(א) שְׁבִיתָה בַּשְּׁבִיעִי מִמְּלָאכָה מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לד-כא) "וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת". וְכָל הָעוֹשֶׂה בּוֹ מְלָאכָה בִּטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְעָבַר עַל לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ה-יד) "לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כָל מְלָאכָה". וּמַה הוּא חַיָּב עַל עֲשִׂיַּת מְלָאכָה. אִם עָשָׂה בִּרְצוֹנוֹ בְּזָדוֹן חַיָּב כָּרֵת. וְאִם הָיוּ שָׁם עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה נִסְקָל. וְאִם עָשָׂה בִּשְׁגָגָה חַיָּב קָרְבַּן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה:
(1) Resting from labor on the seventh day is a positive commandment, as it says "On the seventh day you must rest." One who does labor on it has not fulfilled a positive commandment and also has transgressed a negative commandment, as it says "Do not do any manner of labor." What is his liability for doing labor? If he did it with intent and malice, he is liable for spiritual excommunication. If there were witnesses and warning given, he is (additionally) stoned. However, if it was accidental, he is liable to bring a Chatat offering.
(א) אַרְבָעָה דְּבָרִים נֶאֶמְרוּ בְּשַׁבָּת. שְׁנַיִם מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וּשְׁנַיִם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים וְהֵן מְפֹרָשִׁין עַל יְדֵי הַנְּבִיאִים. שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כ-ז) "זָכוֹר" וְ (דברים ה-יא) "שָׁמוֹר". וְשֶׁנִּתְפָּרְשׁוּ עַל יְדֵי הַנְּבִיאִים כָּבוֹד וָעֹנֶג שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נח-יג) "וְקָרָאתָ לַשַּׁבָּת עֹנֶג וְלִקְדוֹשׁ ה' מְכֻבָּד":
(ב) אֵיזֶהוּ כָּבוֹד זֶה שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁמִּצְוָה עַל אָדָם לִרְחֹץ פָּנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו בְּחַמִּין בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת וּמִתְעַטֵּף בְּצִיצִית וְיוֹשֵׁב בְּכֹבֶד רֹאשׁ מְיַחֵל לְהַקְבָּלַת פְּנֵי הַשַּׁבָּת כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא לִקְרַאת הַמֶּלֶךְ. וַחֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיוּ מְקַבְּצִין תַּלְמִידֵיהֶן בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת וּמִתְעַטְּפִים וְאוֹמְרִים בּוֹאוּ וְנֵצֵא לִקְרַאת שַׁבָּת הַמֶּלֶךְ:
(1) Four concepts were said regarding Sabbath, two from the Torah, and two from the words of the Sages and explicated through the Prophets. From the Torah: "Remember" (Exodus 20:8) and "Observe" (Deuteronomy 5:12). And explicated through the Prophets: Honor and delight, as it is said, "And call the sabbath a delight, And the holy of the LORD honourable" (Isaiah 58:13).
(2) What is honor? It is what the Sages said that it is a mitzvah to wash one's face, hands, and feet in hot water on the eve of Shabbat for the sake of honor for Shabbat. One should wrap Tzitzit, and sit respectfully, waiting for Shabbat to commence just as one does he goes out to greet a king. And the early Sages would gather their students on the eve of Shabbat and wrap themselves and say, "Come, let us go out and greet Shabbat, the king."
(ז) אֵיזֶהוּ עֹנֶג זֶהוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְתַקֵּן תַּבְשִׁיל שָׁמֵן בְּיוֹתֵר וּמַשְׁקֶה מְבֻשָּׂם לְשַׁבָּת הַכּל לְפִי מָמוֹנוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם. וְכָל הַמַּרְבֶּה בְּהוֹצָאַת שַׁבָּת וּבְתִקּוּן מַאֲכָלִים רַבִּים וְטוֹבִים הֲרֵי זֶה מְשֻׁבָּח. וְאִם אֵין יָדוֹ מַשֶּׂגֶת אֲפִלּוּ לֹא עָשָׂה אֶלָּא שֶׁלֶק וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם כְּבוֹד שַׁבָּת הֲרֵי זֶה עֹנֶג שַׁבָּת. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְהָצֵר לְעַצְמוֹ וְלִשְׁאל מֵאֲחֵרִים כְּדֵי לְהַרְבּוֹת בְּמַאֲכָל בְּשַׁבָּת. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים עֲשֵׂה שַׁבַּתְּךָ חֹל וְאַל תִּצְטָרֵךְ לַבְּרִיּוֹת:
(7) What is "enjoyment"? This is what the Sages said that one should prepare a fatty cooked dish and spiced drinks for the Shabbat, according to ones financial ability. Anyone who increases in his Shabbat expenditures and in preparing many good foods is worthy of praise. If one is unable to afford (these expenditures), even if one only makes fried vegetables or something similar in honor of the Shabbat, this is considered fulfillment of enjoyment of the Shabbat. One is not obligated to pain himeself or to ask from others in order to increase his Shabbat meal. The early Sages said "make your Shabbat like a weekday and do not come to rely on people".
More than Israel has kept the Sabbath, the Sabbath has kept Israel-Ahad Ha-am