A Torah and halachic perspective on protecting the environment

(א) בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃

(1) In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

Our responsibility towards the land

(א) לְדָוִ֗ד מִ֫זְמ֥וֹר לַֽ֭יהוָה הָאָ֣רֶץ וּמְלוֹאָ֑הּ תֵּ֝בֵ֗ל וְיֹ֣שְׁבֵי בָֽהּ׃

(1) A Psalm of David. The earth is the LORD’S, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.

(טז) הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם שָׁ֭מַיִם לַיהוָ֑ה וְ֝הָאָ֗רֶץ נָתַ֥ן לִבְנֵי־אָדָֽם׃

(יג) ראה את מעשה האלהים כי מי יוכל לתקן את אשר עותו - בשעה שברא הקדוש ברוך הוא את אדם הראשון, נטלו והחזירו על כל אילני גן עדן, ואמר לו: ראה מעשי כמה נאים ומשובחין הן, וכל מה שבראתי, בשבילך בראתי, תן דעתך שלא תקלקל ותחריב את עולמי, שאם קלקלת אין מי שיתקן אחריך.

(13) Look at God's work - for who can straighten what He has twisted? (Ecclesiastes 7:13). When the Blessed Holy One created the first human, He took him and led him round all the trees of the Garden of Eden and said to him: “Look at My works, how beautiful and praiseworthy they are! And all that I have created, it was for you that I created it. Pay attention that you do not corrupt and destroy My world: if you corrupt it, there is no one to repair it after you.

The importance of planting trees

(ג) ר' יוחנן ב"ר סימון פתח: (דברים יג): אחרי ה' אלהיכם תלכו. וכי אפשר לבשר ודם להלוך אחר הקדוש ברוך הוא, אותו שכתוב בו (תהלים עז): בים דרכך ושבילך במים רבים, ואתה אומר: אחרי ה' תלכו?! ובו תדבקון וכי אפשר לבשר ודם לעלות לשמים ולהדבק בשכינה, אותו שכתוב בו (דברים ד): כי ה' אלהיך אש אוכלה וכתיב (דניאל ז): כורסיה שביבין דינור, וכתיב (שם): נהר דינור נגד ונפק מן קדמוהי ואתה אומר: ובו תדבקון?! אלא, מתחלת ברייתו של עולם, לא נתעסק הקב"ה אלא במטע תחלה, הדא הוא דכתיב (בראשית ב): ויטע ה' אלהים גן בעדן, אף אתם, כשנכנסין לארץ לא תתעסקו אלא במטע תחלה, הדא הוא דכתיב: כי תבאו אל הארץ:

...Vayikra (Leviticus) Rabbah (Vilna edition) 25:3: Rabbi Yehudah ben Shimon began his discourse with the text, "After the Lord your G-d shall you walk" (Deuteronomy 12:5). But can a man of flesh and blood walk after the Holy One, blessed be He(?)… But in truth the Holy One, blessed be He, from the very beginning of the creation of the world, was before all else occupied with plantation, as is proved by the text, "And the Lord G-d planted a garden in the first instance in Eden" (Genesis 2:8), and so do you also, when you enter into the land, occupy yourselves first with nothing else but plantation; hence it is written, "And when you shall come into the land, then you shall plant."

Avot D Rabbi Natan 31

אם היתה נטיעה בתוך ידך ויאמרו לך הרי לך המשיח. בוא ונטע את הנטיעה ואח"כ צא והקבילו

“At every possible occasion,” wrote Rabbi Ze'ev Gold, “I tell the story of the remarkable lesson I was privileged to learn from our great master, the gaon and holy Rav Kook, may the memory of the righteous be a blessing.”

Rabbi Gold (1889-1956), a leader of the religious-Zionist Mizrahi movement, once accompanied the Chief Rabbi to the community of Magdiel1 in the Sharon area. The rabbis were invited to plant saplings in an official ceremony to inaugurate a new forest.

As Rav Kook was handed a sampling to plant, Rabbi Gold was amazed to see the rabbi’s reaction. His face shone like a burning torch, and his entire body quivered with excitement. He did not use the hoe he had been provided, but knelt down to the soil and dug a hole in the earth with his bare hands. Hands shaking, he reverently placed the sampling in the ground, while murmuring his gratitude to God for the privilege of planting a tree in the Holy Land.

On the trip back to Jerusalem, Rabbi Gold turned to the Chief Rabbi. “Why did you exhibit such deep emotions when you planted a tree into the ground? Nowadays, thank God, hundreds of trees are planted every day in the Land of Israel!”

