Judaism and Labor
Deuteronomy 24:10-15

כִּי תַשֶּׁה בְרֵעֲךָ מַשַּׁאת מְאוּמָה לֹא תָבֹא אֶל בֵּיתוֹ לַעֲבֹט עֲבֹטוֹ: בַּחוּץ תַּעֲמֹד וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה נֹשֶׁה בוֹ יוֹצִיא אֵלֶיךָ אֶת הַעֲבוֹט הַחוּצָה: וְאִם אִישׁ עָנִי הוּא לֹא תִשְׁכַּב בַּעֲבֹטוֹ: הָשֵׁב תָּשִׁיב לוֹ אֶת הַעֲבוֹט כְּבֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְשָׁכַב בְּשַׂלְמָתוֹ וּבֵרֲכֶךָּ וּלְךָ תִּהְיֶה צְדָקָה לִפְנֵי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ: לֹא תַעֲשֹׁק שָׂכִיר עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן מֵאַחֶיךָ אוֹ מִגֵּרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בְּאַרְצְךָ בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ: בְּיוֹמוֹ תִתֵּן שְׂכָרוֹ וְלֹא תָבוֹא עָלָיו הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ כִּי עָנִי הוּא וְאֵלָיו הוּא נֹשֵׂא אֶת נַפְשׁוֹ וְלֹא יִקְרָא עָלֶיךָ אֶל ה' וְהָיָה בְךָ חֵטְא:

When you make a loan of any sort to your countryman, you must not enter the person's house to seize the pledge. You must remain outside, while the person to whom you made the loan brings the pledge out to you. If the person is needy, you shall not go to sleep in the pledge; you must return the pledge to the person at sundown, that s/he may sleep in his/her cloth and bless you; and it will be to your merit before Adonai your God. You shall not abuse a needy and destitute laborer, whether a fellow countryman or a stranger in one of the communities of your land. You must pay the persons wages on the same day, before the sun sets, for s/he is needy and urgently depends on it; else s/he will cry to Adonai against you and you will incur guilt. [JPS translation edited for gender-neutrality]

Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What does this teach us about how laborers should be treated?

2. What principles of labor law are present in this text? How might these principles be applied today?

Jeremiah 22:13-17
הוֹי בֹּנֶה בֵיתוֹ בְּלֹא צֶדֶק וַעֲלִיּוֹתָיו בְּלֹא מִשְׁפָּט בְּרֵעֵהוּ יַעֲבֹד חִנָּם וּפֹעֲלוֹ לֹא יִתֶּן לוֹ: הָאֹמֵר אֶבְנֶה לִּי בֵּית מִדּוֹת וַעֲלִיּוֹת מְרֻוָּחִים וְקָרַע לוֹ חַלּוֹנָי וְסָפוּן בָּאָרֶז וּמָשׁוֹחַ בַּשָּׁשַׁר: הֲתִמְלֹךְ כִּי אַתָּה מְתַחֲרֶה בָאָרֶז אָבִיךָ הֲלוֹא אָכַל וְשָׁתָה וְעָשָׂה מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה אָז טוֹב לוֹ:דָּן דִּין עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן אָז טוֹב הֲלוֹא הִיא הַדַּעַת אֹתִי נְאֻם ה': כִּי אֵין עֵינֶיךָ וְלִבְּךָ כִּי אִם עַל בִּצְעֶךָ וְעַל דַּם הַנָּקִי לִשְׁפּוֹךְ וְעַל הָעֹשֶׁק וְעַל הַמְּרוּצָה לַעֲשׂוֹת:
Ha! He who builds his house with unfairness and his upper chambers with injustice, who makes his fellow man work without pay and does not give him his wages, who thinks: I will build me a vast palace with spacious upper chambers, provided with windows, paneled in cedar, painted with vermilion! Do you think you are more a king because you compete in cedar? Your father ate and drank and dispensed justice and equity -- then all went well with him. He upheld the rights of the poor and needy -- then all was well. That is truly heeding Me -- declares the LORD. But your eyes and your mind are only on ill-gotten gains, on shedding the blood of the innocent, on committing fraud and violence. [JPS translation]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. What is Jeremiah teaching us about labor?

Mishna, Pirkei Avot 2:10
רבי אליעזר אומר יהי כבוד חברך חביב עליך כשלך.
Rabbi Eliezer said, "Other people’s dignity should be as precious to you as your own." [AJWS translation]
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. How does this teaching apply to laborers?

Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Hire
Translation Original
Just as the employer is commanded not to deprive the employee of his wages or withhold them, so too is the employee commanded not to steal from his employer by slacking off a bit here and there and thus dishonestly spending his workday. It is incumbent on him to carefully utilize all of his time...and he is obligated to work with all of his might, as the righteous Patriarch Yaakov declared to his wives: "With all my might I worked for your father."
כדרך שמוזהר בעה"ב שלא יגזול שכר עני ולא יעכבנו כך העני מוזהר שלא יגזול מלאכת בעה"ב ויבטל מעט בכאן ומעט בכאן ומוציא כל היום במרמה אלא חייב לדקדק על עצמו בזמן שהרי הקפידו על ברכה רביעית של ברכת המזון שלא יברך אותה, וכן חייב לעבוד בכל כחו שהרי יעקב הצדיק אמר כי בכל כחי עבדתי את אביכן, לפיכך נטל שכר זאת אף בעולם הזה שנאמר ויפרץ האיש מאד מאד. /סליקו להו הלכות שכירות/.
Suggested Discussion Questions

1. How is this text a reflection of justice?
2. Do we traditionally ponder employer ethics or employee ethics? Is this text unique?