Chayei Sarah ~ Shalshelet and its meanings
דרש רבא מאי דכתיב (קהלת יב, ט) ויותר שהיה קהלת חכם עוד לימד דעת את העם [ו] איזן וחקר תיקן משלים הרבה לימד דעת את העם דאגמריה בסימני טעמים ואסברה במאי דדמי ליה
Rava also taught: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And besides being wise, Koheleth also taught the people knowledge; and he weighed, and sought out, and set in order many proverbs” (Ecclesiastes 12:9). Rava interpreted homiletically: He taught the people knowledge, meaning he taught it with the accentuation marks in the Torah, and he explained each matter by means of something similar to it.

Abba ben Joseph bar Ḥama (c. 280 – 352 CE), who is exclusively referred to in the Talmud by the name Rava (רבא), was a fourth-generation rabbi (amora) who lived in Mahoza, a suburb of Ctesiphon, the capital of Babylonia. He is one of the most often-cited rabbis in the Talmud.

מפני מה אין מקנחין בימין אלא בשמאל אמר רבא מפני שהתורה ניתנה בימין שנאמר (דברים לג, ב) מימינו אש דת למו רבה בר בר חנה אמר מפני שהיא קרובה לפה ור' שמעון בן לקיש אמר מפני שקושר בה תפילין רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר מפני שמראה בה טעמי תורה
The Gemara asks: Why must one not wipe himself with his right hand, but with his left? Rava said: Because the Torah was given with the right hand, as it is stated: “At His right hand was a fiery law unto them” (Deuteronomy 33:2). Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: Because the right hand is close to the mouth, i.e., people eat with the right hand. And Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: Because one ties the phylacteries onto his left hand with his right hand. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Because one points to the cantillation notes of the Torah with his right hand.
The symbols of each Taam were introduced by a scholar from Tiberias called Rabbi Aaron ben Asher (900-960 CE). Coming from a family of Masoretes (Anshei Hamesora), Jews who succeeded the soferim or scribes in the responsibility of making reliable copies of the sacred scriptures. In his work, Dikdukei Hateamim (Grammatical rules of the accents), he established the vocalization of the signs and how they look. He even gives us some clues about the musicalization of the Teamim, describing different tones. [History of the Taamei Hamikra, Hazzan Daniel Rosenthal, https://masortiolami.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/10-jazanim_septiembre_eng.pdf]

(טז) וַֽיִּתְמַהְמָ֓הּ ׀ וַיַּחֲזִ֨קוּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֜ים בְּיָד֣וֹ וּבְיַד־אִשְׁתּ֗וֹ וּבְיַד֙ שְׁתֵּ֣י בְנֹתָ֔יו בְּחֶמְלַ֥ת ה' עָלָ֑יו וַיֹּצִאֻ֥הוּ וַיַּנִּחֻ֖הוּ מִח֥וּץ לָעִֽיר׃

(16) Still he delayed. So the men seized his hand, and the hands of his wife and his two daughters—in the LORD’s mercy on him—and brought him out and left him outside the city.

(יא) וַיִּתְמַהְמָהּ (בראשית יט, טז), תִּמָּהוֹן אַחַר תִּמָּהוֹן, אָמַר כַּמָּה אִבּוּד בְּכֶסֶף וְזָהָב אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (קהלת ה, יב): עשֶׁר שָׁמוּר לִבְעָלָיו לְרָעָתוֹ.

And he delayed (Gen. 19:16) - A delay and another delay, he said: 'How much silver and gold, and precious stones and pearls will be destroyed' - and this is why "wealth is guarded for its master's evil." (Eccl./Kohelet 5:12)

(א) ויתמהמה ויחזיקו האנשים בידו וגו' בחמלת ה' וגו'. טעם למה שרצה להתמהמה הוא לצד שראה שאינם חפצים לעשות דבר עד אשר יצא מן העיר, סבר בדעתו כיון שעליו לא נגזרה הגזירה הוא יעכב את הפורעניות מלבא העיר כשיהיה בתוכה ולא יצא ממנה, ועל כן התעכב מעט כי אולי ברגע הזה ישובו אנשי סדום מחטאתם ולא יאבדו. ועל כן המלאכים שידעו להיפך אשר בשבילו לא יתעכב הפורעניות מלבא אדרבה גם הוא יספה בעוון העיר החזיקו בו ויוציאהו כי כל הצלתו הוא בחמלת ה' עליו ואינו כדאי לעכב הוא את הרעה ודי להציל עצמו כשיהיה מחוץ לעיר.