“As I held that young sapling in my hands,” Rav Kook replied, “I remembered how the Sages elucidated the verse, “Follow the Eternal your God... and cling to Him” (Deut. 13:5). They asked:

Is it possible for flesh and blood to ascend to the heavens and cling to the Shechinah, about Whom it is written, “For the Eternal your God is a consuming fire” (Deut. 4:24)?

Rather, understand the verse as follows: At the beginning of creation, the Holy One engaged in planting, as it says, “God planted a garden in Eden” (Gen. 2:8). Similarly, when you enter in the Land of Israel, you should first engage in planting, as it is written, “When you will come into the Land, you shall plant all types of fruit trees” (Lev. 19:23). (Vayikra Rabbah 25:3)

“When I grasped that tender sapling in my hands and prepared to plant it in the holy earth,” Rav Kook continued, “I contemplated these words of the Sages. I felt as if, at that very moment, I was clinging to the Shechinah, and I was overwhelmed with feelings of awe and reverence!”

(Stories from the Land of Israel. Adapted from Zehav HaAretz by Rabbi Ze'ev Gold (1982); Mo'adei HaRe’iyah, pp. 222-223.)

caring about the future

(טו) וְעָשִׂ֥יתָ אֶת־הַקְּרָשִׁ֖ים לַמִּשְׁכָּ֑ן עֲצֵ֥י שִׁטִּ֖ים עֹמְדִֽים׃

(15) And thou shalt make the boards for the tabernacle of acacia-wood, standing up.

מדרש תנחומא (ורשא) פרשת תרומה סימן ט ומהיכן היו הקרשים יעקב אבינו נטע אותם בשעה שירד למצרים, אמר לבניו בני עתידים אתם להגאל מכאן והקב"ה עתיד לומר לכם משאתם נגאלין שתעשו לו את המשכן אלא עמדו ונטעו ארזים מעכשיו שבשעה שיאמר לכם לעשות לו את המשכן יהיו הארזים מתוקנים לכם, מיד עמדו ונטעו ועשו כן, ארז"ל והבריח התיכון בתוך הקרשים ירד מיד יעקב אבינו למצרים שהיה קשה שישמש מן הקצה אל הקצה, ולא עוד אלא שאותן הארזים היו אומרים שירה לפני הקב"ה, היאך שירה אומרים שנאמר (שם /תהלים/ צו) אז ירננו עצי היער מלפני ה', ואין אז אלא שירה שנאמר (שמות טו) אז ישיר משה, ואימתי כשנעשה מהן המשכן כשאמר הקב"ה למשה על המשכן א"ל ועשית את הקרשים למשכן עצי שטים עומדים, ועשית קרשים לא נאמר אלא ועשית הקרשים אותן שהתקין להן אביהם

פירוש של ר' אבן שועיב, כבובא בתורה שלמה

אמרו שאדם הראשון הוציא עצים מגן עדן ונתנם לאברהם ואברהם ליצחק ויצחק ליעקב ויעקב הורידם למצרים ומשם הוציאום השבטים והם עצי שטים

יומא חד הוה אזל באורחא חזייה לההוא גברא דהוה נטע חרובא אמר ליה האי עד כמה שנין טעין אמר ליה עד שבעין שנין אמר ליה פשיטא לך דחיית שבעין שנין אמר ליה האי [גברא] עלמא בחרובא אשכחתיה כי היכי דשתלי לי אבהתי שתלי נמי לבראי יתיב קא כריך ריפתא אתא ליה שינתא נים אהדרא ליה משוניתא איכסי מעינא ונים שבעין שנין כי קם חזייה לההוא גברא דהוה קא מלקט מינייהו אמר ליה את הוא דשתלתיה א"ל בר בריה אנא אמר ליה שמע מינה דניימי שבעין שנין

One day, [Honi] was walking along the way and he saw a man who was going to plant a carob tree. He said to him, how many years until it will bear fruit? He answered: 70 years. He asked, is it so clear to you that you will be alive in 70 years? He answered: I found this world complete with carob trees that my ancestors planted. So too I will plant some for my children. [Honi] sat to rest, and slept for 70 years. He saw the same man collecting carobs. he said, "Are you the one who planted this?" He answered: I am his son's son. [Honi] said "I must have slept for 70 years!...

