהָ שֶׁל רָחָב הַזּוֹנָה הָיְתָה. Rabbi Simon in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi and Rabbi Ḥama, father of Rabbi Hosea in the name of Rabbi: Chronicles was given only to be expounded;⁵³The midrash will continue by citing and expounding three verses from Chronicles. One opinion interprets the verses as alluding to Raḥav, one opinion interprets them as alluding to David, and another opinion interprets them as referring to Moses. that is what is written: “The sons of Shela, son of Judah: Er, father of [avi] Lekha” (I Chronicles 4:21) – the President of the Court [Av Beit Din] of Lekha. “And Lada, father of [avi] Maresha” (I Chronicles 4:21) – the President of the Court [Av Beit Din] of Maresha.
“And the families of the house of those who wrought fine linen” (I Chronicles 4:21) – this is Raḥav the prostitute, who concealed the spies in flax;⁵⁴Linen is made of flax. that is what is written: “She hid them in stalks of flax” (Joshua 2:6). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: Her occupation was with perfumes.⁵⁵Perfumed branches, including flax branches. “To the house of Ashbea” (I Chronicles 4:21), as the spies took an oath [nishbe’u] to her, as it is stated: “Now, please, take an oath to me by the Lord” (Joshua 2:12). “And Yokim” (I Chronicles 4:22), as they fulfilled [shekiyemu] the oath to her; that is what is written: “The young spies came, [and took out Rahab…and they took out all her families…]” (Joshua 6:23). Why does the verse state: “And they took out all her families”? Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Even if her family consisted of two hundred people, and they went and joined two hundred other families, they would all be rescued, thanks to her. All her family is not stated, but rather “all her families.” “And the people of Kozeva” (I Chronicles 4:22), as she deceived [kizva] the king of Jericho, as it is stated: “She said: Yes, the men came to me…” (Joshua 2:4).⁵⁶She continued: “I do not know from where they were, they fled, and I do not know where they went.” “And Yoash” (I Chronicles 4:22), because she despaired [nitya’asha] of life.⁵⁷She endangered her life to protect the spies. “And Saraf” (I Chronicles 4:22), as she prepared herself to be burned [lisrufin]. “Who had dominion over Moav [ba’alu leMoav]” (I Chronicles 4:22), she came [ba’a] and cleaved to Israel, and her actions arose [alu] to her Father [le’aviha] in Heaven. “And Yashuvi Laḥem ” (I Chronicles 4:22), she cleaved to Israel, who received the Torah in which it is written: “Come eat of my bread [laḥmi]” (Proverbs 9:5).⁵⁸Torah is likened to bread; just as bread provides physical sustenance, Torah provides spiritual sustenance. “And the matters are ancient” (I Chronicles 4:22) – Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon say: These matters are vague here, but explicit elsewhere.⁵⁹In the book of Joshua.
“They are the potters” (I Chronicles 4:23) – these are the spies; that is what is written: “Joshua bin Nun sent from Shittim [two men, spies, secretly [ḥeresh], saying…]” (Joshua 2:1). Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya, one said: They had carpenter’s tools in their hands; spies, carpenters [ḥarash], saying...”⁶⁰The word ḥeresh should be read ḥarash, carpenter. Thus, the verse means that the spies were to say that they were carpenters. Rabbi Neḥemya says: Earthenware vessels were in their hands, “crafting earthenware [ḥeres], saying.⁶¹Thus, the verse means that the spies were to say they were potters engaged in crafting earthenware vessels. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Ḥeresh, in its plain sense [of one who is deaf and mute]; he said to them: Conduct yourselves like deaf mutes and you will ascertain their secrets. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: By conducting yourself like deaf mutes you will ascertain their conduct.
“And the dwellers among the plants” (I Chronicles 4:23), as they were experts in planting, on the basis of what is said: “They cut a vine branch from there” (Numbers 13:23). “And a fence” (I Chronicles 4:23), as she [Raḥav] concealed them behind the fence, as it is stated: “She said to them: Go to the mountain” (Joshua 2:16).⁶²She advised them on where to hide in such a way that they would be concealed as one who is behind a fence. Some say that the Divine Spirit rested upon her before Israel entered the Land. How did she know that they would return in three days?⁶³She advised the spies to hide in the mountains for three days, until the pursuers would cease their pursuit and return to the city (Joshua 2:16). From here [it may be derived that] the Divine Spirit rested upon her. “They dwelt there with the king in his service” (I Chronicles 4:23) – from here they said: Ten priests, prophets, emerged from Raḥav the prostitute: Jeremiah, Ḥilkiya, Seraya, Maḥseya, Ḥanamel; Shalum, Barukh, Neriya, Ezekiel, Buzi. Some say: Ḥulda the prophetess, too, was among the descendants of Raḥav the prostitute.

רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי פָּתַר קְרָאֵי בְּדָוִד, בְּנֵי שֵׁלָה בֶן יְהוּדָה עֵר אֲבִי לֵכָה, אַב בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל לֵכָה. וְלַעְדָּה אֲבִי מָרֵשָׁה, אַב בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל מָרֵשָׁה. וּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת בֵּית עֲבֹדַת הַבֻּץ, זֶה דָּוִד שֶׁהָיָה עוֹסֵק בַּפָּרֹכֶת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב כא, יט): וַיַּךְ אֶלְחָנָן, זֶה דָּוִד שֶׁחֲנָנוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בֶּן יַעֲרֵי, בֶּן שֶׁהָיָה גָּדֵל בַּיַּעַר, אֹרְגִים, שֶׁעָסַק בַּפָּרֹכֶת. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֹרְגִים, שֶׁהָיוּ מַעֲלִין לוֹ אֶת הַהֲלָכָה וְהוּא אוֹרְגָהּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵלּוּ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹרְגִין עִמּוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה. (דברי הימים א ד, כא): לְבֵית אַשְׁבֵּעַ, שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פט, ד): כָּרַתִּי בְּרִית לִבְחִירִי, וְיוֹקִים, שֶׁקִּיֵּם לוֹ הַשְּׁבוּעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלב, יא): נִשְׁבַּע ה' לְדָוִד אֱמֶת לֹא יָשׁוּב מִמֶּנָּהּ. וְאַנְשֵׁי כֹזֵבָא, רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה וְרַבִּי יוֹנָתָן וְרַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר מַרְיוֹן וְאָמְרֵי לָהּ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא עִקַּר סַנְהֶדְּרִין מִשֶּׁל יְהוּדָה, מַאי טַעְמָא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מט, יב): חַכְלִילִי עֵינַיִם מִיָּיִן וּלְבֶן שִׁנַּיִם מֵחָלָב, שֶׁהָיוּ סוֹדְרִין אֶת הַהֲלָכָה בִּשְׁנַיִם, עַד שֶׁהָיוּ מוֹצִיאִין אוֹתָהּ בְּנִקָּיוֹן כְּחָלָב. וְיוֹאָשׁ, שֶׁנִּתְיָאֵשׁ מִן הַחַיִּים (דברי הימים א כא, יז): תְּהִי נָא יָדְךָ בִּי. וְשָׂרָף, שֶׁהִזְכִּיר מַעֲשֵׂה שְׂרוּפִים, ה' אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ. אֲשֶׁר בָּעֲלוּ לְמוֹאָב, שֶׁבָּא מֵרוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה. וְיָשֻׁבִי לָחֶם, שֶׁבָּא מִבֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָה. וְהַדְּבָרִים עַתִּיקִים, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר זֶה דָּוִד וּשְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּתְּפוּ לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּבִנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר זֶה בְּנָיָהוּ בֶּן יְהוֹיָדָע שֶׁנִּתְחַזֵּק עִם הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה בְּבִנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר זֶה יְהוֹיָדָע הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁנִּטְפַּל עִם יוֹאָשׁ לְבֶדֶק הַבַּיִת. רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר זֶה יִרְמְיָה וִיחֶזְקֵאל שֶׁהִתְפַּלְּלוּ לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁלֹא לְהַחֲרִיב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. הֵמָּה הַיּוֹצְרִים, זֶה בֹּעַז וְרוּת. וְישְׁבֵי נְטָעִים, זֶה שְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁהָיָה דוֹמֶה כְּנֶטַע בְּמַלְכוּתוֹ. וּגְדֵרָה, אֵלּוּ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁהָיוּ גּוֹדְרִים עִמּוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה. עִם הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ יָשְׁבוּ שָׁם, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ לֹא מֵתָה רוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה עַד שֶׁרָאֲתָה שְׁלֹמֹה בֶּן בְּנָהּ יוֹשֵׁב וְדָן דִּינָן שֶׁל זוֹנוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ב, יט): וַיָּשֶׂם כִּסֵּא לְאֵם הַמֶּלֶךְ זוֹ בַּת שֶׁבַע, וַתֵּשֶׁב לִימִינוֹ זוֹ רוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani interpreted the verses as referring to David: “The sons of Shela, son of Judah: Er, father of [avi] Lekha” (I Chronicles 4:21) – the President of the Court [Av Beit Din] of Lekha. “And Lada, father of [avi] Maresha” (I Chronicles 4:21) – the President of the Court [Av Beit Din] of Maresha. “And the families of the house of those who wrought fine linen,” – this is David, who was engaged [in preparing] the Tabernacle curtain.⁶⁴Which was woven from linen. David prepared various materials for the construction of the Temple. That is what is written: “Elḥanan [son of Yarei Oregim the Bethlehemite] slew [Goliath the Gitite]” (II Samuel 21:19) – this is David, to whom the Holy One blessed be He was gracious;⁶⁵Elḥanan may be interpreted as the two words El ḥanan, God was gracious. “son of Yarei” – a son who was growing up in the forest [ya’ar]; “Oregim,” as he was engaged [in preparing] the curtain.⁶⁶Oregim means weavers. Alternatively, “Oregim,” they would raise halakhot before him, and he would weave them.⁶⁷He would organize them coherently. Alternatively, these are the Sanhedrin, who would weave matters of Torah with him.
“To the house of Ashbea” (I Chronicles 4:21) – as the Holy One blessed be He took an oath [nishba] to him, as it is stated: “I took an oath to My chosen one” (Psalms 89:4). “And Yokim” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as He fulfilled [shekiyem] His oath to Him, as it is stated: “The Lord took an oath to David in truth, He will not renege on it” (Psalms 132:11). “And the people of Kozeva” (I Chronicles 4:22), Rabbi Azarya, Rabbi Yonatan, and Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Maryon, and some say, Rabbi Yosei ben Rabbi Ḥanina: The greater part of the Sanhedrin⁶⁸The court that distinguishes between truth and lies [kazav]. was from the tribe of Judah. What is the reason? It is as it is stated: “His eyes will be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk” (Genesis 49:12).⁶⁹This verse was stated by Jacob in his blessing to Judah. They would arrange the halakha with their teeth until they would express it with the clarity of milk.⁷⁰They would constantly review their studies aloud until they understood them with absolute clarity. “Yoash” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as he despaired [nitya’ash] of life, “please let Your hand be against me” (I Chronicles 21:17). “And Saraf” (I Chronicles 4:22), as he mentioned the act of those who were burned [serufim], “Lord, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, our fathers” (I Chronicles 29:18).⁷¹Abraham was thrown into a fiery furnace due to his belief in God and opposition to idolatry (Bereishit Rabba 38:13); Isaac allowed himself to be bound to the altar, assuming he would be slaughtered and burned; and, according to the Zohar, Jacob also was willing to die for the sake of God (Matnot Kehuna). “Who had dominion over Moav” (I Chronicles 4:22), as he emerged from Ruth the Moavite. “And Yashuvi Laḥem” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as he came from Bethlehem [Beit Leḥem] in Judah.
“And the matters are ancient” (I Chronicles 4:22) – Rabbi Aivu said: This is [a reference to] David and Solomon, who participated in the construction of the Temple before the Holy One blessed be He.⁷²God is also referred to as the Ancient One (Daniel 7:9). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: This is Benayahu ben Yehoyada, who exerted himself in participating with King Solomon in the construction of the Temple. Rabbi Yehuda said: This is Yehoyada the High Priest who, together with Yoash, tended to Temple upkeep. Rabbi Neḥemya says: This is Jeremiah and Ezekiel who prayed before the Holy One blessed be He not to destroy the Temple.
“They are the potters [yotzerim]” (I Chronicles 4:23) – these are Boaz and Ruth.⁷³The creators [yotzerim] of the royal house of David. “And the dwellers among the plants” (I Chronicles 4:23) – this is Solomon, who was [young] like a sapling when he reigned. “And a fence” (I Chronicles 4:23) – these are the Sanhedrin, who would build fences with him [Solomon] in matters of Torah. “They dwelt there with the king in his service” (I Chronicles 4:23) – from here they said: Ruth the Moavite died only after she saw her descendant Solomon judging the case of the prostitutes;⁷⁴I Kings 3:16–28. that is what is written: “He placed a throne for the king's mother” (I Kings 2:19) – this is Bathsheba; “and she sat on his right hand” (I Kings 2:19) – this is Ruth the Moavite.

רַבִּי מְנַחֵם בַּר אָבִין פָּתַר קְרָיָיה בְּמשֶׁה, וְיוֹקִים, עַל שֵׁם (במדבר י, לה): קוּמָה ה' וְיָפֻצוּ אֹיְבֶיךָ. אַנְשֵׁי כֹזֵבָא, שֶׁעָשָׂה דָּבָר שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּמוֹ כְּזָבִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, יא): לָמָּה ה' יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ. יוֹאָשׁ, עַל שֶׁנִּתְיָאֵשׁ מִן הַחַיִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, לב): וְאִם אַיִן מְחֵנִי נָא. וְשָׂרָף, שֶׁהִזְכִּיר מַעֲשֵׂה שְׂרוּפִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, יג): זְכֹר לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבָדֶיךָ. אֲשֶׁר בָּעֲלוּ לְמוֹאָב, שֶׁבָּאוּ וְעָלוּ מַעֲשָׂיו הַנְּעִימִים לִפְנֵי אָבִיו שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. וְיָשֻׁבִי לָחֶם, שֶׁעָלָה לַמָּרוֹם וְשָׁבָה הַתּוֹרָה, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים סח, יט): עָלִיתָ לַמָּרוֹם שָׁבִיתָ שֶׁבִי. וְהַדְּבָרִים עַתִּיקִים, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן, רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ אָמַר אֲפִלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁנִּתְעַתְּקוּ מֵהֶם הֶחֱזִירָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, א): פְּסָל לְךָ וגו', הַדְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ נֶאֶמְרוּ מִמַּעְתִּיקוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית יב, ח): וַיַּעְתֵּק מִשָּׁם, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר דְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ סְתוּמִין כָּאן וּמְפֹרָשִׁין בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, הֶחֱזִיר אוֹתָן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד, כז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה כְּתָב לְךָ אֶת הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה כִּי עַל פִּי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה וגו'. הֵמָּה הַיּוֹצְרִים, עַל שֵׁם (בראשית ב, יט): וַיִּצֶר ה' אֱלֹהִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הֵמָּה הַיּוֹצְרִים, אֵלּוּ נַפְשׁוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים, שֶׁבָּהֶם נִמְלַךְ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִבְרֹאת אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ. יוֹשְׁבֵי נְטָעִים, עַל שֵׁם (בראשית ב, ח): וַיִּטַּע ה' אֱלֹהִים. וּגְדֵרָה, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ה, כב): אֲשֶׁר שַׂמְתִּי חוֹל גְּבוּל לַיָּם. עִם הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ, עִם מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יָשְׁבוּ שָׁם נִשְׁמָתָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים שֶׁבָּהֶם נִמְלַךְ וּבָרָא אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ. Rabbi Menaḥem bar Avin interpreted the verse as referring to Moses. “And Yokim” (I Chronicles 4:22) – on the basis of: “Rise [kuma] Lord, and let Your enemies be scattered” (Numbers 10:35). “And the people of Kozeva” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as he rendered the word of the Holy One blessed be He like falsehoods [kazav], as it is stated: “Why, Lord, is Your wrath enflamed at Your people?” (Exodus 32:11).⁷⁵God had said that He would consume the Israelites (Exodus 32:10), but after Moses’ prayer, He relented and did not destroy them. “Yoash” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as he despaired [nitya’ash] of living,” as it is stated: “And if not, please expunge me” (Exodus 32:32). “And Saraf” (I Chronicles 4:22) - as he mentioned the act of those who were burned [serufim], “Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel your servants” (Exodus 32:13).⁷⁶See footnote 18. “Who had dominion [ba’alu] over Moav” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as his pleasant actions ascended [alu] and came before his Father [aviv] in Heaven. “And Yashuvi Laḥem” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as he ascended on high and captured the Torah, on the basis of what is stated: “You ascended on high and you took a captive [shevi]” (Psalms 68:19).
“And the matters are ancient [atikim]” (I Chronicles 4:22) – Rabbi Aivu and Rabbi Yehuda ben Simon, Rabbi Aivu said: Even items that were taken [nitatku] from them, [Moses] returned, as it is stated: “Hew for yourself [two tablets of stone like the first]” (Exodus 34:1). These matters⁷⁷On the tablets. were stated by He who will [ultimately] remove [ma’atik] the world, as it is said: “He removed from there” (Genesis 12:8).⁷⁸Thus, the term atikim in the verse in I Chronicles is interpreted to refer to the tablets broken by Moses and then replaced, which contained the word of God. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: These matters are vague here, but explicit elsewhere. He restored [the tablets] to them, as it is stated: “The Lord said to Moses: ‘Write these matters for yourself, as on the basis of these matters [I have established a covenant with you and with Israel]’” (Exodus 34:27). “They are the yotzerim” (I Chronicles 4:23) – on the basis of: “The Lord God formed [vayitzer]” (Genesis 2:19).⁷⁹The midrash interprets the word yotzerim in the sense of yetzurim, creations. The subject is the words of Torah, because God’s intent in creating the world was in order to give the Torah (Etz Yosef).
Another matter, “they are the yotzerim” (I Chronicles 4:23) – these are the souls of the righteous with whom the Holy One blessed be He consulted when creating the world. “And the dwellers among the plants” (I Chronicles 4:23) – on the basis of: “And the Lord God planted” (Genesis 2:8). “And a fence” (I Chronicles 4:23) – on the basis of what is stated: “Who placed the sand for the bound of the sea” (Jeremiah 5:22). “With the king in his service” (I Chronicles 4:23) – the souls of the righteous sat there with the King who is the king of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, and He consulted them and created His world.

