Egla Arufa - Communal Atonement

(ב) וערפו. קוצץ ערפה בקופיץ אמר הקדוש ברוך הוא תבא עגלה בת שנתה שלא עשתה פרות ותערף במקום שאינו עושה פרות, לכפר על הריגתו של זה שלא הניחוהו לעשות פרות:

shall decapitate: He breaks its neck with a hatchet [i.e., from the back]. The Holy One, blessed be He, says: Let the calf which is in its first year and has, therefore, produced no fruits, come and be decapitated at a place [the valley that was not tilled] which has not produced fruits, in order to atone for the murder of this man, whom they [the murderers] did not allow to produce fruit [i.e., to perform mitzvoth].

...הנה כבר התבאר שתועלת 'עגלה ערופה' היא - לפרסם ההורג. וחיזק זה הענין בהיותו המקום אשר 'תערף בו העגלה' 'לא יעבד בו ולא יזרע לעולם' שבעל הארץ ההיא יעשה כל תחבולה ויחקור עד שיודע ההורג כדי שלא 'תערף העגלה' ולא תאסר ארצו עליו 'לעולם':

..We have thus shown the use of the law concerning the breaking of the neck of the heifer in discovering the murderer. Force is added to the law by the rule that the place in which the neck of the heifer is broken should never be cultivated or sown. The owner of the land will therefore use all means in his power to search and to find the murderer, in order that the heifer be not killed and his land be not made useless to him.

(א) שלא לעבד ולזרע באותו קרקע - שנמנענו מלעבד ולזרע בנחל איתן, הוא הנחל שנערפה שם העגלה, ועל זה נאמר (דברים כא ד) אשר לא יעבד בו ולא יזרע.

(ב) משרשי המצוה. מה שכתבתי בסדר זה במצות עריפת העגלה, (מצוה תקל), שענין העריפה, לפרסם ענין הרציחה כדי לעורר ההמון על הדבר, ויכניסו יראה בלבם על הדבר הרע הזה, וגם מניעת העבודה והזריעה שם לעולם מן הטעם הזה בעצמו היא לפי הדומה על צד הפשט, כדי להזכיר לעולם בלב כל עוברי דרך כי על דבר שנרצח איש אחד בדרך נערפה העגלה במקום ההוא ונשאר חרב לעולם, ויניעו לבבם עם זה להרחיק ענין הרציחה מאד, ואם תקשה בטעם זה, כי הנחל לא מקום זרע, נשיב שראוי הוא לכך אחר שתמנענו התורה מלזרע בו.

(ג) דיני המצוה. מה שאמרו זכרונם לברכה (סוטה מו, ב) מה זריעה בגופה של קרקע אף עבודה שאסרה תורה היא בגופה של קרקע, כגון חורש וחופר וכיוצא באלו, אבל מתר לסרק שם פשתן ולעשות שם כל עבודה שאינה בגוף הקרקע. ויתר פרטיה. בסוף מסכת סוטה.

..that we were prohibited from working or planting in the coursing riverbed, which is the riverbed where the heifer’s neck was broken; about this it is stated, which may neither be worked nor sown (Deuteronomy 21:4)

At the root of the precept lies what I wrote in this sidrah, in the precept of beheading the heifer—the last positive precept in the sidrah: that the purpose of breaking the [animal’s] neck is to make the subject of the murder widespread knowledge, in order to arouse the mass of people about the matter,

that they should instill a fear in the heard about this evil thing. The restriction against plowing or planting there forever after is also for this very same reason, as it would seem from the aspect of the plain meaning – in order to recall forever to the heard of all passing travelers that because of the fact

that one man was killed on the way, the heifer was beheaded at that place, and it remains waste for all time. With this, their heart will be stirred to thrust the business of killing very far away [from themselves].

Now, should you ask about this reason that a stream is [in any case] no place for planting, we would reply that it can be suitable for it afterward [at a later time, and it is then] that the Torah prohibits us

from planting in it.

