Selling Organs

גופא מניין לרואה את חברו שהוא טובע בנהר או חיה גוררתו או לסטין באין עליו שהוא חייב להצילו ת"ל לא תעמוד על דם רעך.

והא מהכא נפקא מהתם נפקא אבדת גופו מניין ת"ל והשבותו לו?

אי מהתם הוה אמינא ה"מ בנפשיה אבל מיטרח ומיגר אגורי אימא לא, קמ"ל.

Concerning the matter itself, it is taught in a baraita: From where is it derived that one who sees another drowning in a river, or being dragged away by a wild animal, or being attacked by bandits, is obligated to save him? The verse states: “You shall not stand idly by the blood of another” (Leviticus 19:16).

The Gemara asks about this derivation: But is this really derived from here? It is derived from there: from where is it derived that one must help his neighbor who may suffer the loss of his body or his health? The verse states: “And you shall restore it [vahashevato] to him [lo]” (Deuteronomy 22:2).

The Gemara answers: If this halakha were derived only from there, I would say that this matter applies only to saving the person in danger by himself. But to trouble himself and hire workers one might say that he is not obligated, so it teaches us otherwise.

הָאוֹמֵר סַמֵּא אֶת עֵינִי, קְטַע אֶת יָדִי, שְׁבֹר אֶת רַגְלִי, חַיָּב. עַל מְנָת לִפְטֹר, חַיָּב.

One who says, "Put out my eye," "Cut off my hand," "Break my leg," he [who did the act] is liable. [One who says, "Put out my eye] on the condition that you will be exempt," he is obligated to pay.

שו"ת רדב"ז ג:תרכז

אין סכנת אבר דוחה שבת אבל שיביא הוא האונס עליו מפני חבירו לא שמענו ... אע"ג דחייב להצילו בממונו אבל לא בסכנת איבריו ... ותו דכתיב דרכיה דרכי נועם וצריך שמשפטי תורתינו יהיו מסכימים אל השכל והסברא ואיך יעלה על דעתנו שיניח אדם לסמא את עינו או לחתוך את ידו או רגלו כדי שלא ימיתו את חבירו הלכך איני רואה טעם לדין זה אלא מדת חסידות ואשרי חלקו מי שיוכל לעמוד בזה ואם יש ספק סכנת נפשות הרי זה חסיד שוטה דספיקא דידיה עדיף מוודאי דחבריה.

Responsa Radbaz 3:627

One cannot violate Shabbat for the threat of loss of limb. However, we have not heard of [an obligation] for one to accept a threat instead of one's friend ... even though he has an obligation to save him with his money, this obligation does not extend to risking one of his limbs ... Furthermore, [the verse] states 'Her ways are ways of pleasantness,' and the laws of the Torah must correspond to reason and logic, so how can we think that a person should allow someone to blind him or to amputate a limb in order that he (the threatener) won't kill his friend. Therefore, I see no reason for this and it is only a meritorious act. Praised is the portion of one who can withstand this. If there is a potential danger, he is a pious fool, because his life vis-à-vis the potential danger supersedes the definite death of his friend.

הַרְבֵּה דְּבָרִים אָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם סַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת. וְכָל הָעוֹבֵר עֲלֵיהֶן וְאוֹמֵר הֲרֵינִי מְסַכֵּן בְּעַצְמִי וּמַה לַּאֲחֵרִים עָלַי בְּכָךְ אוֹ אֵינִי מַקְפִּיד בְּכָךְ מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת:
The sages have prohibited many things because they are dangerous to life. If anyone disregards them and says : "What claim have others on me if I risk my own life?" or: "I do not mind this," he should be lashed for disobedience.

שו"ת נודע ביהודה מ"ת יו״ד רי

ונשאלו שם חכמי העיר אם מותר לחתוך בגוף המת במקום הזה כדי לראות במופת שורש המכה הזאת כדי להתלמד מזה בהנהגת הרופאים מכאן ולהבא...

אבל בנדון דידן אין כאן שום חולה הצריך לזה רק שרוצים ללמוד חכמה זו אולי יזדמן חולה שיהיה צריך לזה ודאי דלא דחינן משום חששא קלה זו שום איסור תורה או אפילו איסור דרבנן...

