Bereshit ~ What was the Sin? Who were the sinners?

Questions to consider as you are reading our first two alyiot:

What was the prohibition?

What was the stated punishment?

Why is it prohibited?

The Set Up

(ח) וַיִּטַּ֞ע ה' אֱלֹקִ֛ים גַּן בְעֵ֖דֶן מִקֶּ֑דֶם וַיָּ֣שֶׂם שָׁ֔ם אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֖ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָצָֽר׃ (ט) וַיַּצְמַ֞ח ה' אֱלֹקִים֙ מִן־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כָּל־עֵ֛ץ נֶחְמָ֥ד לְמַרְאֶ֖ה וְט֣וֹב לְמַאֲכָ֑ל וְעֵ֤ץ הַֽחַיִּים֙ בְּת֣וֹךְ הַגָּ֔ן וְעֵ֕ץ הַדַּ֖עַת ט֥וֹב וָרָֽע׃

(8) And the LORD God planted a garden eastward, in Eden; and there He put the man whom He had formed. (9) And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

The Prohibition

(טז) וַיְצַו֙ ה' אֱלֹקִ֔ים עַל־הָֽאָדָ֖ם לֵאמֹ֑ר מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן אָכֹ֥ל תֹּאכֵֽל׃ (יז) וּמֵעֵ֗ץ הַדַּ֙עַת֙ ט֣וֹב וָרָ֔ע לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ כִּ֗י בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ מ֥וֹת תָּמֽוּת׃

(16) And the LORD God commanded the man, saying: ‘Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat; (17) but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.’

Questions to consider as we read the fourth alyiah:

Why did the woman eat the fruit from the tree? If you are giving a role, who is gets the main actor role and who is supporting actor?

Did God follow through with the stated punishment?

How does the "punishment" fit the crime?

What are the consequences of the crime? Are consequences and punishment the same?

What was so bad about eating from the tree anyway?

Main actors and supporting actors
(א) וְהַנָּחָשׁ֙ הָיָ֣ה עָר֔וּם מִכֹּל֙ חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה ה' אֱלֹקִ֑ים וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־הָ֣אִשָּׁ֔ה אַ֚ף כִּֽי־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹקִ֔ים לֹ֣א תֹֽאכְל֔וּ מִכֹּ֖ל עֵ֥ץ הַגָּֽן׃ (ב) וַתֹּ֥אמֶר הָֽאִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־הַנָּחָ֑שׁ מִפְּרִ֥י עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן נֹאכֵֽל׃ (ג) וּמִפְּרִ֣י הָעֵץ֮ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּתוֹךְ־הַגָּן֒ אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹקִ֗ים לֹ֤א תֹֽאכְלוּ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ וְלֹ֥א תִגְּע֖וּ בּ֑וֹ פֶּן־תְּמֻתֽוּן׃ (ד) וַיֹּ֥אמֶר הַנָּחָ֖שׁ אֶל־הָֽאִשָּׁ֑ה לֹֽא־מ֖וֹת תְּמֻתֽוּן׃ (ה) כִּ֚י יֹדֵ֣עַ אֱלֹקִ֔ים כִּ֗י בְּיוֹם֙ אֲכָלְכֶ֣ם מִמֶּ֔נּוּ וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם וִהְיִיתֶם֙ כֵּֽאלֹקִ֔ים יֹדְעֵ֖י ט֥וֹב וָרָֽע׃
(1) Now the serpent was the shrewdest of all the wild beasts that the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God really say: You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?” (2) The woman replied to the serpent, “We may eat of the fruit of the other trees of the garden. (3) It is only about fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden that God said: ‘You shall not eat of it or touch it, lest you die.’” (4) And the serpent said to the woman, “You are not going to die, (5) but God knows that as soon as you eat of it your eyes will be opened and you will be like divine beings who know good and bad.”

