וּשְׁמָהּ קְטוּרָה (בראשית כה, א), רַב אָמַר זוֹ הָגָר, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה וְהָכְתִיב (בראשית כה, א): וַיֹּסֶף, אֲמַר לֵיהּ עַל פִּי הַדִּבּוּר נְשָׂאָהּ, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה ח, ה): וַיֹּסֶף ה' דַּבֵּר אֵלַי עוֹד. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְהָכְתִיב: וּשְׁמָהּ קְטוּרָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שֶׁמְקֻטֶּרֶת מִצְווֹת וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְהָכְתִיב (בראשית כה, ו): וְלִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים אֲשֶׁר לְאַבְרָהָם, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פִּלַגְשָׁם כְּתִיב. (בראשית כה, ו): בְּעוֹדֶנּוּ חַי, אוֹתָהּ שֶׁיָּשְׁבָה עַל הַבְּאֵר וְאָמְרָה לְחַי הָעוֹלָמִים רְאֵה בְּעֶלְבּוֹנִי. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּאַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית כא, יד): וַתֵּלֶךְ וַתֵּתַע בְּמִדְבַּר וגו', תֹּאמַר שֶׁנֶּחְשַׁד עָלֶיהָ בִּרְיָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (בראשית כה, א): וּשְׁמָהּ קְטוּרָה, מִן קְטַר, כָּזֶה שֶׁהוּא חוֹתֵם גַּנְזַכָּה וּמוֹצִיאָהּ בְּחוֹתֶמֶת קְשׁוּרָה וַחֲתוּמָה. בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר תּוֹסַפְתּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְרֻבָּה עַל הָעִקָּר, קַיִן עִקָּר וְהֶבֶל עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוּא תּוֹסֶפֶת, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית ד, ב): וַתֹּסֶף לָלֶדֶת, נוֹלַד הוּא וּשְׁתֵּי תְּאוֹמוֹתָיו. יוֹסֵף עִקָּר, וּבִנְיָמִין עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ תּוֹסֶפֶת הוּא מַעֲמִיד עֲשָׂרָה, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית מו, כא): וּבְנֵי בִנְיָמִין בֶּלַע וָבֶכֶר וגו'. עֵר עִקָּר, וְשֵׁלָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן תּוֹסֶפֶת הוּא מַעֲמִיד עֲשָׂרָה בָּתֵּי דִּינִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב בְּדִבְרֵי הַיָּמִים (דברי הימים א ד, כא כג): בְּנֵי שֵׁלָּה בֶן יְהוּדָה עֵר אֲבִי לֵכָה וְלַעְדָּה אֲבִי מָרֵשָׁה וּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת בֵּית עֲבֹדַת הַבֻּץ לְבֵית אַשְׁבֵּעַ וגו'. עִקַּר שָׁנָיו שֶׁל אִיּוֹב לֹא הָיוּ אֶלָּא שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה, נִתּוֹסַף לוֹ מֵאָה וְאַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, דִּכְתִיב (איוב מב, טז): וַיְחִי אִיּוֹב אַחֲרֵי זֹאת מֵאָה וְאַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה. עִקַּר מַלְכוּתוֹ שֶׁל יְחִזְקִיָּהוּ לֹא הָיוּ אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה, וְנִתּוֹסַף לוֹ חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לח, ה): הִנְנִי יוֹסִף עַל יָמֶיךָ חֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה. יִשְׁמָעֵאל עִקָּר וּבְנֵי קְטוּרָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהֵן לְשׁוֹן תּוֹסֶפֶת (בראשית כה, ב): וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת זִמְרָן וגו'.