The laws of the precept are, for example, what the Sages of blessed memory said: Just as planting is in the body of the earth itself, so the work which the Torah forbade is that which is in the body of the earth, such as plowing, digging and so forth; but it is permitted to comb flax there and to do any labor there which is not with the earth itself. The rest of its details are toward the end of the Talmud tractate Sotah.

Nechama Leibowitz, Parshat Shoftim

"The rite was designed to shock all the residents of the neighboring localities with the tidings that a murdered man had been found… By this [ritual] all Israel would be made aware of what had happened and would not pass over it to continue with the agenda when innocent blood cried heavenward." The tumult stirred by the egla arufa ritual, which requires the active participation of the city's leadership and even the kohanim, serves not a pragmatic function, as the Rambam maintains, but rather an educational one. It conveys the message that a crime such as this cannot just pass without any shakeup in the city. Life cannot resume as usual "just because" an unknown person was found dead near the town.”

וּדְבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ כֻּלָּן דִּבְרֵי שֶׁקֶר וְכָזָב הֵן וְהֵם שֶׁהִטְעוּ בָּהֶן עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים הַקַּדְמוֹנִים לְגוֹיֵי הָאֲרָצוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶן. וְאֵין רָאוּי לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם חֲכָמִים מְחֻכָּמִים לְהִמָּשֵׁךְ בַּהֲבָלִים אֵלּוּ וְלֹא לְהַעֲלוֹת עַל לֵב שֶׁיֵּשׁ תּוֹעֶלֶת בָּהֶן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כג כג) "כִּי לֹא נַחַשׁ בְּיַעֲקֹב וְלֹא קֶסֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל". וְנֶאֱמַר (דברים יח יד) "כִּי הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה יוֹרֵשׁ אוֹתָם אֶל מְעֹנְנִים וְאֶל קֹסְמִים יִשְׁמָעוּ וְאַתָּה לֹא כֵן" וְגוֹ'. כָּל הַמַּאֲמִין בִּדְבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן וּמְחַשֵּׁב בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁהֵן אֱמֶת וּדְבַר חָכְמָה אֲבָל הַתּוֹרָה אֲסָרָתַן אֵינָן אֶלָּא מִן הַסְּכָלִים וּמְחֻסְּרֵי הַדַּעַת וּבִכְלַל הַנָּשִׁים וְהַקְּטַנִּים שֶׁאֵין דַּעְתָּן שְׁלֵמָה. אֲבָל בַּעֲלֵי הַחָכְמָה וּתְמִימֵי הַדַּעַת יֵדְעוּ בִּרְאָיוֹת בְּרוּרוֹת שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁאָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֵינָם דִּבְרֵי חָכְמָה אֶלָּא תֹּהוּ וְהֶבֶל שֶׁנִּמְשְׁכוּ בָּהֶן חַסְרֵי הַדַּעַת וְנָטְשׁוּ כָּל דַּרְכֵי הָאֱמֶת בִּגְלָלָן. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה כְּשֶׁהִזְהִירָה עַל כָּל אֵלּוּ הַהֲבָלִים (דברים יח יג) "תָּמִים תִּהְיֶה עִם ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ":
All of these things are false and spurious, and it was with such that the ancient idolaters misled the peoples of many lands so that they be following them. And it is unbecoming to Israel who are exceedingly wise to be attracted by these absurdities, nor to even imagine that they are of any consequence, even as it is said: "For there is no enchantment with Jacob, neither is there any divination with Israel" (Num. 23.23); and it is again said: "For these nations that thou art to dispossess, hearken unto soothsayers and unto diviners, but as for thee the Lord thy God hath not suffered thee so to do" (Deut. 18.14). Whosoever believes in these matters, and their like, and suppose that there is wisdom and truth in in them, save that the Torah disallowed them, such are none other save from among the foolish and ignorant and are to be included among women and children whose mind is not sound. But wise and sound-minded people know that all these matters which the Torah disallowed are not matters of wisdom but formless nonsense followed by senseless people for the sake of which they abandoned every path of truth. Even because thereof the Torah, in admonishing against all these vanities, commanded, saying: "Perfect shalt thou be with the Lord thy God" (Ibid. 18.13).19Shabbat, 67. G.