NOtice that from here the inclination to sin moves from the outside to the inside - extrinsic and intrinsic

Eating From The Tree

(ו) וַתֵּ֣רֶא הָֽאִשָּׁ֡ה כִּ֣י טוֹב֩ הָעֵ֨ץ לְמַאֲכָ֜ל וְכִ֧י תַֽאֲוָה־ה֣וּא לָעֵינַ֗יִם וְנֶחְמָ֤ד הָעֵץ֙ לְהַשְׂכִּ֔יל וַתִּקַּ֥ח מִפִּרְי֖וֹ וַתֹּאכַ֑ל וַתִּתֵּ֧ן גַּם־לְאִישָׁ֛הּ עִמָּ֖הּ וַיֹּאכַֽל׃ (ז) וַתִּפָּקַ֙חְנָה֙ עֵינֵ֣י שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם וַיֵּ֣דְע֔וּ כִּ֥י עֵֽירֻמִּ֖ם הֵ֑ם וַֽיִּתְפְּרוּ֙ עֲלֵ֣ה תְאֵנָ֔ה וַיַּעֲשׂ֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם חֲגֹרֹֽת׃

(6) And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat; and she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat. (7) And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves girdles.

Repercussions

(טז) אֶֽל־הָאִשָּׁ֣ה אָמַ֗ר הַרְבָּ֤ה אַרְבֶּה֙ עִצְּבוֹנֵ֣ךְ וְהֵֽרֹנֵ֔ךְ בְּעֶ֖צֶב תֵּֽלְדִ֣י בָנִ֑ים וְאֶל־אִישֵׁךְ֙ תְּשׁ֣וּקָתֵ֔ךְ וְה֖וּא יִמְשָׁל־בָּֽךְ׃ (יז) וּלְאָדָ֣ם אָמַ֗ר כִּֽי־שָׁמַעְתָּ֮ לְק֣וֹל אִשְׁתֶּךָ֒ וַתֹּ֙אכַל֙ מִן־הָעֵ֔ץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר צִוִּיתִ֙יךָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֲרוּרָ֤ה הָֽאֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽעֲבוּרֶ֔ךָ בְּעִצָּבוֹן֙ תֹּֽאכֲלֶ֔נָּה כֹּ֖ל יְמֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ׃ (יח) וְק֥וֹץ וְדַרְדַּ֖ר תַּצְמִ֣יחַֽ לָ֑ךְ וְאָכַלְתָּ֖ אֶת־עֵ֥שֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃ (יט) בְּזֵעַ֤ת אַפֶּ֙יךָ֙ תֹּ֣אכַל לֶ֔חֶם עַ֤ד שֽׁוּבְךָ֙ אֶל־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה כִּ֥י מִמֶּ֖נָּה לֻקָּ֑חְתָּ כִּֽי־עָפָ֣ר אַ֔תָּה וְאֶל־עָפָ֖ר תָּשֽׁוּב׃

(16) Unto the woman He said: ‘I will greatly multiply thy pain and thy travail; in pain thou shalt bring forth children; and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee.’ (17) And unto Adam He said: ‘Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying: Thou shalt not eat of it; cursed is the ground for thy sake; in toil shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life. (18) Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. (19) In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.’