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְיוֹקִים, זֶה אֱלִימֶלֶךְ. וְאַנְשֵׁי כֹזֵבָא, אֵלּוּ בָּנָיו שֶׁהָיוּ מְכֻזָּבִים. יוֹאָשׁ, שֶׁנִּתְיָאֲשׁוּ מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְשָׂרָף, שֶׁשָֹּׂרְפוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, רַבִּי מְנַחֲמָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא וְכִי שָׂרְפוּ, אֶלָּא לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁבִּטֵּל מִן הַתּוֹרָה דָּבָר אֶחָד כְּאִלּוּ שְׂרָפָהּ. אֲשֶׁר בָּעֲלוּ לְמוֹאָב, שֶׁנָּשְׂאוּ נָשִׁים מוֹאֲבִיּוֹת וְשֶׁהִנִּיחוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנִסְתַּפְּחוּ בִּשְׂדֵי מוֹאָב. וְיָשֻׁבִי לָחֶם, זֶה נָעֳמִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתָּשָׁב נָעֳמִי וְרוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה כַלָּתָהּ עִמָּהּ הַשָּׁבָה מִשְֹּׂדֵי מוֹאָב וְהֵמָּה בָּאוּ בֵּית לֶחֶם. וְהַדְּבָרִים עַתִּיקִים, כְּבָר כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מְפֹרָשׁ בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. Another matter, “and Yokim” (I Chronicles 4:22) – this is Elimelekh.⁸⁰Who got up [kam] and departed; alternatively, because he established [hekim] all his wealth (Etz Yosef). “And the people of Kozeva” (I Chronicles 4:22) – these are his sons, who were discontinued.⁸¹They died without children. “Yoash” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as they despaired [nitya’ashu] of the Land of Israel. “And Saraf” (I Chronicles 4:22) – as they burned [sarfu] the Torah. Rabbi Menaḥama in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: Did they [actually] burn it? Rather, it teaches you that anyone who nullifies even one matter from the Torah, it is as though he burned it. “Who had dominion over Moav” (I Chronicles 4:22), as they married Moavite women, and forsook Israel and cleaved to the fields of Moav. “And Yashuvi Laḥem” (I Chronicles 4:22), this is Naomi, as it is stated: “Naomi returned [vatashav], and Ruth the Moavite, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned [hashava] from the fields of Moav, and they came to Beit Leḥem” (Ruth 1:22). “And the matters are ancient [atikim]” (I Chronicles 4:22) – each and every one of these matters is already [mentioned] explicitly.⁸²Each of these matters is mentioned explicitly in Ruth, and alluded to in the verse in I Chronicles.

וְשֵׁם הָאִישׁ אֱלִימֶלֶךְ (רות א, ב), רַבִּי מֵאִיר הָיָה דּוֹרֵשׁ שֵׁמוֹת. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה הָיָה דוֹרֵשׁ שֵׁמוֹת. וְשֵׁם הָאִישׁ אֱלִימֶלֶךְ, שֶׁהָיָה אוֹמֵר אֵלַי תָבוֹא מַלְכוּת. וְשֵׁם אִשְׁתּוֹ נָעֳמִי, שֶׁהָיוּ מַעֲשֶׂיהָ נָאִים וּנְעִימִים. וְשֵׁם שְׁנֵי בָנָיו מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן, מַחְלוֹן, שֶׁנִּמְחוּ מִן הָעוֹלָם. וְכִלְיוֹן, שֶׁכָּלוּ מִן הָעוֹלָם. אֶפְרָתִים, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אוֹמֵר פָּלָטִיאָנִי, וְרַבִּי בַּר רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אוֹמֵר אָבְגָּנִיסְטִי. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֶפְרָתִים, רַבִּי פִּנְחָס אָמַר כָּל אוֹתָהּ הָעֲטָרָה שֶׁנִּתְעַטֵּר אֶפְרַיִם מִיַּעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ בִּשְׁעַת פְּטִירָתוֹ מִן הָעוֹלָם, אָמַר לוֹ, אֶפְרַיִם רֹאשׁ הַשֵּׁבֶט, רֹאשׁ הַיְשִׁיבָה, הַמְעֻלֶּה וְהַמְשֻׁבָּח שֶׁבְּבָנַי יִהְיֶה נִקְרָא לְשִׁמְךָ, (שמואל א א, א): בֶּן תֹּוֹחוּ בֶּן צוּף אֶפְרָתִי. (מלכים א יא, כו): וְיָרָבְעָם בֶּן נְבָט אֶפְרָתִי. (שמואל א יז, יב): וְדָוִד בֶּן אִישׁ אֶפְרָתִי. מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן אֶפְרָתִים. “The name of the man was Elimelekh, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the names of his two sons Maḥlon and Kilyon, Ephratites of Bethlehem in Judah. They came to the fields of Moav, and were there” (Ruth 1:2).
“The name of the man was Elimelekh” (Ruth 1:2). Rabbi Meir would expound names. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa would expound names. “The name of the man was Elimelekh,” as he would say: To me [elai], the kingdom [malkhut] will come. “And the name of his wife was Naomi,” as her actions were fine [na’im], and pleasant [ne’imim]. “And the names of his two sons Maḥlon and Kilyon” – Maḥlon, for they were eradicated [nimḥu] from the world; Kilyon, for they were eliminated [kalu] from the world. “Ephratites,”⁸³An expression of greatness. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: He was a resident of the palace. Rabbi bar Rabbi Neḥemya says: He was a nobleman. Another matter, “Ephratites,” Rabbi Pinḥas said: The entire crown with which Ephraim was crowned by Jacob at the moment that he passed from the world. He said to him: ‘Ephraim, tribal heads, heads of the yeshiva; the most excellent and outstanding of my children will be called by your name.’ “Son of Toḥu, son of Tzuf, Ephratite” (I Samuel 1:1);⁸⁴This verse is referring to Elkana. Ephratite means from Ephraim. “Yorovam ben Nevat Ephratite” (I Kings 11:26); David, son of an Ephratite man” (I Samuel 17:12); “Maḥlon and Kilyon, Ephratites.”

וַיָּבוֹאוּ שְׂדֵה מוֹאָב וַיִּהְיוּ שָׁם, בַּתְּחִלָּה בָּאוּ לָהֶם בָּעֲיָרוֹת, מָצְאוּ אוֹתָם פְּרוּצִים בַּעֲבֵרוֹת, אַחַר כָּךְ בָּאוּ לָהֶם לַכְּרַכִּים מָצְאוּ אוֹתָם מְדֻחָקִין בְּמַיִם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ חָזְרוּ לָהֶם בָּעֲיָרוֹת וַיָּבוֹאוּ שְׂדֵה מוֹאָב וַיִּהְיוּ שָׁם. “They came to the fields of Moav, and were there.” First they came to their towns, and they found them steeped in transgression. Then they came to the large cities, and they found them lacking in water. Then they returned to the towns; “they came to the fields of Moav, and were there.”

