Good and Evil
Reflections on Good and Evil
Ramban, Genesis 2:3
ודע, כי נכלל עוד במלת "לעשות" כי ששת ימי בראשית הם כל ימות עולם
And know that there is more encompassed in the words “to do,” for the six days of creation are akin to the days of the existence of the world. [AJWS translation]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. According to Ramban, the creation of the world is not completed, but in the continual process of creation. Based on this thinking, what is the role of humanity in building a just and equitable world?

Ecclesiastes Rabbah 12:14
Translation Original
What is it about Good and about Evil? It is said in the name of the house of Rabbi Yanai, one who give a poor person a small amount of money in public, for it happened once that Rabbi Yanai saw a certain man give some money to a poor person in public, it is better that he not give him than that he gives him now and disgraces him. The house of Rabbi Shiloh says, one who gives charity to a woman privately brings her into suspicion. [AJWS translation]
מאי אם טוב ואם רע, אמרי דבי רבי ינאי זה הנותן פרוטה לעני בפרהסיא, כי הא דרבי ינאי חזייה לההוא גברא דיהיב פרוטה לעני בפרהסיא, אמר מוטב דלא יהבת ליה מהשתא דיהבת וכסיפתיה, דבי רבי שילא אמרי זה הנותן צדקה לאשה בסתר דמייתי לה לידי חשדא.
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What is going on in this story?

2. What are some reasons protecting the dignity of a poor person supersedes the giving of money?

3. What does this have to do with good and evil?

Psalms 34:12-20
לְכוּ בָנִים שִׁמְעוּ לִי יִרְאַת ה' אֲלַמֶּדְכֶם: מִי הָאִישׁ הֶחָפֵץ חַיִּים אֹהֵב יָמִים לִרְאוֹת טוֹב: נְצֹר לְשׁוֹנְךָ מֵרָע וּשְׂפָתֶיךָ מִדַּבֵּר מִרְמָה: סוּר מֵרָע וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁלוֹם וְרָדְפֵהוּ: עֵינֵי ה' אֶל צַדִּיקִים וְאָזְנָיו אֶל שַׁוְעָתָם: פְּנֵי ה' בְּעֹשֵׂי רָע לְהַכְרִית מֵאֶרֶץ זִכְרָם: צָעֲקוּ וַה' שָׁמֵעַ וּמִכָּל צָרוֹתָם הִצִּילָם: קָרוֹב ה' לְנִשְׁבְּרֵי לֵב וְאֶת דַּכְּאֵי רוּחַ יוֹשִׁיעַ: רַבּוֹת רָעוֹת צַדִּיק וּמִכֻּלָּם יַצִּילֶנּוּ ה':
Come, children, listen to me; I will teach you what it is to fear God. Who is the man who is eager for life, who desires years of good fortune? Guard your tongue from evil, your lips from deceitful speech. Shun evil and do good, seek amity and pursue it. The eyes of God are on the righteous, God's ears attentive to their cry. The face of God is set against evildoers, to erase their names from the earth. They cry out, and God hears, and saves them from all their troubles. God is close to the brokenhearted; God delivers those crushed in spirit. Though the misfortunes of the righteous be many, God will save him from them all. [JPS translation]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. Who are the players in this text – seen and unseen?
2. What power dynamics are at play?
3. What is evil in the text and what is good?

Rambam, Laws of Temperament 6:7
Translation Original
If one observes that another committed a sin or walks in a way that is not good, it is the person’s duty to bring the erring one back to the right path and point out that he/she is wronging him/herself by this evil course, as it is said, “You shall surely rebuke your neighbor” (Leviticus 19:17). One who rebukes another, whether for offenses against the one who rebukes him/herself or for sins against God, should administer the rebuke in private, speak to the offender gently and tenderly, and point out that the rebuke is offered for the wrongdoer’s own good, to secure for the other life in the World to Come. If the person accepts the rebuke, well and good. If not, the person should be rebuked a second, and a third time. And so one is bound to continue the admonitions, until the sinner assaults the admonisher and says, “I refuse to listen.” Whoever is in a position to prevent wrongdoing and does not do so is responsible for the iniquity of all the wrongdoers whom that person might have restrained. [Freeman translation]
הרואה חבירו שחטא או שהלך בדרך לא טובה מצוה להחזירו למוטב ולהודיעו שהוא חוטא על עצמו במעשיו הרעים שנאמר הוכח תוכיח את עמיתך (ויקרא יט:יז), המוכיח את חבירו בין בדברים שבינו לבינו, בין בדברים שבינו לבין המקום, צריך להוכיחו בינו לבין עצמו, וידבר לו בנחת ובלשון רכה ויודיעו שאינו אומר לו אלא לטובתו להביאו לחיי העולם הבא, אם קיבל ממנו מוטב ואם לאו יוכיחנו פעם שניה ושלישית, וכן תמיד חייב אדם להוכיחו עד שיכהו החוטא ויאמר לו איני שומע, וכל שאפשר בידו למחות ואינו מוחה הוא נתפש בעון אלו כיון שאפשר לו למחות בהם.
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. Who are the players in this text – seen and unseen?
2. In practice, it is very difficult to rebuke someone. What are some ways of rebuking so that the person is not shamed?
3. What social justice themes emerge from this text?

Mishna Avot 5:13
ארבע מדות בנותני צדקה הרוצה שיתן ולא יתנו אחרים עינו רעה בשל אחרים יתנו אחרים והוא לא יתן עינו רעה בשלו יתן ויתנו אחרים חסיד לא יתן ולא יתנו אחרים רשע:
There are four types of charity givers. One who wishes to give, but that others should not give: their eye is evil towards that which belongs to others; One who wishes that others should give, but that they themselves should not give: their eye is evil towards that which is their own; One who desires that they themselves should give, and that others should give: they are pious; One who desires that they themselves should not give and that others too should not give: they are wicked. [translation by USCJ, edited for gender neutrality]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What do you feel about the connection between your giving of tzedakah and others' giving of tzedakah?
2. Why might this Mishna have chosen a person's attitude towards their own and others' giving as the central axes for describing the goodness of charity-givers?
3. How could one work to move towards being righteous, as defined by this Mishna?