Consequences

(כא) וַיַּעַשׂ֩ ה' אֱלֹקִ֜ים לְאָדָ֧ם וּלְאִשְׁתּ֛וֹ כָּתְנ֥וֹת ע֖וֹר וַיַּלְבִּשֵֽׁם׃ (כב) וַיֹּ֣אמֶר׀ ה' אֱלֹקִ֗ים הֵ֤ן הָֽאָדָם֙ הָיָה֙ כְּאַחַ֣ד מִמֶּ֔נּוּ לָדַ֖עַת ט֣וֹב וָרָ֑ע וְעַתָּ֣ה׀ פֶּן־יִשְׁלַ֣ח יָד֗וֹ וְלָקַח֙ גַּ֚ם מֵעֵ֣ץ הַֽחַיִּ֔ים וְאָכַ֖ל וָחַ֥י לְעֹלָֽם׃ (כג) וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֵ֛הוּ ה' אֱלֹקִ֖ים מִגַּן־עֵ֑דֶן לַֽעֲבֹד֙ אֶת־הָ֣אֲדָמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֻקַּ֖ח מִשָּֽׁם׃ (כד) וַיְגָ֖רֶשׁ אֶת־הָֽאָדָ֑ם וַיַּשְׁכֵּן֩ מִקֶּ֨דֶם לְגַן־עֵ֜דֶן אֶת־הַכְּרֻבִ֗ים וְאֵ֨ת לַ֤הַט הַחֶ֙רֶב֙ הַמִּתְהַפֶּ֔כֶת לִשְׁמֹ֕ר אֶת־דֶּ֖רֶךְ עֵ֥ץ הַֽחַיִּֽים׃

(21) And the LORD God made for Adam and for his wife garments of skins, and clothed them. (22) And the LORD God said: ‘Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever.’ (23) Therefore the LORD God sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence he was taken. (24) So He drove out the man; and He placed at the east of the garden of Eden the cherubim, and the flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way to the tree of life.

(ב) ועץ הדעת טוב ורע - והיפה בעיני, כי האדם היה עושה בטבעו מה שראוי לעשות כפי התולדות, כאשר יעשו השמים וכל צבאם, פועלי אמת שפעולתם אמת ולא ישנו את תפקידם, ואין להם במעשיהם אהבה או שנאה... והנה אחרי אכלו מן העץ הייתה בידו הבחירה, וברצונו להרע או להטיב בין לו בין לאחרים, וזו מידה אלוהית מצד אחד, ורעה לאדם בהיות לו בה יצר ותאווה:

It appears to me, that Adam was intially doing what he was meant to do according to his nature. When the skies and everything else was created, they were all purely agents of God's will whose actions were pure, not based on love or hatred...But now, after eating from the tree, Adam had choice, and the ability to act in a positive or a negative way towards others, and this is a divine attribute on one side, but on the other hand it was bad for Adam because it created within him lust.

Can you find a logical problem with the Ramban's understanding? [If Adam now has choice, how did he chose - or even Chava chose - to do anything?

אברבאנל בראשית פרק ב

אבל מה שכתב הרב שאדם קודם החטא לא היה בו בחירה ורצון... הוא דעה זר ובלתי מתקבל לפי שהאדם בטבעו הוא בעל בחירה.... וכמו שאמרו חז"ל: "והנה טוב" זה יצר הטוב, "מאד" זה יצר הרע. רצונם לאמר שכל טובו ושלמותו של האדם היא במציאות הבחירה... ואם לא כן לא היה אדם ולא היה מצווה אותו הקב"ה כי לא תיפול הצוואה אלא למי שיש לו בחירה ורצון

אברבנאל בראשית פרק ג

אדם הראשון קודם חטאו היה יודע הטוב והרע והאמת והשקר כי שלם היה בשכלו העיוני והמעשי אבל היתה ידיעתו בהם בהכרח שכלית ולא בידיע' שמושית חמרית ובזה היה מתדמ' לעליונים וידיעתו לידיעת' וכאשר חטא באכילת העץ עזב שמוש שכלו המדעי ובחר בשמוש חושיו החמריי'...

Abarbanel on Genesis 2-3

That which the Rav (Ramban) said, that before the sin Adam did not have choice and free will, is a foreign concept which is not accepted as man by his nature has free will. As Chazal say, the good and evil inclinations were created during the creation of man, which is to say that all of man's goodness and integrity come as a result of man having free will. And if this was not so, God would not have given Adam commandments, because only a being with choice and will can be given Mitzvot by God.

Before his sin, Adam knew good and bad, truth and falsehood because he was complete in his mental insight but not in his physical knowledge, and because of this he was primarily a spiritual being with a close connection to the heavens. When he sinned by eating from the tree, he lost his ability to use his complete mental insight and rather chose to be able to use his physicality.