And her name was Keturah: Rav said, "She is Hagar." Rabbi Nechemiah said to him, "And is it not written, 'he added.'" He said to him, "[That signifies that] he [now] married her according to the [Divine] word; like that which you say (Isaiah 8), 'And the Lord added to speak to me more.'" He said to him, "And is it not written, 'And her name was Keturah?'" He said to him, "[It is] since she was fragrant (mekuteret) with commandments and good deeds." He said to him, "And is it not written, 'And to the sons of the concubines that Avraham had?'" He said, "It is [actually] written, 'concubine' (in the singular, such that there only be one concubine - Hagar)." "While he was still alive (chai)" - [this is a reference to] the one that sat by the well and said to the Life (chai) of the worlds, "Look at my embarrassment!" Rabbi Berakhia said, "Even though you say (Genesis 21:14), 'and she went and strayed in the wilderness, etc., [such that] you would say that she was suspected with any [other man]; hence we learn to say, 'And her name was Keturah' - like a type of knot (ketur) like this, [with which] he seals a storehouse and opens it with a seal, [that is] tied and sealed." Bar Kapra said, "The addition of the Holy One, blessed be He, is greater than the main part: Kayin was was the main part and as a result of Hevel being the addition - as it is is written (Genesis 4:2), 'And she added to give birth' - he and his two twins were born; Yosef was the main part, and as a result of it being written, addition, with Binyamin, he established ten [children], as it is written (Genesis 46:21), ' And the children of Binyamin were Bela and Becher, etc.'; Er was the main part, and as a result of Shelah being [born] with the language of addition, he established ten [courts], behold, it is written in I Chronicles 4:21, 'And the sons of Shelah the son of Yehudah were Er, the father (a term that is also used for the head of a court) of Lecha, and Ladah, the father of Maresha, and the families of the house Avodat HaButs of the house of Ashbea'; the main part of the years of Iyov were only seventy years, [and] one hundred and forty years were added to him, as it is written (Job 42:16), 'And Iyov lived after this one hundred and forty years'; the main part of the reign of Chizkiyahu was only fourteen years, and fifteen years were added to him, as it states (Isaiah 38:), 'behold, I will add fifteen years to your days; Yishmael is the main part, and as a result of the children of Keturah being [born] with the language of addition, 'And she gave birth for him to Zimran, etc.'"

וְלִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים וגו' (בראשית כה, ו), בִּימֵי אֲלַכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן בָּאוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לְעוֹרֵר עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל הַבְּכוֹרָה, וּבָאוּ עִמָּהֶם שְׁתֵּי מִשְׁפָּחוֹת רָעוֹת, כְּנַעֲנִים וּמִצְרִים, אָמְרוּ מִי הוֹלֵךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם, אָמַר גְּבִיעָה בֶּן קוֹסֵם אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ הִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹא תַּחְלִיט לָהֶם אֶת הָאָרֶץ, אָמַר אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם, אִם נָצַחְתִּי אוֹתָם הֲרֵי מֻטָּב, וְאִם לָאו אַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים מָה הַגָּרוּעַ הַזֶּה שֶׁיַּעֲמִיד עָלֵינוּ, הָלַךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם אֲלַכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן מִי תּוֹבֵעַ מִיַּד מִי, אָמְרוּ יִשְׁמְעֵאלִים אָנוּ תּוֹבְעִים מִיָּדָן וּמִתּוֹרָתָן אָנוּ בָּאִים עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּתִיב (דברים כא, יז): כִּי אֶת הַבְּכֹר בֶּן הַשְֹּׂנוּאָה יַכִּיר, וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּדִין שֶׁיִּטֹּל פִּי שְׁנַיִם. אָמַר לוֹ גְּבִיעָה בֶּן קוֹסֵם, אֲדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ, אֵין אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה מַה שֶּׁהוּא רוֹצֶה לְבָנָיו, אָמַר לוֹ הֵן, וְאָמַר לוֹ וְהָכְתִיב וַיִּתֵּן אַבְרָהָם אֶת כָּל אֲשֶׁר לוֹ לְיִצְחָק. אָמְרוּ לוֹ וְהֵיכָן שְׁטַר שִׁלּוּחַ שֶׁחִלֵּק בֵּין בָּנָיו, אָמַר לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים אֲשֶׁר לְאַבְרָהָם נָתַן אַבְרָהָם מַתָּנוֹת. וְנִסְתַּלְּקוּ מִשָּׁם בְּבשֶׁת פָּנִים. אָמְרוּ כְּנַעֲנִים מִתּוֹרָתָן אָנוּ בָּאִים עֲלֵיהֶם, בְּכָל מָקוֹם כְּתִיב אַרְצָה כְּנַעַן, אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, יִתְּנוּ לָנוּ אֶת אַרְצֵנוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם גְּבִיעָה בֶּן קוֹסֵם, אֲדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵין אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה לְעַבְדּוֹ מַה שֶּׁהוּא רוֹצֶה, אָמַר לוֹ הֵן, אָמַר מַה כְּתִיב (בראשית ט, כה): אָרוּר כְּנָעַן עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים וגו', הֲרֵי הָאָרֶץ שֶׁלָּנוּ וְהֵם עֲבָדִים לַאדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְנִסְתַּלְּקוּ מִשָּׁם בְּבשֶׁת פָּנִים. אָמְרוּ מִצְרִים מִתּוֹרָתָן אָנוּ בָּאִים עֲלֵיהֶם, שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא יָצְאוּ מֵאֶצְלֵנוּ טְעוּנִים כְּלֵי כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב, דִּכְתִיב (שמות יב, לו): וַיְנַצְּלוּ אֶת מִצְרָיִם, יִתְּנוּ לָנוּ אֶת כַּסְפֵּינוּ וְאֶת זְהָבֵינוּ. אָמַר לוֹ גְּבִיעָה בֶּן קוֹסֵם אֲדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא בְּנֵי אָדָם עָשׂוּ אֶצְלָם מָאתַיִם וְעֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים, מֵהֶם כַּסָּפִים וּמֵהֶם זֶהָבִים שֶׁנּוֹטְלִין בִּשְׂכָרָן דִּינָר לַיּוֹם, יָשְׁבוּ פִּילוֹסוֹפִים וְחִשְּׁבוּ וְלֹא הִגִּיעוּ לְמֵאָה שָׁנָה עַד שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לְטִמְיוֹן, וְנִסְתַּלְקוּ מִשָּׁם בְּבשֶׁת פָּנִים. בִּקֵּשׁ לַעֲלוֹת לִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֲזַלוּן כּוּתָאי וְאָמְרוּ לֵיהּ הִזָּהֵר שֶׁאֵינָן מַנִּיחִין אוֹתְךָ לְהִכָּנֵס לְבֵית קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁלָּהֶם, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִרְגִּישׁ גְּבִיעָה בֶּן קוֹסֵם, הָלַךְ וְעָשָׂה לוֹ שְׁתֵּי אַנְפִּלָּאוֹת וְנָתַן בָּהֶם שְׁתֵּי אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת שָׁווֹת שְׁתֵּי רִבּוֹאוֹת שֶׁל כֶּסֶף, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְהַר הַבַּיִת אָמַר לוֹ אֲדוֹנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹף מִנְעָלֶיךָ וּנְעֹל לָךְ שְׁתֵּי אַנְפִּלָּאוֹת, שֶׁהָרִצְפָּה חֲלָקָה שֶׁלֹא תַּחְלִּיק רַגְלֶיךָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְבֵית קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים אָמְרוּ לוֹ עַד כָּאן יֵשׁ לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לִכָּנֵס מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ אֵין לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לִכָּנֵס. אָמַר לוֹ לִכְשֶׁאֵצֵא אֲנִי מַשְׁוֶה לְךָ פַּדַּחְתֶּךָ [נסח אחר: גביעתך], אָמַר לוֹ אִם כֹּה תַּעֲשֶׂה רוֹפֵא אֻמָּן תִּקָּרֵא וְשָׂכָר הַרְבֵּה תִּטֹּל. (בראשית כה, ו): וַיְשַׁלְּחֵם מֵעַל יִצְחָק בְּנוֹ, אָמַר לָהֶם כָּל מַה שֶׁאַתֶּם יְכוֹלִים לְהַזְרִיחַ תַּזְרִיחוּ, שֶׁלֹא תִּכָּווּ בְּגַחַלְתּוֹ שֶׁל יִצְחָק, אֲבָל עֵשָׂו עַל יְדֵי שֶׁבָּא וְנִזְדַּוֵּוג לְיַעֲקֹב, נָטַל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה כג, ז ח): הֲזֹאת לָכֶם עַלִּיזָה מִימֵי קֶדֶם קַדְמָתָהּ יֹבִלוּהָ רַגְלֶיהָ מֵרָחוֹק לָגוּר מִי יָעַץ זֹאת עַל צֹר הַמַּעֲטִירָה וגו'. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר כָּל צוֹר שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּמִּקְרָא מָלֵא, בְּצוֹר מְדִינָה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. חָסֵר, בְּרוֹמִי הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. הַמַּעֲטִירָה, רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר הַקִּיפוּהָ בַּעֲטָרָה, וְרַבִּי יַנַּאי אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יַנַּאי הַקִּיפוּהָ כּוּבִין.