Lot could see that the angels didn't want to do anything until he left the city. He thought that since the decree of destruction did not fall upon him, he would be able to withhold the destruction from entering the city (of Sodom) by not leaving it.

He, therefore, delayed a bit because he thought that the people of Sodom would repent and not be destroyed.

The angels knew that it was the opposite- the punishment wouldn't be delayed because of Lot, and that he would also be consumed by the sins of the city held him and took him out. The reason for his salvation is because G-d took pity on him - he wasn't able to prevent the destruction, and it was enough for Lot to save himself once he left the city.

(יב) וַיֹּאמַ֓ר ׀ ה' אֱלֹקֵי֙ אדושם אַבְרָהָ֔ם הַקְרֵה־נָ֥א לְפָנַ֖י הַיּ֑וֹם וַעֲשֵׂה־חֶ֕סֶד עִ֖ם אדושם אַבְרָהָֽם׃ (יג) הִנֵּ֛ה אָנֹכִ֥י נִצָּ֖ב עַל־עֵ֣ין הַמָּ֑יִם וּבְנוֹת֙ אַנְשֵׁ֣י הָעִ֔יר יֹצְאֹ֖ת לִשְׁאֹ֥ב מָֽיִם׃ (יד) וְהָיָ֣ה הַֽנַּעֲרָ֗ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֹמַ֤ר אֵלֶ֙יהָ֙ הַטִּי־נָ֤א כַדֵּךְ֙ וְאֶשְׁתֶּ֔ה וְאָמְרָ֣ה שְׁתֵ֔ה וְגַם־גְּמַלֶּ֖יךָ אַשְׁקֶ֑ה אֹתָ֤הּ הֹכַ֙חְתָּ֙ לְעַבְדְּךָ֣ לְיִצְחָ֔ק וּבָ֣הּ אֵדַ֔ע כִּי־עָשִׂ֥יתָ חֶ֖סֶד עִם־אדושם

(12) And he said, “O LORD, God of my master Abraham, grant me good fortune this day, and deal graciously with my master Abraham: (13) Here I stand by the spring as the daughters of the townsmen come out to draw water; (14) let the maiden to whom I say, ‘Please, lower your jar that I may drink,’ and who replies, ‘Drink, and I will also water your camels’—let her be the one whom You have decreed for Your servant Isaac. Thereby shall I know that You have dealt graciously with my master.”
(א) אלי לא תלך האשה אֵלִי כְּתִיב, בַּת הָיְתָה לוֹ לָאֱלִיעֶזֶר, וְהָיָה מְחַזַּר לִמְצוֹא עִלָהּ, שֶיֹּאמַר לוֹ אַבְרָהָם לִפְנוֹת אֵלָיו לְהַשּׂיאוֹ בִּתּוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ אַבְרָהָם בְּנִי בָרוּךְ וְאַתָּה אָרוּר וְאֵין אָרוּר מִדַּבֵּק בְּבָרוּךְ:
(1) אלי לא תלך האשה PERADVENTURE THE WOMAN WILL NOT FOLLOW ME —The word אולי perhaps is written without ו so that it may be read אֵלַי unto me. Eliezer had a daughter and he was endeavouring to find some reason why Abraham should say that he must appeal to him (Eliezer) that he should give his daughter in marriage to Isaac. Abraham said to him, “My son is blessed and you are subject to a curse. One who is under a curse cannot unite with one who is blessed” (Genesis Rabbah 59:9).
(ב) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר אַבְרָ֗ם אדושם ה' מַה־תִּתֶּן־לִ֔י וְאָנֹכִ֖י הוֹלֵ֣ךְ עֲרִירִ֑י וּבֶן־מֶ֣שֶׁק בֵּיתִ֔י ה֖וּא דַּמֶּ֥שֶׂק אֱלִיעֶֽזֶר׃
(2) But Abram said, “O Lord GOD, what can You give me, seeing that I shall die childless, and the one in charge of my household is Dammesek Eliezer!”

