Check your privilege, Rabbi!

Who was Rabbi Joshua?

(ח) רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי קִבֵּל מֵהִלֵּל וּמִשַּׁמַּאי. ... חֲמִשָּׁה תַלְמִידִים הָיוּ לוֹ לְרַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן הֻרְקְנוֹס, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חֲנַנְיָה, וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַכֹּהֵן, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן נְתַנְאֵל, וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲרָךְ. הוּא הָיָה מוֹנֶה שְׁבָחָן. ... רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חֲנַנְיָה, אַשְׁרֵי יוֹלַדְתּוֹ.

(8) Rabbi Yochanan son of Zakkai received [the tradition] from Hillel and Shammai. ... Rabbi Yochanan son of Zakkai had five students: Rabbi Eliezer son of Horkenos, Rabbi Joshua son of Hananya, Rabbi Yossi the Kohen, Rabbi Shimon son of Netanel, and Rabbi Elazar son of Arach. He would recount their praises: ... Rabbi Yehoshua son of Chananya--praiseworthy is the one who gave birth to him!

אמר ליה קיסר לר' יהושע בן חנניה: בעינא דאיחזי לאלהיכו. א"ל: לא מצית חזית ליה. א"ל: איברא חזינא ליה! אזל אוקמיה להדי יומא בתקופת תמוז. א"ל: איסתכל ביה! א"ל: לא מצינא. א"ל: יומא דחד משמשי דקיימי קמי דקודשא בריך הוא אמרת לא מצינא לאיסתכלא ביה, שכינה לא כל שכן!

Another time the Emperor said to Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah, ‘I wish to see your God’. He replied:‘You cannot see him’. ‘Indeed’, said the Emperor, ‘I will see him’. He went and placed the Emperor facing the sun during the summer solstice and said to him, ‘Look up at it’. He replied: ‘I cannot’. Said Rabbi Joshua, ‘If at the sun, which is but one of the ministers that attend the Holy Blessed One, you cannot look, how then can you presume to look upon the divine presence!'

1. What picture of Rabbi Joshua emerges from these two texts?

2. This story about the emperor is one of several recorded in rabbinic literature. What do these stories indicate about Rabbi Joshua's character and personality?

Rabbi Joshua "Defeated"

אמר רבי יהושע בן חנניה: מימי לא נצחני אדם, חוץ מאשה תינוק ותינוקת.

אשה מאי היא? פעם אחת נתארחתי אצל אכסניא אחת. עשתה לי פולין. ביום ראשון אכלתים ולא שיירתי מהן כלום. שנייה ולא שיירתי מהן כלום. ביום שלישי הקדיחתן במלח. כיון שטעמתי משכתי ידי מהן. אמרה לי," רבי מפני מה אינך סועד?" אמרתי לה, "כבר סעדתי מבעוד יום." אמרה לי, "היה לך למשוך ידיך מן הפת." אמרה לי, "רבי שמא לא הנחת פאה בראשונים, ולא כך אמרו חכמים 'אין משיירין פאה באילפס אבל משיירין פאה בקערה?'"

תינוקת מאי היא? פעם אחת הייתי מהלך בדרך והיתה דרך עוברת בשדה, והייתי מהלך בה. אמרה לי תינוקת אחת, "רבי, לא שדה היא זו?" אמרתי לה, "לא דרך כבושה היא?" אמרה לי, "ליסטים כמותך כבשוה."

תינוק מאי היא? פעם אחת הייתי מהלך בדרך וראיתי תינוק יושב על פרשת דרכים. ואמרתי לו, "באיזה דרך נלך לעיר?" אמר לי, "זו קצרה וארוכה וזו ארוכה וקצרה." והלכתי בקצרה וארוכה. כיון שהגעתי לעיר מצאתי שמקיפין אותה גנות ופרדיסין. חזרתי לאחורי. אמרתי לו, "בני הלא אמרת לי קצרה?" אמר לי, "ולא אמרתי לך ארוכה?" נשקתיו על ראשו ואמרתי לו, "אשריכם ישראל שכולכם חכמים גדולים אתם מגדולכם ועד קטנכם!"

Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah said: All my life, no one ever [verbally] defeated me, except a woman, a boy and a girl.

Who was the woman? Once I stayed at a certain inn. She [the innkeeper] made me beans. On the first day, I ate them and did not leave any leftovers. On the second day, [I ate them] and did not leave any leftovers. On the third day, she spoiled the beans with salt. Once I tasted them, I withdrew my hands from them. She said to me, "Rabbi, why aren't you eating?" I said to her, " I already ate during the day." She said to me, "[If so,] you should have withdrawn your hands from the bread!" She said to me, "Rabbi, perhaps [you left food today because] you did not leave some leftovers in the earlier meals, for didn't the Sages say, 'One does not leave behind leftovers in the pot, but one does leave behind leftovers in the bowl?'" (See Rashi below.)

Who was the girl? Once I was walking along a road, and the road passed through a field and I was walking on it. A certain girl said to me, "Rabbi, isn't this a field?" I said to her, "Isn't this a beaten path?" She said to me, "Thieves like you beat it."

Who was the boy? Once I was walking along the road and I saw a boy sitting at a fork in the road. I said to him, "By which way shall we go to the city?" He said to me, "This way is short and long and that way is long and short." I walked on the short and long road. When I arrived to the city, I found surrounding it gardens and orchards [such that I could not reach the city]. I turned back. I said to the boy, "My son, didn't you tell me this road was short?" He said to me, "And didn't I tell you it was long?" I kissed him on his head and said to him, "How fortunate are you, Israel, that you are all greatly wise, from your great ones to your small ones!"

1. How are these three stories similar? How are they different?

2. Why do you think Rabbi Joshua told these three stories? (Or, why were they told about him?) Given what we know about Rabbi Joshua, why is it significant that the only three people who ever verbally defeated him were a woman, a girl and a boy?

3. How does each interlocutor get Rabbi Joshua to question his assumptions? One commentator suggests the innkeeper was trying to subtly point out Rabbi Joshua's failure to follow the custom. Do you agree with this interpretation?

4. "How fortunate are you, Israel, that you are all greatly wise, from your great ones to your small ones!" Do you think Rabbi Joshua meant this line earnestly or sarcastically? Does it apply just to the last story or to all three?

5. What role do power and privilege play in these stories? How does Rabbi Joshua "check" or examine his privilege as a Sage/high-status man?

6. Has anyone ever "defeated" you--in the sense of pointing out the limits of your perspective or calling out improper behavior? How did you change as a result?

אין משיירין פאה באילפס - כשהשמש מערה מן האילפס לתוך הקערה, אין דרך להניח באילפס כלום לצורכו, אבל כל אחד מניח פאה בקערה ומחזירה לשמש, והוא מאכל שמש:

"One does not leave behind leftovers in the pot." When the server pours from the pot into the bowl, it is not the custom to leave anything in the pot for his own needs, but everyone leaves a "corner" (leftovers) in the bowl and returns it to the server, and it is the server's food.