וַיָּמָת אֱלִימֶלֶךְ אִישׁ נָעֳמִי (רות א, ג), תַּנְיָא הַכֹּל לָמוּת, וְהַכֹּל לְמִיתָה, וְאַשְׁרָיו לָאָדָם שֶׁיָּצָא בְּשֵׁם טוֹב מִן הָעוֹלָם. מֵת הָאִישׁ מִי מְחַסְּרוֹ אֶלָּא אִשְׁתּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיָּמָת אֱלִימֶלֶךְ אִישׁ נָעֳמִי, מֵתָה הָאִשָּׁה מִי מְחַסְרָהּ אֶלָּא בַּעְלָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מח, ז): וַאֲנִי בְּבֹאִי מִפַּדָּן מֵתָה עָלַי רָחֵל, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן עָלַי מִיתָתָהּ שֶׁל רָחֵל, אָמַר יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ וְקָשָׁה עָלַי מִיתָתָהּ שֶׁל רָחֵל מִכָּל הַצָּרוֹת הַבָּאוֹת עָלַי. “Elimelekh Naomi's husband died; she and her two sons remained” (Ruth 1:3).
“Elimelekh Naomi's husband died.” It is taught: Everyone will die, and everyone [knows] that he will die. Praiseworthy is the person who has departed from the world with a good name. If a man dies, it is only his wife who misses him, as it is stated: “Elimelekh Naomi's husband died.” If a woman dies, it is only her husband who misses her, as it is stated: “But I, when I came from Paddan, Rachel died on me” (Genesis 48:7). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Jacob our patriarch said: ‘Rachel’s death was on me, and Rachel’s death was more difficult for me than all the troubles that befell me.’

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יְהוֹצָדָק, גִּילִין וְגִילִין, חֲבוּרוֹת וַחֲבוּרוֹת, מֵבִיא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לָעוֹלָם, מֵת אֶחָד מִן הַגִּיל, יִדְאַג כָּל הַגִּיל, חָבֵר אֶחָד מִן הַחֲבוּרָה תִּדְאַג כָּל הַחֲבוּרָה, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר אַבָּא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אַרְכִיּוֹת אַרְכִיּוֹת הֵן, וְאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן נִכְנָס לְתוֹךְ אַרְכִי שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ אֲפִלּוּ כִּמְלֹא נִימָא. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא מִיָמַי לֹא קָרִיתִי לְאִשְׁתִּי אִשְׁתִּי וּלְבֵיתִי בֵּיתִי, אֶלָּא לְאִשְׁתִּי בֵּיתִי, וּלְבֵיתִי אִשְׁתִּי, וְלֹא קָרִיתִי לְשׁוֹרִי שׁוֹרִי וּלְשָׂדִי שָׂדִי, אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹרִי שָׂדִי וּלְשָׂדִי שׁוֹרִי. וַתִּשָּׁאֵר הִיא וּשְׁנֵי בָנֶיהָ, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אַבָּהוּ נַעֲשֵׂית הִיא שְׁיָרֵי מְנָחוֹת. Rabbi Yoḥanan said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: The Holy One blessed be He brings groups of the same age, and groups that live together, to the world. If one member of the age group dies, the entire age group should be concerned. If one member of the local group dies, the entire group should be concerned, as Rabbi Shmuel bar Abba said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: There are different kingdoms, and one does not enter the kingdom of his counterpart even a hairbreadth.⁸⁵Thus, when a man dies, it is because the time has come for someone else to take over whatever position of authority he had. Additionally, the entire group should be concerned that they are all now subject to divine judgement. This reinforces what was stated above, that Naomi must have been grieved by Elimelekh’s death (Yefei Einayim). Alternatively, this may be a veiled critique of Naomi and her sons, who should have taken Elimelekh’s death as a sign that they were all in danger, and returned to the land of Israel (Etz Yosef).
Rabbi Yosei ben Ḥalafta said: I never called my wife my wife, or my house my house, but rather, my wife my house, and my house my wife.⁸⁶He did so in deference to his wife, to indicate that she was the foundation of his household. The midrash mentions this in connection with the fact that the verse refers to Elimelekh as Naomi’s husband (Yefei Einayim). I never called my ox my ox, or my field my field, but rather, my ox my field, and my field my ox. “She and her two sons remained,” Rabbi Ḥanina son of Rabbi Abbahu said: She became like the remnants of meal offerings.⁸⁷As opposed to the handful of the meal offering that is burned on the altar, the remnant has less sanctity. So too, the woman is lessened by the death of her husband.

וַיִּשְׂאוּ לָהֶם נָשִׂים מֹאֲבִיּוֹת (רות א, ד), תָּנֵי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי מֵאִיר לֹא גִּיְּרוּם וְלֹא הִטְבִּילוּ אוֹתָם וְלֹא הָיְתָה הֲלָכָה לְהִתְחַדֵּשׁ, וְלֹא הָיוּ נֶעֱנָשִׁין עֲלֵיהֶם, עַמּוֹנִי וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית, מוֹאָבִי וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית. שֵׁם הָאַחַת עָרְפָּה, שֶׁהָפְכָה עֹרֶף לַחֲמוֹתָהּ. וְשֵׁם הַשֵּׁנִית רוּת, שֶׁרָאֲתָה בְּדִבְרֵי חֲמוֹתָהּ. רַבִּי בֵּיבַי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי רְאוּבֵן אָמַר, רוּת וְעָרְפָּה בְּנוֹתָיו שֶׁל עֶגְלוֹן הָיוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים ג, יט): דְּבַר סֵתֶר לִי אֵלֶיךָ הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיֹּאמֶר הָס וגו', וּכְתִיב (שופטים ג, כ): וְאֵהוּד בָּא אֵלָיו וגו' וַיֹּאמֶר אֵהוּד דְּבַר אֱלֹהִים לִי אֵלֶיךָ וַיָּקָם מֵעַל הַכִּסֵּא, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַתָּה עָמַדְתָּ מִכִּסְאֲךָ לִכְבוֹדִי, חַיֶּיךָ הֲרֵינִי מַעֲמִיד מִמְךָ בֵּן יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסֵּא ה'. וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם כְּעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, כִּשְׁלשִׁים כְּאַרְבָּעִים אוֹ חָסֵר אוֹ יוֹתֵר. “They took for themselves Moavite wives: the name of one was Orpa, and the name of the second was Ruth; and they dwelled there approximately ten years” (Ruth 1:4).
“They took for themselves Moavite wives.” It is taught in the name of Rabbi Meir: They did not convert them, they did not immerse them, the halakha had not yet been innovated, such that they would not have been punished for them; an Ammonite and not a female Ammonite, a Moavite and not a female Moavite.⁸⁸It had not yet been clarified that the Torah’s prohibition against marrying a convert from the nations of Amon and Moav (see Deuteronomy 23:4) applied only to male converts and not to female converts (see Yevamot 76b-77a). Maḥlon and Kilyon married them despite the fact that they did not convert, and despite the fact that, as far as they were aware, it was forbidden to marry them even if they converted.
“The name of one was Orpa,” because she turned her back [oref] to her mother-in-law. “And the name of the second was Ruth [Rut],” because she saw [ra’ata] truth in the words of her mother-in-law. Rabbi Beivai said in the name of Rabbi Reuven: Ruth and Orpa were the daughters of Eglon, as it is stated: “I have a secret matter for you king.⁸⁹Eglon, king of Moav. He said: Be silent…” (Judges 3:19), and it is written: “Ehud came to him…Ehud said: I have a matter of God to you, and he stood from his throne” (Judges 3:20). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You arose from your throne in deference to Me, by your life, I will establish a son from you who will sit on the throne of God.’
“They dwelled there approximately ten years.” [Whenever a verse uses this terminology, such as:]“Approximately thirty” (Judges 20:31), “approximately forty” (Joshua 4:13), [it means a bit] less or more [than the stated number].