All of Eliezer's hopes to inherit would be dashed by his success in this mission. Elsewhere the rabbis berate Eliezer deeply because of his request.

(ז) וַיְהִ֗י אַחַר֙ הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה וַתִּשָּׂ֧א אֵֽשֶׁת־אֲדֹנָ֛יו אֶת־עֵינֶ֖יהָ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֑ף וַתֹּ֖אמֶר שִׁכְבָ֥ה עִמִּֽי׃ (ח) וַיְמָאֵ֓ן ׀ וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־אֵ֣שֶׁת אֲדֹנָ֔יו הֵ֣ן אדושם לֹא־יָדַ֥ע אִתִּ֖י מַה־בַּבָּ֑יִת וְכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יֶשׁ־ל֖וֹ נָתַ֥ן בְּיָדִֽי׃ (ט) אֵינֶ֨נּוּ גָד֜וֹל בַּבַּ֣יִת הַזֶּה֮ מִמֶּנִּי֒ וְלֹֽא־חָשַׂ֤ךְ מִמֶּ֙נִּי֙ מְא֔וּמָה כִּ֥י אִם־אוֹתָ֖ךְ בַּאֲשֶׁ֣ר אַתְּ־אִשְׁתּ֑וֹ וְאֵ֨יךְ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֜ה הָרָעָ֤ה הַגְּדֹלָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את וְחָטָ֖אתִי לֵֽאלֹקִֽים׃ (י) וַיְהִ֕י כְּדַבְּרָ֥הּ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֖ף י֣וֹם ׀ י֑וֹם וְלֹא־שָׁמַ֥ע אֵלֶ֛יהָ לִשְׁכַּ֥ב אֶצְלָ֖הּ לִהְי֥וֹת עִמָּֽהּ׃ (יא) וַיְהִי֙ כְּהַיּ֣וֹם הַזֶּ֔ה וַיָּבֹ֥א הַבַּ֖יְתָה לַעֲשׂ֣וֹת מְלַאכְתּ֑וֹ וְאֵ֨ין אִ֜ישׁ מֵאַנְשֵׁ֥י הַבַּ֛יִת שָׁ֖ם בַּבָּֽיִת׃ (יב) וַתִּתְפְּשֵׂ֧הוּ בְּבִגְד֛וֹ לֵאמֹ֖ר שִׁכְבָ֣ה עִמִּ֑י וַיַּעֲזֹ֤ב בִּגְדוֹ֙ בְּיָדָ֔הּ וַיָּ֖נָס וַיֵּצֵ֥א הַחֽוּצָה׃