And to the sons of the concubines, etc.: In the days of Alexander the Macedonian (the Great), the Yishmaelites came to appeal against Israel about the birthright - and with them came two evil families: the Canaanites and the Egyptians. They [the Israelites] said, "Who will go and litigate with them?" G'vi'ah ben Kosem said, "I will go and litigate with them." They said to him, "Be careful that you not ensure the land for them." He said, "I will go and deliberate with them. If I win, so much the better. And, if not, you will say, 'What is this inferior one, that he should stand himself up for us?'" He went and litigated with them. Alexander the Macedonian said to them, "Who is claiming against whom?" The Yishmaelites said, "We are claiming against them, and from their Torah do we come against them: It is written (Deuteronomy 21:17), 'But he will recognize the firstborn the son of the disliked wife.' And by right Yishmael should take a double portion!" G'vi'ah ben Kosem said, "My lord king, may a man not do what he wants for his children?" He said to him, "Yes." And [G'vi'ah] said [back] to him, "And is it not written, 'And Avraham gave all that he had to Yitzhak!'" They said to him, "And where is the deed of sending away, that [proves that] he distributed [from his assets] to [the rest of ] his children?" He said to him, "'And to the sons of Avraham's concubines, Avraham gave gifts.'" And [the Yishmaelites] left from there shamefaced. The Canaanites said, "From their Torah do we come against them. In every place [there], it is written, 'to the Land of Canaan,' 'the Land of Canaan'; they should give us our land!" G'vi'ah ben Kosem said to [Alexander], "My master, the king, does a man not do to his slave what he wants?" He said to him, "Yes." [G'vi'ah] said [back], "What is written? 'Cursed is Canaan, the slave of slaves, etc.' (Genesis 9:25) - behold the land is ours and they are slaves to my lord king!" And [the Canaanites] left from there shamefaced. Egypt said, "From their Torah do we come against them. Sixty multitudes went out from us laden with vessels of silver and vessels of gold, as it is written (Exodus 12:36), 'and they despoiled Egypt'; they should give us our silver and our gold!" G'vi'ah ben Kosem said to him, "My lord king, sixty myriad persons [worked] for them for 210 years - among them were silversmiths and among them were goldsmiths who take for their wage, a dinar a day!" The philosophers (wise men) sat and calculated and did not get to a hundred years before the Land of Egypt [was forfeited] to the treasury [to repay its debt]. And [the Egyptians] left from there shamefaced. [Alexander] sought to go up to Jerusalem. Cuthites went and said to him, "Be careful, as they do not allow you to go into their House of the Holy of Holies (the inner sanctum of the Temple)." And when G'vi'ah ben Kosem realized [this], he made [Alexander] two felt shoes and put on them two jewels worth 20,000 silver [coins]. And once they reached the Temple Mount, [G'vi'ah] said to him, "My master, the king, "Take off your shoe, and shod yourself with two [felt] shoes, since the floor [here] is smooth, so that your feet not slip." And once they reached the Holy of Holies room, [the sages] said to [Alexander], "Thus far we have the right to enter; from here on, we do not have the right to enter." [Alexander] said to [G'vi'ah], "When I leave, I will flatten your forehead [meaning, make him stand upright, as G'vi'ah was a hunchback] (alt. version: your hump)!": He said [back] to him, "If you do that, you will be called an expert physician and take much remuneration!" and he sent them away from Yitzhak, his son: [Avraham] said to [the sons of the concubines], "As far as you can go to the East, go to the East, so that you not get burned by the coal of Yitzhak." But [in the case of] Esav, since he came and grappled with Yaakov, [Esav] took what was [coming to him as a punishment] from under his hand - this is what is written (Isaiah 23:7-8), "Is this your joyous one; in the early days, in its antiquity, its legs brought it to tarry far away. Who advised this on Tsur (Tyre), the crowning, etc." Rabbi Eliezer said, "All times that Tsur is written in Scripture fully (with all of its letters), the verse is speaking about the city-state of Tsur; when it is incomplete (without the letter, vav, as it is here), the verse is speaking about Rome (which is associated with Esav)." "The crowning" - Rabbi Abba said, "They surrounded it in [the formation of] a crown." And Rabbi Yannai said in the name of Rabbi Shimon, the son of Rabbi Yannai, "They surrounded it like a type of [fence made of] thornbushes."