וַיָּמֻתוּ גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן (רות א, ה), רַבִּי חוּנְיָא וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּרַבִּי אָבִין וְרַבִּי זַבְדָא חֲתָנֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי לֵוִי, לְעוֹלָם אֵין בַּעַל הָרַחֲמִים פּוֹרֵעַ מִן הַנְּפָשׁוֹת תְּחִלָּה, מִמִּי אַתְּ לָמֵד מֵאִיּוֹב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב א, יד): וּמַלְאָךְ בָּא אֶל אִיּוֹב וַיֹּאמַר הַבָּקָר הָיוּ חֹרְשׁוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא הֶרְאָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵעֵין דּוּגְמָא שֶׁל הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, (עמוס ט, יג): וְנִגַּשׁ חוֹרֵשׁ בַּקֹּצֵר (איוב א, טו): וַתִּפֹּל שְׁבָא וַתִּקָּחֵם. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא יָצְאוּ מִכְּפַר קְרִינוֹס וְהָלְכוּ כָּל הָאֲבוֹלִין עַד מִגְדַּל צַבָּעִים וּמֵתוּ שָׁם, (איוב א, טו): וָאִמָּלְטָה רַק אֲנִי לְבַדִּי. אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא רַק מִעוּט, אַף הוּא מְשֻׁבָּר וּמֻלְּקֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן לְבַדִּי, (איוב א, טז): עוֹד זֶה מְדַבֵּר, אַף הוּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר בְּשׂוֹרָתוֹ מִיָּד מֵת. (איוב א, יז): עוֹד זֶה מְדַבֵּר וְזֶה בָּא וַיֹּאמַר כַּשְׂדִּים שָׂמוּ שְׁלשָׁה רָאשִׁים, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמַע אִיּוֹב הִתְחִיל מְגַיֵּס חֵילוֹתָיו לַמִּלְחָמָה, אָמַר כַּמָּה חֲיָלוֹת אֲנִי יָכוֹל לְחַיֵּל, כַּמָּה גְּיָסוֹת אֲנִי יָכוֹל לְגַיֵּס, וְהָאֻמָּה בְּזוּיָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּעוֹלָם (ישעיה כג, יג): הֵן אֶרֶץ כַּשְׂדִּים זֶה הָעָם לֹא הָיָה, הַלְּוַאי לֹא הָיָה בָּא לְהַפִּיל אֵימָתוֹ עָלַי, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ (איוב א, טז): אֵשׁ הָאֱלֹהִים נָפְלָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, אָמַר מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם הוּא, מָה אֲנִי יָכוֹל לַעֲשׂוֹת, (איוב לא, לד): וָאֶדֹּם לֹא אֵצֵא פָתַח, מִיָּד (איוב ב, ח): וַיִּקַּח לוֹ חֶרֶשׂ לְהִתְגָּרֵד בּוֹ. אַף בְּמִצְרַיִם כָּךְ הָיָה (תהלים קה, לג): וַיַּךְ גַּפְנָם וּתְאֵנָתָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (תהלים עח, מח): וַיַּסְגֵּר לַבָּרָד בְּעִירָם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (תהלים עח, נא): וַיַּךְ כָּל בְּכוֹר בְּמִצְרָיִם. וְאַף בִּנְגָעִים כֵּן, בַּתְּחִלָּה הֵן בָּאִין עַל בֵּיתוֹ, אִם חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו, הֲרֵי הֵן טְעוּנִין חֲלִיצָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יד, מ): וְצִוָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְחִלְּצוּ. אִם חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו, טְעוּנִין נְתִיצָה. חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו, בָּאִים עַל הַבְּגָדִים וּטְעוּנִים כִּבּוּס. חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו, טְעוּנִין קְרִיעָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יג, נו): וְקָרַע אֹתוֹ מִן הַבֶּגֶד. אִם חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו, טְעוּנִין שְׂרֵפָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יג, נב): וְשָׂרַף אֶת הַבֶּגֶד. אַחַר כָּךְ הֵן בָּאִין עַל גּוּפוֹ, אִם חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב וְאִם לָאו, יוֹצֵא וּבָא. אִם חָזַר בּוֹ מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו (ויקרא יג, מו): בָּדָד יֵשֵׁב מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה מוֹשָׁבוֹ. וְאַף בְּמַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן כָּךְ הָיָה, בַּתְּחִלָּה מֵתוּ סוּסֵיהֶם, חֲמוֹרֵיהֶם, גְּמַלֵּיהֶם, וְאַחַר כָּךְ, וַיָּמָת אֱלִימֶלֶךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ, וַיָּמֻתוּ גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם מַחְלוֹן וְכִלְיוֹן. וַתִּשָּׁאֶר הָאִשָּׁה, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא נֶעֶשְׂתָה שְׁיָרֵי שְׁיָרִים. “Both of them died, Maḥlon and Kilyon, and the woman was bereft of her two children and of her husband” (Ruth 1:5).
“Both of them died, Maḥlon and Kilyon.” Rabbi Ḥunya, Rabbi Yehoshua ben Rabbi Avin, and Rabbi Zavda, son-in-law of Rabbi Levi [said]: The all-Merciful [God] never exacts retribution against a person himself initially. From whom do you learn this? From Job, as it is stated: “There came a messenger to Job, and said: ‘The oxen were plowing [and the donkeys grazing beside them; and Sheba fell upon them, and took them; they smote the servants by sword; and only I by myself escaped to tell you]’” (Job 1:14–15).⁹⁰God did not initially kill Job or even afflict him with bodily pain; He struck Job’s property. Rabbi Ḥama ben Rabbi Ḥanina said: The Holy One blessed be He showed him a representative taste of the World to Come, “the plowman will meet the reaper” (Amos 9:13).⁹¹Donkeys do not typically graze in fields where oxen have just plowed. This was Job’s taste of the World to Come, when produce will be ready to be reaped as the field is still being plowed.
“Sheba fell upon them [and took them and smote the lads by sword].” Rabbi Abba bar Kahana said: They emerged from the village of Kerinos⁹²In Media. and went on all the rural paths until Migdal Tzabba’im⁹³In the Land of Israel. and they died there.⁹⁴At first they were attacked and taken captive along with the herd. Only later were they killed. “And only [rak] I by myself [levadi] escaped.” Rabbi Ḥanina said: [The term] Rak is restrictive; he, too, was broken and stricken. Rabbi Yudan said: Levadi.⁹⁵In the sense of bedding, meaning that the messenger was bedridden. The word leved means felt, which can be used for bedding. “This one was still speaking” (Job 1:16); he, too, once he stated his tidings, he died.
“This one was still speaking and that one came and said: The Chaldeans deployed in three columns…” (Job 1:17). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: When Job heard, he began mobilizing his armies for war. He said: ‘How many armies can I enlist, how many troops can I muster? This is the most despicable nation in the world: “Behold, the land of the Chaldeans, this is a people that is not” (Isaiah 23:13). If only it had not been.⁹⁶If only the Chaldeans had never come into existence. It comes to intimidate me?’ But once [the messenger] said to him: “The fire of God fell from the heavens” (Job 1:16), [Job] said: ‘It is from the heavens; what can I do?’ – “I was silent and I did not go out the door” (Job 31:34).
Immediately, “he took an earthenware shard to scratch himself” (Job 2:8).⁹⁷This was after he was afflicted with boils. His body was afflicted only after his property was damaged. So it was in Egypt, as well: “He struck their vines and their fig trees” (Psalms 105:33). Then, “He subjected their livestock to the hail” (Psalms 78:48). And then, “He smote every firstborn in Egypt” (Psalms 78:51). Regarding leprosy, too, the same is true: Initially it afflicts his house. If he repents, excellent; if not, they require removal, as it is stated: “The priest shall command and they will remove [the stones]” (Leviticus 14:40). If he repents, excellent; if not, they require demolition. If he repents, excellent; if not, [the signs of leprosy] come upon his garments and they require laundering. If he repents, excellent; if not, they require rending, as it is stated: “He shall rip it from the garment” (Leviticus 13:56). If he repents, excellent; if not they require burning, as it is stated: “He shall burn the garment” (Leviticus 13:52). Then [leprosy] comes upon his body. If he repents, excellent; if not, he goes and comes.⁹⁸He leaves the camp for seven days and then returns. If he repents, excellent; if not, “he shall dwell in isolation, his dwelling shall be outside the camp” (Leviticus 13:46). Regarding Maḥlon and Kilyon, too, the same is true. Initially, it was their horses, their donkeys, and their camels. Then “Elimelekh died.” Then, “both of them died, Maḥlon and Kilyon.”
“And the woman remained bereft,” Rabbi Ḥanina said: She became the remnants of the remnants [of meal offerings].⁹⁹When her husband died, she was like the remnant; now that her sons died, she was like the remnant of the remnant.