וחלילה להתיר דבר זה ואפילו רופאי האומות אינן עושים נסיון בחכמת הניתוח ע"י שום מת כי אם בהרוגים ע"פ משפט או במי שהסכים בעצמו בחייו לכך ואם אנו ח"ו מקילים בדבר זה א"כ ינתחו כל המתים כדי ללמוד סידור אברים הפנימים ומהותן כדי שידעו לעשות רפואות להחיים.

Responsa Noda Bi-Yehuda YD 210

The scholars of the city were asked if it is permissible to dissect the body of the dead in this place in order to see the source of the wound, in order to derive knowledge for the behavior of doctors from now on...

But in this case, there is no patient who needs this. It is just that we want to acquire this knowledge, in the case that a patient appears before us who needs this. For this purpose we do not push off due to this small likelihood any biblical or rabbinic prohibition.

It is forbidden to permit this matter; even the gentile physicians do not perform experiments with dissection upon any corpse, with the exception of those killed by the law, or with one who agreed to this during his lifetime. If we heaven forbid are lenient in this matter, they will come to dissect all corpses in order to learn the arrangement of the inner limbs and their natures, so that they will know how to cure the living.

אלא האי תנא הוא דתניא מקרעין כו' - וא"ת ומאי ס"ד השתא וכי על זה צריך להביא ראיה. דמקרע בגדים עובר משום בל תשחית ואור"י דאין מביא ראיה אלא שאסור לחבול אפי' לצורך כגון אשה שטפחה על ראשה וכן ההיא דאך את דמכם שהרג את עצמו בשביל שום דבר שירא וכן מקרע על המת זהו לצורך:

And if you ask, what could one have thought that would neccesitate proof (that someone who tears his clothing violates bal tashchis)? The R"i says that we are only bringing a proof that it is prohibited to damage oneself even in a case of necessity, like the woman with her hair etc...

הרופא אסור ליטול שכר החכמה והלימוד אבל שכר הטורח והבטלה מותר:
The physician is forbidden to take payment for his wisdow and learning10B.K. 81b; San. 73a; Sifre Deut. XXII, 2, derived from, ‘And thou shalt restore to him’ which implies that not only lost objects must be returned to their owner, but even if the person proper is lost or is sick, one is dutibound to restore the person of his fellow-man. Hence, this includes giving medical advice which may save the patient and restore his person to good health. Consequently, this must be done gratuitously. Cf. Bek. 29a, ‘Just as I teach gratuitously, so must you teach gratuitously,’ for one must not receive remuneration for the performance of a religious duty. ibid. Mishna. Advising the patient which medicine to take would refer to learning and wisdom which must be offered gratis; visiting the patient or writing a prescription would refer to trouble and lost time for which payment may be accepted — A.H. but he may receive payment for his trouble11Bek. 29a; Kid. 58a. and lost time.12Bek. ibid. a and b; B.M. 31b.
ואידך ההוא מיבעי ליה לכדתניא (דברים כד, טו) ואליו הוא נושא את נפשו מפני מה עלה זה בכבש ונתלה באילן ומסר את עצמו למיתה לא על שכרו
The Gemara asks: And what does the other Sage, the second tanna, derive from this verse? The Gemara responds: That verse is necessary for that which is taught in a baraita: The expression “for he sets his soul upon it” explains why one must be so precise when paying a laborer his wages: For what reason did this laborer ascend on a tall ramp or suspend himself from a tree and risk death to himself? Was it not for his wages? How, then, can his employer delay his payment?

Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef, Yechaveh Da’at 3:84 (1980)

The truth is, that we have been informed by God fearing medical experts that the degree of danger in the removal of a kidney is minimal and that roughly 99 percent of kidney donors recuperate fully. Accordingly, all the authorities who prohibited one from putting himself at risk, were referring to a “balanced risk” (safek hashakul) which is not the case here, for it is definitely a mitzvah to donate in order to save his companion from certain death...and therefore it seems that according to the halakhah it is permissable, and even a mitzvah to donate one of his kidneys to save the life of a Jew whose life is endangered from kidney disease. And this worthy mitzvah will protect the donor as a thousand shields.