(7) After a time, his master’s wife cast her eyes upon Joseph and said, “Lie with me.” (8) But he refused. He said to his master’s wife, “Look, with me here, my master gives no thought to anything in this house, and all that he owns he has placed in my hands. (9) He wields no more authority in this house than I, and he has withheld nothing from me except yourself, since you are his wife. How then could I do this most wicked thing, and sin before God?” (10) And much as she coaxed Joseph day after day, he did not yield to her request to lie beside her, to be with her. (11) One such day, he came into the house to do his work. None of the household being there inside, (12) she caught hold of him by his garment and said, “Lie with me!” But he left his garment in her hand and got away and fled outside.
יוסף מאי היא דכתיב (בראשית לט, יא) ויהי כהיום הזה ויבא הביתה לעשות מלאכתו א"ר יוחנן מלמד ששניהם לדבר עבירה נתכוונו ויבא הביתה לעשות מלאכתו רב ושמואל חד אמר לעשות מלאכתו ממש וחד אמר לעשות צרכיו נכנס ואין איש מאנשי הבית וגו' אפשר בית גדול כביתו של אותו רשע לא היה בו איש תנא דבי ר' ישמעאל אותו היום יום חגם היה והלכו כולן לבית עבודת כוכבים שלהם והיא אמרה להן חולה היא אמרה אין לי יום שניזקק לי יוסף כיום הזה
The Gemara explains: What is the situation where Joseph sanctified God’s name in private? As it is written: “And it came to pass on a certain day, when he went into the house to do his work” (Genesis 39:11). Rabbi Yoḥanan says: This teaches that both Joseph and Potiphar’s wife stayed in the house, as they intended to perform a matter of sin. With regard to the phrase “when he went into the house to do his work,” Rav and Shmuel engage in a dispute with regard to its meaning. One says: It means that he went into the house to do his work, literally. And one says: He entered the house in order to fulfill his sexual needs with her. The verse continues: “And there was none of the men of the house there within” (Genesis 39:11). The Gemara asks: Is it possible that in such a large and important house like the house of that wicked man that no one was in there? The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: That day was their festival day and they all went to their house of idol worship; and she told them that she was sick and could not go, as she said to herself: I have no day on which Joseph will attend to me like this day.

(ו) ...וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֵלֶיהָ לִשְׁכַּב אֶצְלָהּ, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. לִהְיוֹת עִמָּהּ, שֶׁיִהְיֶה עִמָּהּ בַּגֵּיהִנֹּם לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֵלֶיהָ, אֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁכִיבָה בְּלֹא תַשְׁמִישׁ. מַטְרוֹנָה שָׁאֲלָה אֶת רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אָמְרָה לוֹ, אֶפְשָׁר יוֹסֵף בֶּן שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה הָיָה עוֹמֵד בְּכָל חֻמְאוֹ וְהָיָה עוֹשֶׂה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, הוֹצִיא לְפָנֶיהָ סֵפֶר בְּרֵאשִׁית וְהִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא לְפָנֶיהָ מַעֲשֵׂה רְאוּבֵן וּבִלְהָה, מַעֲשֵׂה יְהוּדָה וְתָמָר, אָמַר לָהּ מָה אִם אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵם גְּדוֹלִים וּבִרְשׁוּת אֲבִיהֶן לֹא כִּסָּה עֲלֵיהֶם הַכָּתוּב, זֶה שֶׁהוּא קָטָן וּבִרְשׁוּת עַצְמוֹ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.

... And he did not listen to her to lie down with her - in this world. 'To be with her' in Gehena, in the world to come. And another opinion: 'He did not listen to her' he did not even touch her bed. A certain Roman Matron asked Rabbi Yosi: Is it really possible that Yosef, a young man of 17 resisted all his heat and did this? Rabbi Yosi took out the book of Bereshit and began reading for her the stories of Reuven and Bilhah, Yehudah and Tamar, and said: 'if with those, adults and under their father's authority the Scripture did not hide their misdeed, with this one, not an adult and by himself, all the more so it would have revealed the misdeed!

(כב) וַיַּקְרֵב֙ אֶת־הָאַ֣יִל הַשֵּׁנִ֔י אֵ֖יל הַמִּלֻּאִ֑ים וַֽיִּסְמְכ֞וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּבָנָ֛יו אֶת־יְדֵיהֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הָאָֽיִל׃ (כג) וַיִּשְׁחָ֓ט ׀ וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֹשֶׁה֙ מִדָּמ֔וֹ וַיִּתֵּ֛ן עַל־תְּנ֥וּךְ אֹֽזֶן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַיְמָנִ֑ית וְעַל־בֹּ֤הֶן יָדוֹ֙ הַיְמָנִ֔ית וְעַל־בֹּ֥הֶן רַגְל֖וֹ הַיְמָנִֽית׃

(22) He brought forward the second ram, the ram of ordination. Aaron and his sons laid their hands upon the ram’s head, (23) and it was slaughtered. Moses took some of its blood and put it on the ridge of Aaron’s right ear, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot.

...רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוּדָן תָּנֵי כָּל שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַמִּלּוּאִים הָיָה משֶׁה מְשַׁמֵּשׁ בִּכְהֻנָּה גְדוֹלָה וְלֹא שָׁרְתָה שְׁכִינָה עַל יָדוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ויקרא ט, כד): וַיַּרְא כָּל הָעָם וַיָּרֹנוּ וַיִּפְּלוּ עַל פְּנֵיהֶם, אָמַר רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן, כָּל שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַסְּנֶה הָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְפַתֶּה אֶת משֶׁה שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בִּשְׁלִיחוּתוֹ לְמִצְרַיִם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות ד, י): גַּם מִתְּמוֹל גַּם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁם גַּם מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ אֶל עַבְדֶּךָ, הֲרֵי שִׁשָּׁה, וּבַשְּׁבִיעִי אָמַר לוֹ (שמות ד, יג): שְׁלַח נָא בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, משֶׁה, אַתְּ אוֹמֵר שְׁלַח נָא בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח, חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֲנִי צוֹרְרָה לְךָ בִּכְנָפֶיךָ, אֵימָתַי פָּרַע לוֹ, רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר כָּל שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי אֲדָר הָיָה משֶׁה מְבַקֵּשׁ תְּפִלָּה וְתַחֲנוּנִים שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּבַשְּׁבִיעִי אָמַר לוֹ (דברים ג, כז): כִּי לֹא תַעֲבֹר אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן הַזֶּה. רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ אָמַר כָּל שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַמִּלּוּאִים הָיָה מְשַׁמֵּשׁ בִּכְהֻנָּה גְדוֹלָה וְכַסָּבוּר שֶׁלּוֹ הִיא, בַּשְּׁבִיעִי אָמַר לוֹ, לֹא שֶׁלְךָ הִיא אֶלָּא שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הִיא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי.

...Rabbi Tanchum in the name of Rabbi Yudan teaches: All seven days of the consecration, Moshe was using the High Priesthood yet the Shechinah did not rest on his hands, as it is written: "[And Aaron lifted up his hands toward the people, and blessed them; and he came down from offering the sin-offering, and the burnt-offering, and the peace-offerings... the glory of Ad-nai appeared... a fire came from Ad-nai] " when all the people saw it, they shouted, and fell on their faces"(Lev. 9:24). Rabbi Shmuel bar Nachman said: 'All seven days at the burning bush the Holy One was asking Moshe to go on his mission regarding Egypt, as it is written: "Also yesterday and three days ago, since You began talking to Your servant" - those are six days. On the seventh day he said: "send whoever You will send!" The Holy One of Blessing said: Moshe, you are saying send whoever, by your life [I swear] I will tie you by your skirts!" When did He let him have it? Both Rabbi Berachia and Rabbi Chelbo say that Rabbi Levi said: For seven days Moshe kept begging and praying to enter the land, and on the seventh He said: "Because you will not cross this Yarden" (Deut./Devarim 3:27). Rabbi Chelbo says: All seven days of consecration Moshe was using the High Priesthood and he thought it would be his. On the seventh day He said to him: it is not yours, rather, it is your brother's, as it is written: "And it was on the eight day".

What all four stories tell us is that there comes a time for each of us when we must make an ultimate decision as to who we are. It is a moment of existential truth. Lot is a Hebrew, not a citizen of Sodom. Eliezer is Abraham’s servant, not his heir. Joseph is Jacob’s son, not an Egyptian of easygoing morals. Moses is a prophet, not a priest. To say Yes to who we are, we have to have the courage to say No to who we are not. There is pain and conflict involved. That is the meaning of the shalshelet. But we emerge less conflicted than we were before.

