If one erred or was forced [by circumstance] and did not pray the morning prayer, one prays the afternoon prayer twice: the first is the afternoon prayer, and the second as compensation. If one inverted [the order], one has not fulfilled his obligation in prayer, because it's a compensation, and one needs to go back and pray it. And that's the ruling in every case in which one must pray a compensatory prayer.
If one did not pray mincha (afternoon prayer), he can pray arvit (evening prayer) twice: the first is for arvit, and the second is for the makeup. If one did not pray arvit, he may pray shacharit (morning prayer) twice: the first for shacharit, and the second as a makeup. After the first prayer he should say ashrei and then pray the makeup.
הא דמשלים התפלה שהפסיד דוקא בזמן תפלה אבל בשעה שאין זמן תפלה לא:
One can only have a makeup prayer during the immediate next prayer. If one did not pray shacharit or mincha, he only prays arvit twice. The second prayer is a makeup for mincha, but for shacharit there is no makeup; this is the law for all prayers.
אע"פ שאין תשלומין אלא לתפלה הסמוכה לאותה תפלה ותפלות [אחרות] שהפסיד אין להם תשלומין אם רצה להתפלל אותה נדבה ושיחדש בה שום דבר הרשות בידו ונכון לעשו' כן:
If the whole day passed and one did not pray mussaf, there is no makeup for it.
If one missed the prayer on purpose, it can not be made up at the next prayer opportunity. If one desires, it can be offered as a voluntary prayer, and does need any innovation in it if it is prayed at the next prayer opportunity.
מי שלא התפלל בעוד שיש לו זמן להתפלל מפני שסבור שעדיין ישאר לו זמן אחר שיגמור אותו עסק שהוא מתעסק בו ובין כך ובין כך עברה לו השעה וכן מי שהיה טרוד בצורך ממונו שלא יבא לידי הפסד ועל ידי כך הפסיד מלהתפלל וכן מי שהוא שכור ולא התפלל כלם חשובים אנוסים ויש להם תשלומין: הגה מיהו לכתחלה לא יעבור זמן תפלה משום הפסד ממון [ת"ה סימן ה']:
If one did not pray mincha on Friday, he should say (Shabbat) arvit on Friday night twice. The first is for arvit and the second is a makeup [for mincha]
If one did not pray mincha on Shabbat, he should say arvit of Saturday night twice; he should say havdala (ata chonantanu) in the first prayer but not in the second prayer. If he said havdala in the first prayer but said it in the second prayer, the second prayer counts for him, but the first prayer does not count for anything. If he said havdala in both, or in neither, he has fulfilled his obligation.
If one erred at mincha on shabbat and prayed the weekday amida [eighteen blessings] and did not mention shabbat, he prays twice on Saturday night, and does not say havdalah in the second prayer, and it should be said as a voluntary prayer and there is not need to insert any new supplication. This is also the law if one did not say Ya'aleh Ve'yavo at mincha of Rosh Chodesh.
הטועה ומזכיר מאורע שאר ימים בתפלה שלא בזמנה לא הוי הפסקה: הגה מיהו אם נזכר שטעה פוסק אפי' באמצע הברכה [א"ז מסכת ברכות]: