New House, Vineyard, and Fiancé, oh my!
(א) כִּֽי־תֵצֵ֨א לַמִּלְחָמָ֜ה עַל־אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ וְֽרָאִ֜יתָ ס֤וּס וָרֶ֙כֶב֙ עַ֚ם רַ֣ב מִמְּךָ֔ לֹ֥א תִירָ֖א מֵהֶ֑ם כִּֽי־ה' אֱלֹקֶ֙יךָ֙ עִמָּ֔ךְ הַמַּֽעַלְךָ֖ מֵאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ (ב) וְהָיָ֕ה כְּקָֽרָבְכֶ֖ם אֶל־הַמִּלְחָמָ֑ה וְנִגַּ֥שׁ הַכֹּהֵ֖ן וְדִבֶּ֥ר אֶל־הָעָֽם׃ (ג) וְאָמַ֤ר אֲלֵהֶם֙ שְׁמַ֣ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אַתֶּ֨ם קְרֵבִ֥ים הַיּ֛וֹם לַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה עַל־אֹיְבֵיכֶ֑ם אַל־יֵרַ֣ךְ לְבַבְכֶ֗ם אַל־תִּֽירְא֧וּ וְאַֽל־תַּחְפְּז֛וּ וְאַל־תַּֽעַרְצ֖וּ מִפְּנֵיהֶֽם׃ (ד) כִּ֚י ה' אֱלֹֽקֵיכֶ֔ם הַהֹלֵ֖ךְ עִמָּכֶ֑ם לְהִלָּחֵ֥ם לָכֶ֛ם עִם־אֹיְבֵיכֶ֖ם לְהוֹשִׁ֥יעַ אֶתְכֶֽם׃ (ה) וְדִבְּר֣וּ הַשֹּֽׁטְרִים֮ אֶל־הָעָ֣ם לֵאמֹר֒ מִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר בָּנָ֤ה בַֽיִת־חָדָשׁ֙ וְלֹ֣א חֲנָכ֔וֹ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יַחְנְכֶֽנּוּ׃ (ו) וּמִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נָטַ֥ע כֶּ֙רֶם֙ וְלֹ֣א חִלְּל֔וֹ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יְחַלְּלֶֽנּוּ׃ (ז) וּמִֽי־הָאִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־אֵרַ֤שׂ אִשָּׁה֙ וְלֹ֣א לְקָחָ֔הּ יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת֙ בַּמִּלְחָמָ֔ה וְאִ֥ישׁ אַחֵ֖ר יִקָּחֶֽנָּה׃ (ח) וְיָסְפ֣וּ הַשֹּׁטְרִים֮ לְדַבֵּ֣ר אֶל־הָעָם֒ וְאָמְר֗וּ מִי־הָאִ֤ישׁ הַיָּרֵא֙ וְרַ֣ךְ הַלֵּבָ֔ב יֵלֵ֖ךְ וְיָשֹׁ֣ב לְבֵית֑וֹ וְלֹ֥א יִמַּ֛ס אֶת־לְבַ֥ב אֶחָ֖יו כִּלְבָבֽוֹ׃
(1) When you take the field against your enemies, and see horses and chariots—forces larger than yours—have no fear of them, for the LORD your God, who brought you from the land of Egypt, is with you. (2) Before you join battle, the priest shall come forward and address the troops. (3) He shall say to them, “Hear, O Israel! You are about to join battle with your enemy. Let not your courage falter. Do not be in fear, or in panic, or in dread of them. (4) For it is the LORD your God who marches with you to do battle for you against your enemy, to bring you victory.” (5) Then the officials shall address the troops, as follows: “Is there anyone who has built a new house but has not dedicated it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another dedicate it. (6) Is there anyone who has planted a vineyard but has never harvested it? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another harvest it. (7) Is there anyone who has paid the bride-price for a wife, but who has not yet married her? Let him go back to his home, lest he die in battle and another marry her.” (8) The officials shall go on addressing the troops and say, “Is there anyone afraid and disheartened? Let him go back to his home, lest the courage of his comrades flag like his.”

Questions for Discussion:

What are the four exemptions from going to battle?

What do these things have in common?

Why would these things exempt you from going to battle?

What questions can we ask about this passage?

Rav Samson Raphael Hirsch Chumash, Devarim 20:8

Clearly here the Torah brings, at the time of war, the peace-time tasks of life into prominence in their predominant importance; and inasmuch as the reason given for the return home is not given that if he should get killed in war, the house might remain unlived in, the field unworked or the wife a widow, but "pen ya'mut ba'milchama v'eesh acher yechankenu yechalelu yekachna," (lest he die in battle and another will come to dedicate the house, harvest the vineyard, or marry his fiance) it strikingly lays value on these peace-time tasks being accomplished by every individual personally and hence, for one who was just engaged in the course of carrying out any of these tasks in fresh fixed conditions has precedence over the call to army duty.