קאסוטו בראשית פרק ב

אין כאן הבחנה בין טוב לרע... אין הכוונה כאן להבחנה, לבחירה... אלא לידיעה אובייקטיבית בכל הדברים... עד שלא אכלו מן העץ היו כילדים קטנים שאינם יודעים כלום ממה שעומד מסביבם... על סמך זה אפשר להבין את טעם האיסור... האם בשעת בריאתו היה תמים כילד בן יומו וכילד בן יומו היה מאושר בתוך הגן... מתוך אהבה האבהית אסר עליו ה' אכילת הפרי שהיתה פותחת לפניו את שאר ידיעות העולם. מקור הדאגות והמכאובים...

Cassuto on Genesis 2

There is no test here between good and evil, and the intention was not to test or to choose... Until they ate from the tree, Adam and Eve were like little children who didn't know anything aside from what was happening around them. The reasoning behind the prohibition must be understood in connection with this mental state; if at the moment of his creation Adam was pure like a newborn child, then he would be happy to be like a newborn child inside of the garden. Because of God's love for Adam, He prohibited Adam from eating from the tree because God did not want Adam's eyes to be opened to worldly knowledge. This is the source for worry and sorrow.

Intrinsic Yetser

(ז) רבי נחמן בר שמואל בר נחמן בשם רב שמואל בר נחמן אמר: הנה טוב מאד, זה יצר טוב. והנה טוב מאד, זה יצר רע. וכי יצר הרע טוב מאד אתמהא?! אלא שאלולי יצר הרע, לא בנה אדם בית, ולא נשא אשה, ולא הוליד, ולא נשא ונתן. וכן שלמה אומר: (קהלת ד): כי היא קנאת איש מרעהו:

(7) Rabbi Nahman said in Rabbi Samuel's name: 'Behold, it was good' refers to the Good Desire; 'And behold, it was very good' refers to the Evil Desire. (It only says 'very good' after man was created with both the good and bad inclinations, in all other cases it only says 'and God saw that it was good') Can then the Evil Desire be very good? That would be extraordinary! But without the Evil Desire, however, no man would build a house, take a wife and beget children; and thus said Solomon: 'Again, I considered all labour and all excelling in work, that it is a man's rivalry with his neighbour.' (Ecclesiastes 4:4).

מאי דכתיב (בראשית ב, ז) וייצר יי אלהים את האדם בשני יודי"ן שני יצרים ברא הקב"ה אחד יצר טוב ואחד יצר רע

What means that which is written, "Then the Holy One formed adam," the word "formed" being spelled with two letters yod? The Holy One created two impulses, one good and the other evil.

(א). . . והמלאכים עובדים את בוראם ואין להם יצר הרע, והבהמות יש להם יצר הרע ואין להם דעת. וממילא דלהמלאכים אינו מגיע שכר בעד עבודתם, אחרי שאין להם יצר הרע, ולבהמות לא שייך עונש אחרי שאין להם דעת. (ב) ולזה ברא הקדוש ברוך הוא ביום הששי את האדם. ובראו משני הקצוות: נתן בו את הנשמה שמאירה לאדם לדעת את הבורא יתברך כמלאך, כמו שנאמר: "כי נר ה' נשמת אדם". ויצר אותו בגוף שהוא חומר עב כבהמה, לאכול ולשתות ולישן. ולזה יתעוררו מלחמות גדולות בהאדם כל ימי חייו, שהנפש הבהמי מסיתו לתאוות עולם הזה כבהמה, והנשמה הטהורה נלחמת כנגדו ומראה לו שלא לכך נברא אלא לעבוד את הבורא כמלאך. ואף הדברים הגשמיים שמוכרח לעשות כאכילה ושתייה ושינה – תהיה הכוונה כדי שיוכל לעבוד את בוראו.

