(1) Now Moses, tending the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian, drove the flock into the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. (2) An angel of Adonai appeared to him in a blazing fire out of a bush. He gazed, and there was a bush all aflame, yet the bush was not consumed. (3) Moses said, “I must turn aside to look at this marvelous sight; why doesn’t the bush burn up?” (4) When Adonai saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him out of the bush: “Moses! Moses!” He answered, “Here I am.” (5) And He said, “Do not come closer. Remove your sandals from your feet, for the place on which you stand is holy ground. (6) I am,” He said, “the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob.” And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God.
אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא: יש לך רחמים לנהוג צאנו של בשר ודם, כך, חייך! אתה תרעה צאני ישראל. הוי, ומשה היה רועה:
(2) Our teachers have said: Once, while Moses our Teacher was tending [his father-in-law] Yitro’s sheep, one of the sheep ran away. Moses ran after it until it reached a small, shaded place. There, the lamb came across a pool and began to drink. As Moses approached the lamb, he said, “I did not know you ran away because you were thirsty. You are so exhausted!” He then put the lamb on his shoulders and carried him back. The Holy One said, “Since you tend the sheep of human beings with such overwhelming love - by your life, I swear you shall be the shepherd of My sheep, Israel.”...
"And he came to Horeb..." Moses, all by himself; he wanted to pray and meditate there in complete isolation and concentration.
"...to the mountain of God"— Scripture so names it with reference to what happened there in the future.
בלבת אש ללבבו, כשיבא לסיני ויראה אותן אשות, ולא יירא מהם.
"all aflame..." to embolden him, so that when he would come to Sinai and saw the fires he should not be afraid of them.
(ה) וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ יי אֵלָיו. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים ה, ב): אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה וְלִבִּי עֵר, אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת, וְלִבִּי עֵר לַעֲשׂוֹתָן. (שיר השירים ה, ב): תַּמָּתִי בְּסִינַי, שֶׁנִּתַּמְּמוּ עִמִּי בְּסִינַי וְאָמְרוּ (שמות כד, ז): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יי נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע. אָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי, מַה הַתְּאוֹמִים הַלָּלוּ, אִם חָשַׁשׁ אֶחָד בְּרֹאשׁוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ, כֵּן אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כִּבְיָכוֹל (תהלים צא, טו): עִמּוֹ אָנֹכִי בְצָרָה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַהוּ עִמּוֹ אָנֹכִי בְצָרָה, כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם צָרָה אֵינָם קוֹרְאִים אֶלָּא לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּמִצְרַיִם, (שמות ב, כג): וַתַּעַל שַׁוְעָתָם אֶל הָאֱלֹקִים. בַּיָּם, (שמות יד, י): וַיִּצְעֲקוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל יי, וְכָאֵלֶּה רַבִּים. וְאוֹמֵר (ישעיה סג, ט): בְּכָל צָרָתָם לוֹ צָר, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אִי אַתָּה מַרְגִּישׁ שֶׁאֲנִי שָׁרוּי בְּצַעַר כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל שְׁרוּיִם בְּצַעַר, הֱוֵי יוֹדֵעַ מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁאֲנִי מְדַבֵּר עִמְּךָ מִתּוֹךְ הַקּוֹצִים כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲנִי שֻׁתָּף בְּצַעֲרָן. וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ יי, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר זֶה מִיכָאֵל. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר זֶה גַּבְרִיאֵל. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הָאָרֹךְ בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהָיוּ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים שָׁם רַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ, כָּךְ כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁמִּיכָאֵל נִרְאֶה שָׁם הוּא כְּבוֹד הַשְּׁכִינָה. אֵלָיו, מַהוּ אֵלָיו, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ אֲנָשִׁים עִמּוֹ וְלֹא רָאוּ אֶלָּא משֶׁה בִּלְבָד. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּדָנִיֵּאל (דניאל י, ז): וְרָאִיתִי אֲנִי דָנִיֵּאל לְבַדִּי אֶת הַמַּרְאָה. בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, לְלַבְּבוֹ כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹא לְסִינַי וְיִרְאֶה אוֹתָן אִשּׁוֹת וְלֹא יִירָא מֵהֶם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל סְנֶה וּלְמַעְלָה, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַלֵּב נָתוּן מִשְּׁנֵי חֲלָקָיו שֶׁל אָדָם וּלְמַעְלָה. מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, שָׁאַל גּוֹי אֶחָד אֶת רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, מָה רָאָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. אָמַר לוֹ אִלּוּ מִתּוֹךְ חָרוּב אוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שִׁקְמָה כָּךְ הָיִיתָ שׁוֹאֲלֵנִי, אֶלָּא לְהוֹצִיאֲךָ חָלָק אִי אֶפְשָׁר, לָמָּה מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאֵין מָקוֹם פָּנוּי בְּלֹא שְׁכִינָה אֲפִלּוּ סְנֶה. בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ, בַּתְּחִלָּה לֹא יָרַד אֶלָּא מַלְאָךְ אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְמֻצָּע וְעוֹמֵד בְּאֶמְצַע הָאֵשׁ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יָרְדָה שְׁכִינָה וְדִבְּרָה עִמּוֹ מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה שָׁפָל מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, כָּךְ הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׁפָלִים וִיְרוּדִים לְמִצְרַיִם, לְפִיכָךְ נִגְלָה עֲלֵיהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ, בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּגְאָלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ח): וָאֵרֵד לְהַצִּילוֹ מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה קָשֶׁה מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת, וְכָל עוֹף שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְתוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה אֵין יוֹצֵא בְּשָׁלוֹם, כָּךְ הָיָה שִׁעְבּוּד מִצְרַיִם קָשֶׁה לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם מִכָּל הַשִּׁעְבּוּדִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר יי רָאֹה רָאִיתִי אֶת עֳנִי עַמִּי, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר רָאֹה רָאִיתִי שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים, אֶלָּא מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָיוּ מַטְבִּיעִין אוֹתָן בַּנָּהָר, הָיוּ חוֹזְרִין וְכוֹבְשִׁין אוֹתָן בַּבִּנְיָן. מָשָׁל לְאֶחָד שֶׁנָּטַל אֶת הַמַּקֵּל וְהִכָּה שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם וּשְׁנֵיהֶם קִבְּלוּ אֶת הָרְצוּעָה וְיוֹדְעִים צַעֲרָהּ, כָּךְ הָיָה צַעֲרָן וְשִׁעְבּוּדָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לִפְנֵי מִי שֶׁאָמַר וְהָיָה הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג, ז): כִּי יָדַעְתִּי אֶת מַכְאֹבָיו. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה עוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ גָּדֵר לַגִּנָּה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל גָּדֵר לָעוֹלָם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה גָדֵל עַל כָּל מַיִם, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָן גְּדֵלִים אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנִּקְרֵאת מַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נה, א): הוֹי כָּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם, דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה גָּדֵל בַּגִּנָּה וּבַנָּהָר, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וּבָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מָה הַסְּנֶה עוֹשֶׂה קוֹצִין וְעוֹשֶׂה וְרָדִין, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ בָּהֶן צַדִּיקִים וּרְשָׁעִים. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס הַכֹּהֵן בְּרַבִּי חָמָא, מָה הַסְּנֶה הַזֶּה כְּשֶׁאָדָם מַכְנִיס יָדוֹ לְתוֹכוֹ אֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ וּכְשֶׁהוּא מוֹצִיאָהּ מִסְתָּרֶטֶת, כָּךְ כְּשֶׁיָּרְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא הִכִּיר בָּהֶן בְּרִיָּה, כְּשֶׁיָּצְאוּ יָצְאוּ בְּאוֹתוֹת וּבְמוֹפְתִים וּבְמִלְחָמָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר שָׁלוֹם אָמַר, מָה הַסְּנֶה הָעוֹף נִכְנָס לְתוֹכוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מַרְגִּישׁ וּכְשֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא כְּנָפָיו מִתְמָרְטוֹת, כָּךְ כְּשֶׁיָּרַד אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ לְמִצְרַיִם לֹא הִכִּיר בּוֹ בְּרִיָה, וּכְשֶׁיָּצָא (בראשית יב, יז): וַיְנַגַּע יי אֶת פַּרְעֹה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, רַבִּי נַחְמָן בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אוֹמֵר, כָּל הָאִילָנוֹת יֵשׁ מֵהֶן עוֹשֶׂה עָלֶה אַחַת, וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן שְׁתַּיִם אוֹ שָׁלשׁ, הֲדַס עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלשׁ, שֶׁנִּקְרָא (ויקרא כג, מ): עֵץ עָבֹת. אֲבָל הַסְּנֶה יֵשׁ לוֹ חָמֵשׁ עָלִין. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, אֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל נִגְאָלִין אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּת אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וּבִזְכוּתְךָ וּבִזְכוּת אַהֲרֹן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה, רָמַז לוֹ שֶׁיִּחְיֶה מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה כְּמִנְיַן הַסְּנֶה. וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה הַסְּנֶה בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ. מִכָּן אָמְרוּ הָאֵשׁ שֶׁל מַעְלָה מַעֲלָה לוּלָבִין וְשׂוֹרֶפֶת וְאֵינָהּ אוֹכֶלֶת וְהִיא שְׁחוֹרָה, הָאֵשׁ שֶׁל מַטָּה אֵינָהּ מַעֲלָה לוּלָבִין וְהִיא אֲדֻמָּה וְאוֹכֶלֶת וְאֵינָהּ שׂוֹרֶפֶת. וְלָמָּה הֶרְאָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה בָּעִנְיָן הַזֶּה, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה מְחַשֵּׁב בְּלִבּוֹ וְאוֹמֵר, שֶׁמָּא יִהְיוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים מְכַלִּין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְפִיכָךְ הֶרְאָהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵשׁ בּוֹעֶרֶת וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, אָמַר לוֹ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַסְּנֶה בּוֹעֵר בָּאֵשׁ וְאֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל, כָּךְ הַמִּצְרִיִּים אֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לְכַלּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה וְלֹא הָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִבָּטֵל מִמְּלַאכְתוֹ, הֶרְאָה לוֹ אוֹתוֹ דָּבָר כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּהֲפֹךְ פָּנָיו וְיִרְאֶה וִידַבֵּר עִמּוֹ, שֶׁכָּךְ אַתָּה מוֹצֵא מִתְּחִלָּה וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ יי אֵלָיו, וְלֹא הָלַךְ משֶׁה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּטַל מִמְּלַאכְתוֹ וְהָלַךְ לִרְאוֹת, מִיָּד (שמות ג, ד): וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו אֱלֹקִים.
A Gentile once asked R. Joshua b. Karhah: Why did the Blessed Holy One, see fit to speak to Moses from within a thorn-bush? [R. Joshua retorted]: If it had been a carob tree or a sycamore tree, would you not have asked the same question. However to send you away you without any answer is not possible, [so] why from within a thorn-bush? To teach you that there is no empty place devoid of the Shechinah, not even a [lowly] thorn-bush. "In a flame of fire." At first only one angel descended and stood in the center of the fire as an intermediary. Only afterwards did the Shechinah descend and spoke with him from within the thorn-bush. Rabbi Eliezer said: Just as the thorn-bush is the lowliest of all trees in the world, so too Israel were lowly and downtrodden in Egypt. Therefore the Blessed Holy One revealed God's self to them and redeemed them, as it says (Exodus 3:8) "And I will go down and save them from the Egypt." Rabbi Yossi said: Just as the thorn-bush is the hardest of all the trees, and any bird that enters into it does not come out unharmed, so too the servitude in Egypt was harsher to God more than any other servitude in the world.