וַתָּקָם הִיא וְכַלֹתֶיהָ וַתָּשָׁב מִשְֹּׂדֵי מוֹאָב כִּי שָׁמְעָה בִּשְׂדֵה מוֹאָב (רות א, ו), שָׁמְעָה מֵהָרוֹכְלִין הַמַּחֲזִירִין בָּעֲיָרוֹת, וּמַה שָּׁמְעָה, כִּי פָקַד ה' אֶת עַמּוֹ לָתֵת לָהֶם לָחֶם. כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (תהלים צד, יד): כִּי לֹא יִטּשׁ ה' עַמּוֹ וְנַחֲלָתוֹ לֹא יַעֲזֹב, וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (שמואל א יב, כב): כִּי לֹא יִטּשׁ ה' אֶת עַמּוֹ בַּעֲבוּר שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי, פְּעָמִים שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בַּעֲבוּר עַמּוֹ וְנַחֲלָתוֹ, וּפְעָמִים שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בִּשְׁבִיל שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל. אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ כְּשֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל זַכָּאִין, בַּעֲבוּר עַמּוֹ וְנַחֲלָתוֹ, וּכְשֶׁאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל זַכָּאִין, בַּעֲבוּר שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּשְׁבִיל עַמּוֹ וְנַחֲלָתוֹ, בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ בַּעֲבוּר שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מח, יא): לְמַעֲנִי לְמַעֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה. “She and her daughters-in-law arose, and she returned from the fields of Moav; as she had heard in the fields of Moav that the Lord had remembered His people to give them bread” (Ruth 1:6).
“She and her daughters-in-law arose, and she returned from the fields of Moav; as she had heard in the fields of Moav.” She heard from the peddlers who were circulating in the towns. What did she hear? “That the Lord had remembered His people to give them bread.” One verse says: “For the Lord will not forsake His people, and will not abandon His inheritance” (Psalms 94:14), and one verse says: “For the Lord will not forsake His people for the sake of His great name” (I Samuel 12:22). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: At times, He does so for the sake of His people and His inheritance, and at times He does so for the sake of His great name. Rabbi Aivu said: When Israel merit it, it is for the sake of His people and His inheritance; when Israel does not merit it, it is for the sake of His great name. The Rabbis say: In the Land of Israel, it is for the sake of His people and His inheritance; outside the Land of Israel, it is for the sake of His great name, as it is stated: “For My sake, for My sake, I will do” (Isaiah 48:11).

וַתֵּצֵא מִן הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הָיְתָה שָׁמָּה (רות א, ז), וַתֵּצֵא, וְכִי לֹא יָצְאתָה מִשָּׁם אֶלָּא הִיא, וַהֲלֹא כַּמָּה גַּמָּלִים יָצְאוּ, כַּמָּה חַמָּרִים יָצְאוּ, וְאַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ וַתֵּצֵא, רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן גָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּעִיר, הוּא זִיוָהּ, וְהוּא הוֹדָהּ, וְהוּא הֲדָרָהּ, וְהוּא שִׁבְחָהּ. פָּנָה מִשָּׁם, פָּנָה זִיוָהּ, פָּנָה הוֹדָהּ, פָּנָה הֲדָרָהּ, פָּנָה שִׁבְחָהּ. וְכֵן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא בְּיַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ כְּשֶׁיָּצָא מִבְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, וְכִי לֹא יָצָא מִשָּׁם אֶלָּא הוּא, וַהֲלֹא כַּמָּה גַּמָּלִים יָצְאוּ, כַּמָּה חַמָּרִים יָצְאוּ, וְאַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ וַיֵּצֵא, אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהַצַּדִּיק בָּעִיר, הוּא זִיוָהּ, וְהוּא הוֹדָהּ, וְהוּא הֲדָרָהּ וְהוּא שִׁבְחָהּ. יָצָא מִשָּׁם פָּנָה זִיוָהּ, פָּנָה הוֹדָהּ, פָּנָה הֲדָרָהּ, פָּנָה שִׁבְחָהּ. נִיחָא תַּמָּן דְּלָא הֲוָת אֶלָּא אוֹתָהּ הַצַּדֶּקֶת, בְּרַם הָכָא לָא הֲוָה יִצְחָק תַּמָּן, אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן לֹא דּוֹמָה זְכוּת צַדִּיק אֶחָד לִזְכוּת שְׁנֵי צַדִּיקִים. וַתֵּלַכְנָה בַדֶּרֶךְ לָשׁוּב אֶל אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, עָבְרוּ עַל שׁוּרַת הַדִּין וְהָלְכוּ בְּיוֹם טוֹב. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַתֵּלַכְנָה בַדֶּרֶךְ, הוּצְרָה עֲלֵיהֶם הַדֶּרֶךְ, שֶׁהָלְכוּ בְּיָחֵף. וַתֵּלַכְנָה, הָיוּ עֲסוּקוֹת בְּהִלְכוֹת גֵּרִים. “She departed from the place where she had been, and her two daughters-in-law with her; they went on the way to return to the land of Judah” (Ruth 1:7).
“She departed from the place where she had been.” “She departed” – was it she alone who departed from there? Did not several camel drivers depart, several donkey drivers depart, and you say “she departed”? Rabbi Azarya in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon [said]: The most prominent person in the city, he is its radiance, he is its splendor, he is its glory, and he is its praise. When he vacates it, its radiance vacates, its splendor vacates, its glory vacates, and its praise vacates. So you find with Jacob our patriarch when he departed from Beersheba. Was it he alone who departed from there? Did not several camel drivers depart, several donkey drivers depart, and [yet] you say “he departed”?¹⁰⁰See Genesis 28:10. When the righteous one is in the city, he is its radiance, he is its splendor, he is its glory, and he is its praise. When he departs from there, its radiance vacates, its splendor vacates, its glory vacates, and its praise vacates. There,¹⁰¹When Naomi left Moav. it works out well, because it was only that righteous woman who was there; however, here, wasn’t Isaac [still] there [in Beersheba]? Rabbi Azarya said in the name of Rabbi Azarya ben Rabbi Simon: The merit of one righteous person is not comparable to the merit of two righteous people.
“They went on the way to return to the land of Judah.” Rabbi Yehuda said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: They transgressed the letter of the law and they went on the festival.¹⁰²It says: “When they came to Bethlehem, the entire city was astir” (Ruth 1:19), and it says: “They came to Bethlehem at the beginning of barley harvest” (Ruth 1:22). The midrash (Rut Rabba 3:6) interprets this as referring to the sixteenth of Nisan, when the barley for the Omer offering was cut. The city was astir because people from the surrounding villages would gather toward evening of the fifteenth of Nisan for this ceremony. Thus, in their hurry to arrive in the land of Israel, Naomi and Ruth traveled on the fifteenth of Nisan, which is Passover. Alternatively, “they went on the way”¹⁰³If it says that they went, it is obvious that they were on the way. – the way caused them distress, they went barefoot. “They went [on the way],”¹⁰⁴The way of the Torah. – they were engaged in the laws of converts.

וַתֹּאמֶר נָעֳמִי לִשְׁתֵּי כַתֶיהָ לֵכְנָה שֹּׁבְנָה אִשָּׁה לְבֵית אִמָּהּ (רות א, ח), לְבֵית אֻמָּתָהּ. אַבְנִימוֹס הַגַּרְדִּי מֵתָה אִמּוֹ וְעָלָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר לְהֵרָאוֹת לוֹ פָּנִים, וּמָצָא אוֹתָם יוֹשְׁבִין אֲבֵלִים, לְאַחַר זְמַן מֵת אָבִיו וְעָלָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר לְהֵרָאוֹת לוֹ פָּנִים, וּמָצָא אוֹתָן עֲסוּקִין בִּמְלַאכְתָּן. אָמַר לוֹ, כִּמְדֻמֶּה אֲנִי שֶׁאִמְךָ חֲבִיבָה עָלֶיךָ יוֹתֵר מֵאָבִיךָ, אָמַר לוֹ וְלֹא כֵן כְּתִיב, אִשָּׁה לְבֵית אִמָּהּ וְלֹא לְבֵית אָבִיהָ. אָמַר לוֹ, יָפֶה אָמַרְתָּ שֶׁאֵין אָב לְגוֹי, “Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law: Go, return each woman to her mother's house; may the Lord perform kindness with you, as you performed with the dead, and with me” (Ruth 1:8).
“Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law: Go, return each woman to her mother's house [beit immah]” – to the house of her nation [beit ummatah].¹⁰⁵Typically one’s home is referred to as one’s father’s, not one’s mother’s, house. Consequently, the midrash finds in this term a reference to rejoining their original nations. The mother of Avnimos the weaver died, and Rabbi Meir ascended to pay his respects and found them sitting in mourning. Later, his father died, and Rabbi Meir ascended to pay his respects and found them engaged in their labor. He said to him: ‘It appears to me that your mother was dearer to you than your father.’ He said to him: ‘But is it not written so: “Each…to her mother’s house”?¹⁰⁶Proving that the mother is more dear than the father. He said to him: ‘Well said, as there is no paternity among gentiles.’¹⁰⁷The identity of the father is uncertain. Rabbi Meir agreed with Avnimos but for a different reason. Avnimos was a gentile.