Jonathan Sacks, Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, p. 190

All four of the notes are markers of individuals wrestling with their inner demons. Lot’s intrinsic nature, Eliezer’s resistance to his mission, Joseph’s overcoming temptation to do the right thing, Moses’ overcoming his personal feelings to follow God’s word… we can all understand how they felt. We all go through moments of indecision, stress, and anxiety. It is an inevitable part of the human condition. The shalshelet, in its rare appearances, helps us to remember that the Biblical characters felt the same inner conflicts that we do every day. [Dan Brosgol Under Duress in VaYeshev: The Shalshelet, https://www.jewishboston.com/under-duress-in-vayeshev-the-shalshelet/]

(א) מַשָּׂ֖א בָּבֶ֑ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר חָזָ֔ה יְשַׁעְיָ֖הוּ בֶּן־אָמֽוֹץ׃ (ב) עַ֤ל הַר־נִשְׁפֶּה֙ שְֽׂאוּ־נֵ֔ס הָרִ֥ימוּ ק֖וֹל לָהֶ֑ם הָנִ֣יפוּ יָ֔ד וְיָבֹ֖אוּ פִּתְחֵ֥י נְדִיבִֽים׃ (ג) אֲנִ֥י צִוֵּ֖יתִי לִמְקֻדָּשָׁ֑י גַּ֣ם קָרָ֤אתִי גִבּוֹרַי֙ לְאַפִּ֔י עַלִּיזֵ֖י גַּאֲוָתִֽי׃ (ד) ק֥וֹל הָמ֛וֹן בֶּֽהָרִ֖ים דְּמ֣וּת עַם־רָ֑ב ק֠וֹל שְׁא֞וֹן מַמְלְכ֤וֹת גּוֹיִם֙ נֶֽאֱסָפִ֔ים ה' צְבָא֔וֹת מְפַקֵּ֖ד צְבָ֥א מִלְחָמָֽה׃ (ה) בָּאִ֛ים מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מֶרְחָ֖ק מִקְצֵ֣ה הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם ה' וּכְלֵ֣י זַעְמ֔וֹ לְחַבֵּ֖ל כָּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃ (ו) הֵילִ֕ילוּ כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב י֣וֹם ה' כְּשֹׁ֖ד מִשַּׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא׃ (ז) עַל־כֵּ֖ן כָּל־יָדַ֣יִם תִּרְפֶּ֑ינָה וְכָל־לְבַ֥ב אֱנ֖וֹשׁ יִמָּס׃ (ח) וְֽנִבְהָ֓לוּ ׀ צִירִ֤ים וַֽחֲבָלִים֙ יֹֽאחֵז֔וּן כַּיּוֹלֵדָ֖ה יְחִיל֑וּן אִ֤ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֙הוּ֙ יִתְמָ֔הוּ פְּנֵ֥י לְהָבִ֖ים פְּנֵיהֶֽם׃ (ט) הִנֵּ֤ה יוֹם־ה' בָּ֔א אַכְזָרִ֥י וְעֶבְרָ֖ה וַחֲר֣וֹן אָ֑ף לָשׂ֤וּם הָאָ֙רֶץ֙ לְשַׁמָּ֔ה וְחַטָּאֶ֖יהָ יַשְׁמִ֥יד מִמֶּֽנָּה׃ (י) כִּֽי־כוֹכְבֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ וּכְסִ֣ילֵיהֶ֔ם לֹ֥א יָהֵ֖לּוּ אוֹרָ֑ם חָשַׁ֤ךְ הַשֶּׁ֙מֶשׁ֙ בְּצֵאת֔וֹ וְיָרֵ֖חַ לֹֽא־יַגִּ֥יהַ אוֹרֽוֹ׃