And why did the Blessed Holy One reveal Himself to Moses in this way? Because he [Moses] thought in his heart, saying, Maybe the Egyptians will destroy Israel. Therefore the Blessed Holy One revealed God's self in a thorn-bush that was burning but not consumed. God said to him, just as the thorn-bush is burning but is not consumed, so too the Egyptians will not be able to destroy Israel.
Aryeh Bernstein, JewSchool
Fugitive Moses is tending his sheep, when an unusual thing catches his eye: “He gazed, and there was a bush, all aflame, yet the bush was not consumed. Moses said, ‘I must turn aside to look at this marvelous sight; why doesn’t the bush burn up?’Although the reader already knows that this is a sign from God (v. 1), Moses does not. He just thinks it’s interesting. We see unusual things all the time, but how often do we pay attention to them? More often, we ignore them, explain them away, or feel too busy tending our sheep to investigate. Had Moses not been driven by a need to understand, he never would have had the chance to hear God’s voice. Note the language: “When Adonai saw that he had turned aside to look, God called to him” (v. 4). It is Moses’s expression of intellectual curiosity that justifies calling him and giving him the job. Strategizing within the well-defined parameters of the task at hand does not cut it: one must be constantly studying the entire world; after all, the source for solving the greatest national problems might lie in an unusual, small bush.
(11) But Moses said to God, “Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh and free the Israelites from Egypt?” (12) And He said, “I will be with you; that shall be your sign that it was I who sent you. And when you have freed the people from Egypt, you shall worship God at this mountain.” (13) Moses said to God, “When I come to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’ what shall I say to them?” (14) And God said to Moses, “Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh.” He continued, “Thus shall you say to the Israelites, ‘Ehyeh sent me to you.’” (15) And God said further to Moses, “Thus shall you speak to the Israelites: Adonai, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you: This shall be My name forever, This My appellation for all eternity.
What is His name?: seeing that I do not know Your specific name.
And they ask me, 'What is His name?': a name describes the individual features of a person, Being, or what makes them distinctive. The people could therefore be expected to ask Moses in what manner this God whose messenger he claimed to be had distinguished God's self as being special, different from other gods.
Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh: - I will be with them in this time of distress just as I will be with them during the suppression of other kingdoms. [Moshe] said, "Ruler of the Universe, why do I need to mention other distress? This travail is sufficient!" God said to him, "You have spoken well. This shall you say, etc."
And God said to him: if you do not know My name, I will tell you that I am the Eternal. This means that I can fulfill any promise I make. Now that I have told you that My name is “the Eternal,” thus you shall say to the Children of Israel, “the One Who is the Eternal has sent me to you.”
Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh: I am an independent existence, not subject to influences by other phenomena or even caused by them. Seeing that this is so it follows that I love existing, and beings that exist. As a corollary to this love of Mine for existence, it follows that I deeply resent anything or anyone who tries to terminate such an existing being from continuing to do so... From this it follows that I must love righteousness and justice, the objective of both virtues being the continued existence of all who deserve it. At the same time, it follows that I must hate injustice and cruelty as these vices are apt to terminate the existence of the victims of these vices. Clearly, then, this God must hate the violence and cruelty perpetrated on you by the Egyptians.
Rabbi Arthur Waskow (The Shalom Center Blog, 12/28/2015)
As Moses faces the unquenchably fiery Voice Who is sending him on a mission to end slavery under Pharaoh, he warns the Voice that the people will challenge him: “Sez who?” And the Holy One, the Wholly One, answers: “Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh, I Will Be Who I Will Be” –- a fitting Name for a universe that is always Becoming. A universe in which the powerless poor can be empowered and the pharaoh’s power can dissolve like powder into the Sea of Reeds. Then God adds, “But that’s a mouthful. You can use just ‘Ehyeh, I Will Be,’ as my nickname, if you like.”
“And oh yes, you can also call me ‘YHWH.’" But we actually can’t. There’s no way to “pronounce” those letters, with no vowels. And for a couple of millennia, Jews have been strictly taught not even to try pronouncing it but instead to say “Adonai.”