Economic/Human Rights 1
Rabbi Bradley Shavit Artson, Tikkun 14.4, “The Mitzvah of Tzedakah,” p. 58
Original
On the surface, the Torah is very simple. I am struck, however, by its choice of terms: twice the verse in Deuteronomy essentially says, “don’t harden your heart.” Ask yourself: in the Bible, whose heart is hardened? Let’s recall that Moses goes into Egypt and says, “Let my people go,” and Pharaoh’s heart is hardened. Any Jew who can look at a human being in need and not hear God’s call to “let my people go,” to do something, becomes a Pharaoh. You don’t have to be evil to be on the side of evil. You simply have to remain indifferent. All that it takes for goodness to be vanquished is for us to ignore the suffering and desperation of our fellow human beings. To fail to act is all it takes to create a society of inequity and of callousness. Refusing to lend a hand, we become the Pharaohs of our age.
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What was Pharaoh’s sin? What does it mean to “become the Pharaohs of our age?”
2. Why do we sometimes ignore suffering in our midst?
3. Is it possible to always lend a hand to people in need? Is this a realistic expectation?

Aruch HaShulchan, The Laws of Tzedakah, 249:14-15
Translation

14. Acts of loving kindness are greater than tzedakah, because acts of loving kindness establish the situation in which one will not need tzedakah. Know that we said in Shabbat (63) that the lender is greater than one who does tzedakah, and a business loan is better than anything. The reason for this is that a poor person is not shamed by a situation in which they take money as compensation in an equal business partnership, etc. This is because whoever merely lends money to their fellow without return (without the lender making a profit), the borrower is shamed, because the borrower benefits from the lender in a situation in which the lender could not benefit at all. However, a business loan does not bring shame at all since the two of them are benefiting - until here are its words...Rambam thought there were eight levels of tzedakah, and they are as follows: 15. The highest level to which there is nothing greater is one who takes the hand of a poor Israelite and gives them a gift or makes them an apprentice or a partner or finds them work in order to strengthen their hand so they were never need again. Concerning this, it is said, “If your brother is poor, and his means falls upon you, then you shall strengthen him...”. In this time of our in many cities, there are societies which give poor Jewish youth to employers, and this is the very greatest thing... [Translation by Rabbi Bruce Elder. Edited for gender neutrality]

Original

הגמ"ח גדולה מן הצדקה דבגמ"ח מקים מצבו שלא יצטרך לצדקה ודע כי בשבת [ס"ג א] אמרינן גדול המלוה יותר מהעושה צדקה ומטיל בכיס יותר מכולם ופירש"י [ד"ה גדול] לפי שאין העני בוש בדבר כשמטיל בכיס מעות להשתכר בהם למחצית שכר וכו' שהמלוה מעות לחברו בלא ריוח הלוה בוש שהוא נהנה מחבירו במה שאין חבירו נהנה כלל אבל המטיל לכיס אינו בוש כלל מאחר ששניהם נהנים עכ"ל והרמב"ם והטור והש"ע לא כתבו פרטיות זה דמטיל לכיס היא מעלה גדולה וטעמם נ"ל דוודאי אם עושה זה רק לשם מצות והחזקת בו פשיטא שאין למעלה הימנו אבל ידוע שרובם עושים כן לשם פרנסה ואין זה בגדר צדקה כלל והרמב"ם חשב ח' מעלות בצדקה ואלו הם: סעיף טו המעלה הגדולה שאין למעלה הימנה המחזיק ביד ישראל המך ונותן לו מתנה או הלואה או עושה שותפות [השוה זה להלואה ועמ"ש בסעי' הקודם] או ממציא לו מלאכה כדי לחזק ידו ולא יצטרך לבריות ועל זה נאמר והחזקת בו ובזמנינו זה בהרבה ערים יש חברות שנותנים נערי עניי ישראל לבעלי מלאכות ודבר גדול הוא עד מאוד

Suggested Discussion Questions

1.What is the goal of tzedakah?
2. What do these texts tell us about these figures’ visions for an ideal society?
3. How can we translate these values into our tzedakah practices today?

Aruch HaShulchan, Laws of Tzedakah 249:8
Translation

Our Rabbi the Rama wrote, “one can’t use money set aside for the tithe to purchase a mitzvah-related object, such as candles for the synagogue or another mitzvah-related object. He can only give from the tithe to the poor.” But it is permissible to use the money set aside for the tithe to be a godfather and thus to provide for a new mother, or to pay for the circumcision ceremony when the father is poor, or to support a dowry for a poor bride, or other such things--all of these are permissible uses of tithe (Shach 249:3). Similarly, one who purchases an aliyah to the Torah and therefore makes a donation to the Beit haMidrash, this may be from the tithe. And likewise, all that is given as charity to the attendants of the community: these are definitely considered tzedakah. [translation by AJWS]

Original

רבינו הרמ"א דאין לעשות ממעשר שלו דבר מצוה כגון נרות לבית הכנסת או שאר דבר מצוה רק יתננו לעניים עכ"ל אבל להיות סנדק ובעד זה נותן להיולדות או הוצאות הברית מילה כשהאב עני וכן כשנותן על הכנסת כלה וכיוצא בזה וודאי הם בכלל מעשר [ש"ך סק"ג] וכן הקונה עלייה לס"ת ונותן בעד זה נדבה לבהמ"ד הוה ממעשר וכן כל מה שנותן צדקה למשרתי הקהלה וודאי דהוי בכלל צדקה

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. How does this text define what "counts" as tzedakah?
2. Do you agree or disagree with the distinctions between different types of donations made by this text?
3. How does this text inform your tzedakah priorities?