BAL TASHCHIT

(יט) כִּֽי־תָצ֣וּר אֶל־עִיר֩ יָמִ֨ים רַבִּ֜ים לְֽהִלָּחֵ֧ם עָלֶ֣יהָ לְתָפְשָׂ֗הּ לֹֽא־תַשְׁחִ֤ית אֶת־עֵצָהּ֙ לִנְדֹּ֤חַ עָלָיו֙ גַּרְזֶ֔ן כִּ֚י מִמֶּ֣נּוּ תֹאכֵ֔ל וְאֹת֖וֹ לֹ֣א תִכְרֹ֑ת כִּ֤י הָֽאָדָם֙ עֵ֣ץ הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה לָבֹ֥א מִפָּנֶ֖יךָ בַּמָּצֽוֹר׃ (כ) רַ֞ק עֵ֣ץ אֲשֶׁר־תֵּדַ֗ע כִּֽי־לֹא־עֵ֤ץ מַאֲכָל֙ ה֔וּא אֹת֥וֹ תַשְׁחִ֖ית וְכָרָ֑תָּ וּבָנִ֣יתָ מָצ֗וֹר עַל־הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר־הִ֨וא עֹשָׂ֧ה עִמְּךָ֛ מִלְחָמָ֖ה עַ֥ד רִדְתָּֽהּ׃ (פ)

(19) When thou shalt besiege a city a long time, in making war against it to take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by wielding an axe against them; for thou mayest eat of them, but thou shalt not cut them down; for is the tree of the field man, that it should be besieged of thee? (20) Only the trees of which thou knowest that they are not trees for food, them thou mayest destroy and cut down, that thou mayest build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee, until it fall.

(יט) כי האדם עץ השדה. הרי כי משמש בלשון דלמא שמא האדם עץ השדה להכנס בתוך המצור מפניך להתיסר ביסורי רעב וצמא כאנשי העיר, למה תשחיתנו:

(יט) כי האדם עץ השדה. ולפי דעתי שאין לנו צורך לכל זה וזה פירושו כי ממנו תאכל ואותו לא תכרות כי האדם עץ השדה והטעם כי חיי בן אדם הוא עץ השדה וכמוהו כי נפש הוא חובל כי חיי נפש הוא חובל ואותו לא תכרות דבק עם לבא מפניך במצור הנה לא תשחית עץ פרי שהוא חיים לבן אדם רק מותר שתאכל ממנו ואסור לך להשחיתו כדי שתבא העיר מפניך במצור והעד על זה הפירוש שהוא נכון שאמר וכרת ובנית מצור

(19) what reason is there to say "Do not destroy a fruit tree for it is not like a person to who can run away from you" and according to my understanding we have no need for all this. [Rather] this is the explanation: "for you shall eat from it but not cut it down for a man is as a tree of the field" and similarly "for he seizes a soul" i.e. (in the case of seizing tools necessary for living as collateral, which is the verse cited --Translator) he is seizing things which preserve life. "and do not cut it down" [in our verse] is parsed along with "to go before you in a seige," that is to say "do not destroy a fruit tree, which provides life for people; it is only permitted for you to eat from it and not to cut it down to force the city into siege." Evidence that this is correct [comes from the phrase] "thou shalt cut it down and build a siege [tower]" [regarding non-fruit bearing trees]

(ח) אֵין קוֹצְצִין אִילָנֵי מַאֲכָל שֶׁחוּץ לַמְּדִינָה וְאֵין מוֹנְעִין מֵהֶם אַמַּת הַמַּיִם כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּיבְשׁוּ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, יט) "לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֶת עֵצָהּ". וְכָל הַקּוֹצֵץ לוֹקֶה. וְלֹא בְּמָצוֹר בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא בְּכָל מָקוֹם כָּל הַקּוֹצֵץ אִילַן מַאֲכָל דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה לוֹקֶה. אֲבָל קוֹצְצִין אוֹתוֹ אִם הָיָה מַזִּיק אִילָנוֹת אֲחֵרִים. אוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמַּזִּיק בִּשְׂדֵה אֲחֵרִים. אוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁדָּמָיו יְקָרִים. לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה:

(8) We do not cut fruit-bearing trees that are outside the place, and we do not withdraw water so they will shrivel and die, as it is written: you must not destroy its trees (Deut. 20:19) and whoever cuts them receives lashes. And this does not apply just to the siege, but in every place whoever cuts down a fruit-bearing tree just to destroy receives lashes. But we do cut a tree if it is damaging other trees, or others’ field, or if its value is great – the Torah only forbids in the case of destruction.