(1) The “Babylon” Pronouncement, a prophecy of Isaiah son of Amoz. (2) “Raise a standard upon a bare hill, Cry aloud to them; Wave a hand, and let them enter The gates of the nobles! (3) I have summoned My purified guests To execute My wrath; Behold, I have called My stalwarts, My proudly exultant ones.” (4) Hark! a tumult on the mountains— As of a mighty force; Hark! an uproar of kingdoms, Nations assembling! The LORD of Hosts is mustering A host for war. (5) They come from a distant land, From the end of the sky— The LORD with the weapons of His wrath— To ravage all the earth! (6) Howl! For the day of the LORD is near; It shall come like havoc from Shaddai. (7) Therefore all hands shall grow limp, And all men’s hearts shall sink; (8) And, overcome by terror, They shall be seized by pangs and throes, Writhe like a woman in travail. They shall gaze at each other in horror, Their faces livid with fright. (9) Lo! The day of the LORD is coming With pitiless fury and wrath, To make the earth a desolation, To wipe out the sinners upon it. (10) The stars and constellations of heaven Shall not give off their light; The sun shall be dark when it rises, And the moon shall diffuse no glow.

(א) דִּבְרֵ֣י עָמ֔וֹס אֲשֶׁר־הָיָ֥ה בַנֹּקְדִ֖ים מִתְּק֑וֹעַ אֲשֶׁר֩ חָזָ֨ה עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל בִּימֵ֣י ׀ עֻזִיָּ֣ה מֶֽלֶךְ־יְהוּדָ֗ה וּבִימֵ֞י יָרָבְעָ֤ם בֶּן־יוֹאָשׁ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שְׁנָתַ֖יִם לִפְנֵ֥י הָרָֽעַשׁ׃ (ב) וַיֹּאמַ֓ר ׀ ה' מִצִיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֔ג וּמִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֑וֹ וְאָֽבְלוּ֙ נְא֣וֹת הָרֹעִ֔ים וְיָבֵ֖שׁ רֹ֥אשׁ הַכַּרְמֶֽל׃ (פ)

(1) The words of Amos, a sheepbreeder from Tekoa, who prophesied concerning Israel in the reigns of Kings Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel, two years before the earthquake. (2) He proclaimed: The LORD roars from Zion, Shouts aloud from Jerusalem; And the pastures of the shepherds shall languish, And the summit of Carmel shall wither.

Opening of a long discourse whose structure is "for three transgressions, for four" - the name of the kingdom - description of main sin - the description of punishment. This begins with six kingdoms, and culminates in Judah and Israel, from which the discourse develops.

The shalshelet here can be explained in light of the presentation of Amos: he is a shepherd, not a trained prophet. In the seventh chapter he is confronted by Amaziah, the chief priest of Bethel, who, startled by the ominous utterances of Amos, advises him to escape to Yehudah and there to earn his livelihood by his profession of prophet. Amos affirms he does not need to take fees for his prophecies, because he is well-to-do, and that he was called by God from behind his flock to become a prophet.