(1) Angels serve their Creator, and do not have yetser ha'ra. Animals, on the other hand, have yetser ha'ra but lack intelligence. The result is that angels cannot receive reward for their service, as they have no yetser ha'ra to overcome, and animals cannot be punished for their actions, as they do not have the intelligence. (2) Therefore G-d found it necessary to create the human on the sixth day, and God created the human from both sides: God gave him a spiritual soul that enables him to recognize the Creator as does an angel, as the verse states: “God's candle is the human soul…” (Mishlei 27:20). And God created him in a body which is thick material, like a beast, to eat and drink and sleep. As a result, a great battles wage within a person all his days. His animal spirit incites him to desire this world like an animal, and the pure soul battles against him and shows him that he was not born for this, but to serve the Creator like an angel. And even physical things that one must do, like eating and drinking and sleeping -- should be done so as to to serve God.

I and Thou, Martin Buber

Translated from the German by Walter Kaufmann, page 95

The basic word I-It does not come from evil, any more than matter comes from evil. It comes from evil like matter that presumes to be that which has being. When man lets it have its way, the relentlessly growing It-world grows over him like weeds, his own I loses its actuality, until the incubus over him and the phantom inside him exchange the whispered confession of their need for redemption.

Rabbi Avraham Yitzhaq Hakohein Kook (1865-1835 CE, Latvia-British Palestine)

(א) שהאדם נברא בצלם אלהים זה הוא יסוד התורה. עיקר הצלם הוא החופש הגמור שאנו מוצאים באדם שעל כן הוא בעל בחירה. ולולא הבחירה לא היה מקום לתורה, כדברי הרמב״ם בה׳ תשובה. אם כן הבחירה היא יסוד התורה במעשה. והידיעה שהאדם הוא עשוי בצלם אלהים, אם כן הרי זה בא ללמד ששלימות החופש הגמור מוכרחה להמצא בעצם השלם האמיתי יתברך שמו, הוא היסוד העיוני של כל התורה כולה שכל המעשים נסמכים עליו.

(1) The foundation of the Torah is that man was created “in the image of God”. The essential meaning of “the image" is the complete freedom we find in man, [which means] that man must have free will. If there was no free will, there would be no context for the Torah, as Maimonides writes in The Laws of Repentance. If that's so, free will is the basis of the Torah, practically speaking. The knowledge that man is made “in the image of God” comes to teach that the perfection of total free will must exist [as well] in the essence of true perfection, His name should be blessed. This is the intellectual foundation of the entire Torah that all deed relies upon.

P.S. - Sex not the original sin
א"ר יוחנן בר חנינא שתים עשרה שעות הוי היום שעה ראשונה הוצבר עפרו שניה נעשה גולם שלישית נמתחו אבריו רביעית נזרקה בו נשמה חמישית עמד על רגליו ששית קרא שמות שביעית נזדווגה לו חוה שמינית עלו למטה שנים וירדו ארבעה תשיעית נצטווה שלא לאכול מן האילן עשירית סרח אחת עשרה נידון שתים עשרה נטרד והלך לו שנאמר (תהלים מט, יג) אדם ביקר בל ילין
Rabbi Yoḥanan bar Ḥanina says: Daytime is twelve hours long, and the day Adam the first man was created was divided as follows: In the first hour of the day, his dust was gathered. In the second, an undefined figure was fashioned. In the third, his limbs were extended. In the fourth, a soul was cast into him. In the fifth, he stood on his legs. In the sixth, he called the creatures by the names he gave them. In the seventh, Eve was paired with him. In the eighth, they arose to the bed two, and descended four, i.e., Cain and Abel were immediately born. In the ninth, he was commanded not to eat of the Tree of Knowledge. In the tenth, he sinned. In the eleventh, he was judged. In the twelfth, he was expelled and left the Garden of Eden, as it is stated: “But man abides not in honor; he is like the beasts that perish” (Psalms 49:13). Adam did not abide, i.e., sleep, in a place of honor for even one night.