ואיש אחר יחנכנו. וְדָבָר שֶׁל עָגְמַת נֶפֶשׁ הוּא זֶה:
ואיש אחר יחנכנו [LEST HE DIE IN THE WAR] AND ANOTHER MAN DEDICATE IT — which is a matter that causes grief of mind.

ואמנם ההכרזה השנית היא באמרו ודברו השוטרים אל העם. וגם בה יש לעיין למה זכר בנה בית. נטע כרם. נשא אשה. ולא דבר אחר. ולמה אמר ואיש אחר יחנכנו. ואיש אחר יחללנו. ואיש אחר יקחנה. כי אחר שהאדם ימות מה לו אם איש אחר יחנך את ביתו. או יקח אשתו. או יחלל את כרמו. ועם היות שכתב רש"י ואיש אחר יחנכנו ודבר עגמת נפש הוא זה. הנה השכל בלתי סובל שיקשה על האדם שאיש אחר יחנך את ביתו. שעדיין לא דר בו ולא שלמה מלאכתו. יותר משיקשה עליו שהבית אשר דר בו ונתעדן בתוכו איש אחר ירשנו. וכן בענין האשה יותר יקנא האדם על אשתו שכבר לקחה יותר משיקנא על ארוסתו שלא נתייחד עמה. אבל ענין זה כלו נאמר על האיש שהתחיל בדבר שיש מצוה בתכליתו ובהשלמתו והיו מאוייו וחפצו להגיע הדבר ההוא אל תכליתו מפני קיום המצוה ועבודת האלדים אשר בו. ולכן זכר מי האיש אשר בנה בית שיהיה בו ענין המצוה שזכר כי תבנה בית חדש ועשית מעקה לגגך. וזכר נטע כרם ולא חללו. מפני המצוה שהיה בזה (פרשת קדשים) בשנה הרביעית לפדות אותו או לחללו בדמים ולהעלותם לירושלם ולאכלם שם. וזכר אשר ארש אשה ולא לקחה. שהיה מצוה לקתת אשה ולעסוק בפריה ורביה. הנה א"כ לא היה העני' מפני עגמת נפש ומדאגת הדב' בעצמו מפני התאוה הגופנית. כי אם לפי שלא באה המצוה...

Indeed the second warning is when the officers speak to the people. We need to examine why [the exemption is for] a person who built a house, planted a vineyard, or got engaged to be married – and nothing else. And why does it say [lest] another will dedicate [his house], harvest [his vineyard], or take [his fiance]? Because after a person has died, what is it to him if another man dedicates his house or marries his fiance or harvets his vineyard? According to Rashi "another person will dedicate it" brings a person sorrow/anxiety. But this does not make sense logically, that a person would have such a hard time with someone else dedicating his home. For he has not even lived in it or finished its labor. It would be more difficult if it was a house he had lived in and worked on, and then another person came to inherit it. The same with the woman, he would be more jealous over a woman he had already taken as a wife rather than a woman who he was just engaged to and not married to yet. The matter here is all these people started a mitzvah at the beginning, but at the completion and were threatened, but wanted to achieve the fulfillment of the commandment and the avodat Hashem. Therefore it mentions a person who has built a house because they will have a mitzvah - when a person builds a new house they have to build a fence around the roof-landing. It mentions someone who has planted a vineyard but not harvested it because they have the mitzvah in the fourth year to redeem it or its value and bring it to Jerusalem and eat it there. Same for a man who is engaged to a woman and did not take her as a wife. For there's a mitzvah to marry a woman and to be fruitful and multiply. Therefore the person does not have sorrow about not doing the thing itself, it's not a physical desire. Rather it's because he did not get to fulfill the mitzvah...

הירא ורך הלבב. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד בְּקִשְׁרֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה וְלִרְאוֹת חֶרֶב שְׁלוּפָה; רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר הַיָּרֵא מֵעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ, וּלְכָךְ תָּלְתָה לוֹ תוֹרָה לַחֲזֹר עַל בַּיִת וְכֶרֶם וְאִשָּׁה, לְכַסּוֹת עַל הַחוֹזְרִים בִּשְׁבִיל עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדָם שֶׁלֹּא יָבִינוּ שֶׁהֵם בַּעֲלֵי עֲבֵרָה, וְהָרוֹאֵהוּ חוֹזֵר אוֹמֵר שֶׁמָּא בָּנָה בַיִת אוֹ נָטַע כֶּרֶם אוֹ אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה (סוטה מ"ד):
הירא ורך הלבב [WHAT MAN IS THERE] WHO IS FEARFUL AND FAINT-HEARTED — Rabbi Akiba said, Take these words as what they literally imply; they mean that he cannot stand in the dense ranks of battle and look on a naked sword. Rabbi Jose, the Galilean, said that it means one who is afraid of the sins he has committed, and therefore Scripture gave him the opportunity of attributing his return home to his house, his vineyard, or his wife, in order to veil the motives of those who really returned because of the sins they had committed, so that people should not know they were great sinners, and whoever saw a person returning would say, “Perhaps he has built a house, or planted a vineyard or betrothed a wife” (Sotah 44a).