(יא) וּכְנֵ֥מָא פִתְגָמָ֖א הֲתִיב֣וּנָא לְמֵמַ֑ר אֲנַ֣חְנָא הִמּ֡וֹ עַבְדוֹהִי֩ דִֽי־אֱלָ֨הּ שְׁמַיָּ֜א וְאַרְעָ֗א וּבָנַ֤יִן בַּיְתָא֙ דִּֽי־הֲוָ֨א בְנֵ֜ה מִקַּדְמַ֤ת דְּנָה֙ שְׁנִ֣ין שַׂגִּיאָ֔ן וּמֶ֤לֶךְ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל֙ רַ֔ב בְּנָ֖הִי וְשַׁכְלְלֵֽהּ׃ (יב) לָהֵ֗ן מִן־דִּ֨י הַרְגִּ֤זוּ אֲבָהֳתַ֙נָא֙ לֶאֱלָ֣הּ שְׁמַיָּ֔א יְהַ֣ב הִמּ֔וֹ בְּיַ֛ד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֥ר מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֖ל כסדיא [כַּסְדָּאָ֑ה] וּבַיְתָ֤ה דְנָה֙ סַתְרֵ֔הּ וְעַמָּ֖ה הַגְלִ֥י לְבָבֶֽל׃ (ס) (יג) בְּרַם֙ בִּשְׁנַ֣ת חֲדָ֔ה לְכ֥וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֖א דִּ֣י בָבֶ֑ל כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שָׂ֣ם טְעֵ֔ם בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דְנָ֖ה לִבְּנֵֽא׃ (יד) וְ֠אַף מָאנַיָּ֣א דִֽי־בֵית־אֱלָהָא֮ דִּ֣י דַהֲבָ֣ה וְכַסְפָּא֒ דִּ֣י נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֗ר הַנְפֵּק֙ מִן־הֵֽיכְלָא֙ דִּ֣י בִֽירוּשְׁלֶ֔ם וְהֵיבֵ֣ל הִמּ֔וֹ לְהֵיכְלָ֖א דִּ֣י בָבֶ֑ל הַנְפֵּ֨ק הִמּ֜וֹ כּ֣וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּ֗א מִן־הֵֽיכְלָא֙ דִּ֣י בָבֶ֔ל וִיהִ֙יבוּ֙ לְשֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר שְׁמֵ֔הּ דִּ֥י פֶחָ֖ה שָׂמֵֽהּ׃ (טו) וַאֲמַר־לֵ֓הּ ׀ אלה [אֵ֚ל] מָֽאנַיָּ֔א שֵׂ֚א אֵֽזֶל־אֲחֵ֣ת הִמּ֔וֹ בְּהֵיכְלָ֖א דִּ֣י בִירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וּבֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א יִתְבְּנֵ֥א עַל־אַתְרֵֽהּ׃ (ס) (טז) אֱדַ֙יִן֙ שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר דֵּ֔ךְ אֲתָ֗א יְהַ֧ב אֻשַּׁיָּ֛א דִּי־בֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖א דִּ֣י בִירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וּמִן־אֱדַ֧יִן וְעַד־כְּעַ֛ן מִתְבְּנֵ֖א וְלָ֥א שְׁלִֽם׃ (יז) וּכְעַ֞ן הֵ֧ן עַל־מַלְכָּ֣א טָ֗ב יִ֠תְבַּקַּר בְּבֵ֨ית גִּנְזַיָּ֜א דִּי־מַלְכָּ֣א תַמָּה֮ דִּ֣י בְּבָבֶל֒ הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י דִּֽי־מִן־כּ֤וֹרֶשׁ מַלְכָּא֙ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵ֔ם לְמִבְנֵ֛א בֵּית־אֱלָהָ֥א דֵ֖ךְ בִּירוּשְׁלֶ֑ם וּרְע֥וּת מַלְכָּ֛א עַל־דְּנָ֖ה יִשְׁלַ֥ח עֲלֶֽינָא׃ (ס)

(11) This is what they answered us: ‘We are the servants of the God of heaven and earth; we are rebuilding the house that was originally built many years ago; a great king of Israel built it and completed it. (12) But because our fathers angered the God of Heaven, He handed them over to Nebuchadnezzar the Chaldean, king of Babylon, who demolished this house and exiled the people to Babylon. (13) But in the first year of King Cyrus of Babylon, King Cyrus issued an order to rebuild this House of God. (14) Also the silver and gold vessels of the House of God that Nebuchadnezzar had taken away from the temple in Jerusalem and brought to the temple in Babylon—King Cyrus released them from the temple in Babylon to be given to the one called Sheshbazzar whom he had appointed governor. (15) He said to him, “Take these vessels, go, deposit them in the temple in Jerusalem, and let the House of God be rebuilt on its original site.” (16) That same Sheshbazzar then came and laid the foundations for the House of God in Jerusalem; and ever since then it has been under construction, but is not yet finished.’ (17) And now, if it please the king, let the royal archives there in Babylon be searched to see whether indeed an order had been issued by King Cyrus to rebuild this House of God in Jerusalem. May the king convey to us his pleasure in this matter.”

The speakers are the officers of King Darius, who arrive and find Zeubabel bar Shatiel and Yeshua bar Yotzadak re-building the Temple due to the profecies of Haggai and Zechariah. The officers inquired who let them do so, and the builders affirm that a letter was written by Cyrus to that effect, and so follows the request to have that letter searched for. Darius lets it proceed since the letter is indeed found.