יַעַשׂ ה' עִמָּכֶם חֶסֶד, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר אָדָא אָמַר, יַעֲשֶׂה כְּתִיב, כַּאֲשֶׁר עֲשִׂיתֶם עִם הַמֵּתִים, שֶׁנִּטְפַּלְתֶּם בְּתַכְרִיכֵיהוֹן, וְעִמָּדִי, שֶׁוִתְּרוּ לָהּ כְּתֻבּוֹתֵיהֶן. אָמַר רַבִּי זְעֵירָא, מְגִלָּה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ לֹא טֻמְאָה, וְלֹא טָהֳרָה, וְלֹא אִסּוּר, וְלֹא הֶתֵּר, וְלָמָּה נִכְתְּבָה לְלַמֶּדְךָ כַּמָּה שָׂכָר טוֹב לְגוֹמְלֵי חֲסָדִים. “May the Lord perform [ya’as] kindness with you” – Rabbi Ḥanina bar Ada said: It is written “ya’aseh.”¹⁰⁸Lest you think that Naomi’s blessing was halfhearted, as it is read without the heh, it is not so, as it is written with a heh. “As you performed with the dead” – that you tended to their shrouds; “and with me” – that you relinquished your marriage contracts. Rabbi Ze’eira said: This scroll¹⁰⁹The book of Ruth. does not contain [the laws of] purity or impurity, and not prohibitions or allowances. Why was it written? It is to teach you the extent of the good reward for those who perform kindness.

יִתֵּן ה' לָכֶם (רות א, ט), אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי כָּל אוֹתָן הַטּוֹבוֹת וְהַנֶּחָמוֹת שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִתֵּן לִשְׁלֹמֹה, דִּכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, ט): וַיִּתֵּן אֱלֹהִים חָכְמָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה, יִהְיוּ מִכֶּם. וּמְצֶאןָ מְנוּחָה, וּמְצֶאןָ כְּתִיב, אַחַת מוֹצֵאת, שְׁתַּיִם לֹא מוֹצְאוֹת. אִשָּׁה בֵּית אִשָּׁהּ, מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין קוֹרַת רוּחַ לְאִשָּׁה, אֶלָּא בְּבֵית בַּעֲלָהּ. וַתִּשַּׁק לָהֶן וַתִּשֶֹּׂאנָה קוֹלָן וַתִּבְכֶּינָה, וַתֹּאמַרְנָה לָהּ, וַתֹּאמֶר נָעֳמִי שֹׁבְנָה בְנֹתַי לָמָּה תֵלַכְנָה עִמִּי הַעוֹד לִי בָנִים בְּמֵעַי וְהָיוּ לָכֶם לַאֲנָשִׁים וגו', וְכִי יֵשׁ אָדָם מְיַבֵּם אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו שֶׁלֹא הָיָה בְּעוֹלָמוֹ. “May the Lord grant you that you find rest, each woman in the house of her husband. She kissed them; and they raised their voices, and wept” (Ruth 1:9).
“May the Lord grant [yitten] you” – Rabbi Yosei said: All the goodness and consolations that the Holy One blessed be He was destined to grant to Solomon, as it is written: “God granted [vayitten] wisdom to Solomon” (I Kings 5:9), will be from you.¹¹⁰This is an allusion to the fact that David and Solomon will descend from Ruth. “And find rest [umtzena]” – umtzena is written,¹¹¹The word is written without the concluding heh. one will find [rest], two will not find. “Each woman in the house of her husband” – from here [it may be derived] that there is satisfaction for a woman only in her husband’s house.
“Naomi said: Return my daughters; why would you go with me? Do I have more sons in my womb that would be husbands for you?” (Ruth 1:11).
“They raised their voices, and wept, and they said to her…Naomi said: Return my daughters, why would you go with me? Do I have more sons in my womb that would be husbands for you?” (Ruth 1:9–11). Does a person perform levirate marriage with the wife of his brother with whom he did not coexist?¹¹²If a married man dies without children, his brother marries his widow in a procedure called levirate marriage (see Deuteronomy 25:5–6). However, this may not be done if the brother had not yet been born during the deceased brother’s lifetime (see Yevamot 17b).

שֹׁבְנָה בְנֹתַי לֵכְנָה (רות א, יב), רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, בְּשָׁלשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת כְּתִיב כָּאן (רות א, ח): שֹׁבְנָה, (רות א, יא): שֹׁבְנָה, (רות א, יב): שֹׁבְנָה, כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלשׁ פְּעָמִים שֶׁדּוֹחִין אֶת הַגֵּר, וְאִם הִטְרִיחַ יוֹתֵר מִכָּאן מְקַבְּלִין אוֹתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק (איוב לא, לב): בַּחוּץ לֹא יָלִין גֵּר, לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם דּוֹחֶה בִּשְׂמֹאל וּמְקָרֵב בִּימִין. כִּי זָקַנְתִּי מִהְיוֹת לְאִישׁ וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לִמְדָךְ הַתּוֹרָה דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ שֶׁאֵין תַּשְׁמִישׁ בַּיּוֹם אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (אסתר ב, יד): בָּעֶרֶב הִא בָאָה וּבַבֹּקֶר הִיא שָׁבָה, וּכְתִיב: גַּם הָיִיתִי הַלַּיְלָה לְאִישׁ. “Turn back, my daughters, go, as I am too old to be with a husband. If I were to say: I have hope, even were I to be with a husband tonight, and also were I to bear sons” (Ruth 1:12).
“Turn back, my daughters, go” – Rabbi Shmuel bat Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Yudan bar Rabbi Ḥanina: In three places it is written here: “Turn back” (Ruth 1:8), “Turn back” (Ruth 1:11), “Turn back” (Ruth 1:12), corresponding to the three times that one rejects a convert. If he insists beyond that, one accepts him. Rabbi Yitzḥak said: “A stranger shall not stay the night outside” (Job 31:32). A person shall always reject with the left and accept with the right.¹¹³Rejection should be performed weakly, while the subsequent acceptance should be undertaken powerfully. “As I am too old to be with a husband […were I to be with a husband tonight]” – Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The Torah teaches you proper conduct, that one engages in marital relations at night and not by day. That is what is written: “In the evening she would come and in the morning she would return” (Esther 2:14), and it is written: “Were I to be with a husband tonight.”

וְגַם הָיִיתִי, שֶׁיָּלַדְתִּי בָנִים, הָא אִלּוּ הָיִיתִי הַלַּיְלָה לְאִישׁ יָלַדְתִּי בָנִים, אֶלָּא הֲלָהֵן תְּשַׂבֵּרְנָה, יְכוֹלוֹת אַתֶּם יוֹשְׁבוֹת עַד אֲשֶׁר יִגְדָּלוּ הֲלָהֵן תֵּעָגֵנָה, יְכוֹלוֹת אַתֶּם יוֹשְׁבוֹת עֲגוּנוֹת לְבִלְתִּי הֱיוֹת לְאִישׁ אַל בְּנֹתַי, אַלְלַי בְּנוֹתַי, כִּי מַר לִי מְאֹד מִכֶּם, בִּשְׁבִילְכֶם, כִּי יָצְאָה בִי וּבְבָנַי וּבְבַעְלִי יַד ה'. “Would you wait for them until they grow? Would you constrain yourselves for them, not to be with a husband? No, my daughters, for I am greatly embittered for you; as the hand of the Lord has emerged against me” (Ruth 1:13).
“Were I to be,” had I already borne sons, or were I to be with a man tonight and would bear sons, “would you wait,” would you sit idly “until they grow”? “Would you constrain yourselves?” Could you sit in forced solitude, “not to be with a husband”? “No [al], my daughters,” woe [alelai] my daughters, “for I am greatly embittered for you,” for your sakes. “As the hand of the Lord has emerged against me,” and my sons and my husband.

רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אַבָּהוּ פָּתַר קְרָיָיא בְּמשֶׁה, אָמַר משֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם בְּהֵן קִלַסְתִּיךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, יד): הֵן לַה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ הַשָּׁמַיִם וּשְׁמֵי הַשָּׁמָיִם, וְהָיִיתִי סָבוּר שֶׁתִּתֵּן לִי פְּרוֹפְקֹפְּיָא, הֲלָהֵן תֵּעָגֵנָה, הוֹגַעְתַּנִי בְּמַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת, הֵן שְׁבַקְתְּ גַּבִּי וְאָמַרְתָּ לִי הֵן קָרְבוּ יָמֶיךָ לָמוּת, וְחוֹזֵר וְאוֹמֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַל בְּנֹתַי אַלְּלַי בָּנַי, כִּי מַר לִי מְאֹד מִכֶּם, בִּשְׁבִילְכֶם בִּי וּבְאָחִי יָצְתָה יַד ה'. Rabbi Ḥanina son of Rabbi Abbahu interpreted the verse as referring to Moses. Moses said before the Holy One blessed be He: Master of the universe, I lauded you with the word hen, as it is stated: “Behold [hen], to the Lord are the heavens and the heaven of heavens” (Deuteronomy (10:14), and I believed that You would accord me greatness. “Would you constrain yourselves for them [halahen te’agena],” instead, You caused the angel of death to touch me [hogatani], You forsook my hen, and You said to me: “Behold [hen], your days approach that you must die” (Deuteronomy 31:14). Then he [Moses] said to Israel: “No [al], my daughters,” woe [alelai] my children, “for I am greatly embittered for you,” because of you, “as the hand of God has emerged against me” and my brother [Aaron].

אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי, כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ יַד ה', מַכַּת דֶּבֶר הִיא, וּבִנְיַן אָב שֶׁבְּכֻלָּם (שמות ט, ג): הִנֵּה יַד ה' הוֹיָה. בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר יָד תָּבְעוּ וְיָד פָּגְעָה בָּם. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בַּיּוֹצְאִין הָיְתָה מַגֵּפָה, בַּיּוֹשְׁבִין לֹא הָיְתָה מַגֵּפָה. תַּלְמִידֵי דְרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה מַיְיתֵי לָהּ מֵהָתָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שופטים ב, טו): בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר יָצְאוּ יַד ה' הָיְתָה בָּם לְרָעָה, בַּיּוֹצְאִין הָיְתָה מַגֵּפָה בַּיּוֹשְׁבִין לֹא הָיְתָה מַגֵּפָה. אָמַר רַבִּי רְאוּבֵן אַף בְּנֵיהֶן הָיוּ מְצֵרִין אַחֲרֵיהֶם וְאוֹמְרִים מָתַי יָמוּתוּ אֵלֶּה וְנִכָּנֵס אָנוּ לָאָרֶץ. Rabbi Levi said: Any place where [the phrase] “the hand of God” is stated, it is the plague of pestilence. The paradigm of them all is: “Behold, the hand of the Lord is [upon your cattle… a very severe pestilence]” (Exodus 9:3). Bar Kappara said: They demanded with the hand,¹¹⁴“Would that we had died by the hand of God in Egypt” (Exodus 16:3). and the hand¹¹⁵Regarding the generation of the wilderness, it is written: “And the hand of God was against them…until their demise” (Deuteronomy 2:14–15). harmed them. Rabbi Simon said: Among those who departed [the land of Israel] there was a plague;¹¹⁶This is derived from the fact that it states here: “The hand of the Lord has emerged against me [yatze’a bi],” which can be interpreted in the sense of biyatzi, “when I left.” among those who remained there was no plague. The students of Rabbi Neḥemya cite it from there: This is what is written: “Wherever they departed, the hand of the Lord was against them for evil” (Judges 2:15) – among those who departed there was a plague; among those who remained there was no plague. Rabbi Reuven said: Their children,¹¹⁷The children of those who departed Egypt. too, were suffering in their wake, and saying: ‘When will they die so we can enter the Land?’

וַתִּשֶֹּׂנָה קוֹלָן וַתִּבְכֶּינָה (רות א, יד), חָסֵר אל"ף, תָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחָן, שֶׁהֵן מְהַלְּכוֹת וּבוֹכוֹת. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אַרְבָּעִים פְּסִיעוֹת הָלְכָה עָרְפָּה עִם חֲמוֹתָהּ, וְנִתְלָה לִבְנָהּ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א יז, טז): וַיִּגַּשׁ הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי הַשְׁכֵּם וְהַעֲרֵב. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אַרְבָּעָה מִילִין הָלְכָה עָרְפָּה עִם חֲמוֹתָהּ, וְעָמְדוּ מִמֶּנָּהּ אַרְבָּעָה גִּבּוֹרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כא, כב): אַרְבַּעַת אֵלֶּה יֻלְּדוּ לְהָרָפָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה שֶׁפֵּרְשָׁה עָרְפָּה מֵחֲמוֹתָהּ נִתְעָרְבוּ בָּהּ עֶרְוַת גּוֹיִם שֶׁל מֵאָה בְּנֵי אָדָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל א יז, כג): וְהוּא מְדַבֵּר עִמָּם וגו' מִמַּעַרְכוֹת פְּלִשְׁתִּים, מִמַּעַרְוֹת כְּתִיב, מִמֵּאָה עָרְלוֹת גּוֹיִם שֶׁנִּתְעָרוּ בָּהּ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אָמַר אַף כֶּלֶב אֶחָד, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א יז, מג): וַיֹּאמֶר הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי אֶל דָּוִד הֲכֶלֶב אָנֹכִי. “They raised their voices, and wept again. Orpa kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth cleaved to her” (Ruth 1:14).
“They raised [vatisena] their voices, and wept.” [The word vatisena appears in this verse] without an alef [indicating that] their strength was weakened,¹¹⁸The word is missing a letter to allude to the fact that their strength became lacking. as they were walking and weeping. Rabbi Berekhya in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: Orpa walked forty paces with her mother-in-law [before leaving], and [therefore] her descendant’s [sentence] was in abeyance for forty days, as it is stated: “The Philistine approached morning and evening [and stood for forty days]” (I Samuel 17:16).¹¹⁹The midrash claims that the Philistine warrior Goliath was a descendant of Orpa. He challenged the Israelites for forty days until David confronted him and killed him. Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: Orpa walked four mil with her mother-in-law, and four mighty men came from her, as it is stated: “These four were born to the giant [harafa]”¹²⁰An allusion to Orpa. (II Samuel 21:22). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Throughout that night that Orpa took her leave from her mother-in-law, the nakedness of one hundred gentiles was intermingled with her; that is what is written: “He spoke with them…from the ranks [mima’arkhot] of the Philistines” (I Samuel 17:23) – mime’arot is written; from one hundred foreskins [me’a orlot] of gentiles that were inserted into her throughout the night. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: One dog, too, as it is written: “The Philistine said to David: Am I a dog?” (I Samuel 17:43).

וַתִּשַּׁק עָרְפָּה לַחֲמוֹתָהּ, כָּל נְשִׁיקָה שֶׁל תִּפְלוּת בַּר מִן תְּלָת, נְשִׁיקָה שֶׁל גְדֻלָּה, וּנְשִׁיקָה שֶׁל פְּרָקִים, וּנְשִׁיקָה שֶׁל פְּרִישׁוּת. שֶׁל גְּדֻלָּה, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א י, א): וַיִּקַּח שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת פַּךְ הַשֶּׁמֶן וַיִּצֹּק עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וַיִּשָּׁקֵהוּ. שֶׁל פְּרָקִים, דִּכְתִיב (שמות ד, כז): וַיִּפְגְּשֵׁהוּ בְּהַר הָאֱלֹהִים וַיִּשַּׁק לוֹ. שֶׁל פְּרִישׁוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַתִּשַּׁק עָרְפָּה לַחֲמוֹתָהּ. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אָמַר אַף נְשִׁיקָה שֶׁל קְרִיבוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כט, יא): וַיִּשַּׁק יַעֲקֹב לְרָחֵל, לָמָּה, שֶׁהָיְתָה קְרוֹבָתוֹ. וַתֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה שָׁבָה יְבִמְתֵּךְ וגו', כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁבָה אֶל עַמָּהּ שָׁבָה אֶל אֱלֹהֶיהָ. “Orpa kissed her mother-in-law.” All kisses are of licentiousness, except for three: A kiss of greatness, a kiss of absence, and a kiss of parting. A kiss of greatness, as it is written: “Samuel took a flask of oil, and poured it on his head, and kissed him” (I Samuel 10:1). Of absence, as it is written: “He met him at the mountain of God at Ḥorev [and he kissed him]” (Exodus 4:27). Of parting, as it is stated: “Orpa kissed her mother-in-law.” Rabbi Tanḥuma said: Even a kiss of closeness, as it is stated: “Jacob kissed Rachel” (Genesis 29:11). Why? It is because she was his relative.
“She said: Behold, your sister-in-law has returned to her people, and to her god; return after your sister-in-law” (Ruth 1:15).
“She said: Behold, your sister-in-law has returned [to her people, and to her god]…” – once she returned to her people she returned to her god.