מתקיף לה רבינא וליחשוב נמי הקוצץ אילנות טובות ואזהרתיה מהכא (דברים כ, יט) כי ממנו תאכל ואותו לא

Ravina asked, But let's also consider one who cuts down fruit bearing trees, which has its azhara from here: (Deuteronomy 20,19) "For you may eat from them, but you may not cut them down".

(י) וְלֹא הָאִילָנוֹת בִּלְבַד. אֶלָּא כָּל הַמְשַׁבֵּר כֵּלִים. וְקוֹרֵעַ בְּגָדִים. וְהוֹרֵס בִּנְיָן. וְסוֹתֵם מַעְיָן. וּמְאַבֵּד מַאֲכָלוֹת דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה. עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַשְׁחִית. וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה אֶלָּא מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם:

TEN easy ways to help the environment: (excerpts from http://www.50waystohelp.com/)

1. Recycle Glass
Recycled glass reduces related air pollution by 20 percent and related water pollution by 50 percent.

2. Hang dry

3. Use one less paper napkin/ paper towel

During an average year, an American uses approximately 2,200 napkins—around six each day. If everyone in the U.S. used one less napkin a day, more than a billion pounds of napkins could be saved from landfills each year.

4. Use both sides of paper

American businesses throw away 21 million tons of paper every year, equal to 175 pounds per office worker. For a quick and easy way to halve this, set your printer's default option to print double-sided (duplex printing). And when you're finished with your documents, don't forget to take them to the recycling bin.

5. Rethink bottled water
Nearly 90% of plastic water bottles are not recycled, instead taking thousands of years to decompose. Buy a reusable container and fill it with tap water, a great choice for the environment, your wallet, and possibly your health. The EPA's standards for tap water are more stringent than the FDA's standards for bottled water.

6. PLANT A TREE
It's good for the air, the land, can shade your house and save on cooling (plant on the west side of your home), and they can also improve the value of your property.

Make it meaningful for the whole family and plant a tree every year for each member.

7. INVEST IN YOUR OWN COFFEE CUP
If you start every morning with a steamy cup, a quick tabulation can show you that the waste is piling up. Invest in a reusable cup, which not only cuts down on waste, but keeps your beverage hot for a much longer time. Most coffee shops will happily fill your own cup, and many even offer you a discount in exchange!

8. TURN OFF LIGHTS
Always turn off incandescent bulbs when you leave a room. Fluorescent bulbs are more affected by the number of times it is switched on and off, so turn them off when you leave a room for 15 minutes or more. You'll save energy on the bulb itself, but also on cooling costs, as lights contribute heat to a room.

9. RECYCLE ALUMINUM AND GLASS

Twenty recycled aluminium cans can be made with the energy it takes to manufacture one brand new one.Every ton of glass recycled saves the equivalent of nine gallons of fuel oil needed to make glass from virgin materials.

10. PLASTIC BAGS SUCK
Each year the U.S. uses 84 billion plastic bags, a significant portion of the 500 billion used worldwide. They are not biodegradable, and are making their way into our oceans, and subsequently, the food chain. Stronger, reusable bags are an inexpensive and readily available option.

Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsh, Horeb, 397-398

In truth, there is no one nearer to idolatry than one who can disregard the fact that all things are the creatures and property of G-­d, and who then presumes to have the right, because he has the might, to destroy them according to a presumptuous act of will.

If you should regard the beings beneath you as objects without rights, not perceiving G‑d who created them, and therefore desire that they feel the might of your presumptuous mood, instead of using them only as the means of wise human activity—then G-d’s call proclaims to you, “Do not destroy anything!” Be a mensch! Only if you use the things around you for wise human purposes, sanctified by the word of My teaching, only then are you a mensch and have the right over them which I have given you as a human. However, if you destroy, if you ruin, at that moment you are not a human and have no right to the things around you. I lent them to you for wise use only; never forget that I lent them to you. As soon as you use them unwisely, be it the greatest or the smallest, you commit treachery against My world, you commit murder and robbery against My property, you sin against Me! In truth, there is no one nearer to idolatry than one who can disregard the fact that all things are the creatures and property of G-d, and who then presumes to have the right, because he has the might, to destroy them according to a presumptuous act of will. Yes, that one is already serving the most powerful idols—anger, pride, and above all ego, which in its passion regards itself as the master of things. (Horeb, sections 397, 398 - R. Shimshon Rephael HIrsch 1808-1888)