זֹאת חֻקַּת (במדבר יט, ב), זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (איוב יד, ד): מִי יִתֵּן טָהוֹר מִטָּמֵא לֹא אֶחָד, כְּגוֹן אַבְרָהָם מִתֶּרַח, חִזְקִיָּה מֵאָחָז, יֹאשִׁיָּה מֵאָמוֹן, מָרְדְּכַי מִשִּׁמְעִי, יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא מֵעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. מִי עָשָׂה כֵּן, מִי צִוָּה כֵּן, מִי גָּזַר כֵּן, לֹא יְחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, תַּמָּן תְּנִינַן, בַּהֶרֶת כִּגְרִיס בָּאָדָם, טָמֵא. פָּרְחָה בְּכֻלּוֹ, טָהוֹר. מִי עָשָׂה כֵּן, מִי צִוָּה כֵּן, מִי גָּזַר כֵּן, לֹא יְחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. תַּמָּן תְּנִינַן הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁמֵּת וְלָדָהּ בְּמֵעֶיהָ וְהוֹשִׁיטָה הַחַיָּה אֶת יָדָהּ וְנָגְעָה בּוֹ, הַחַיָּה טְמֵאָה טֻמְאַת שִׁבְעָה וְהָאִשָּׁה טְהוֹרָה עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא הַוָּלָד. הַמֵּת בַּבַּיִת הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר, יָצָא מִתּוֹכוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא טָמֵא, מִי עָשָׂה כֵּן, מִי צִוָּה כֵּן, מִי גָזַר כֵּן, לֹא יְחִידוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. תַּמָּן תְּנִינַן הָעוֹסְקִין בַּפָּרָה מִתְּחִלָּה וְעַד סוֹף מְטַמְּאִין בְּגָדִים, הִיא גּוּפָהּ מְטַהֶרֶת בְּגָדִים. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, חֻקָּה חָקַקְתִּי גְּזֵרָה גָּזַרְתִּי, אִי אַתָּה רַשַּׁאי לַעֲבֹר עַל גְּזֵרָתִי.

This is the ordinance - As it is said verse (Job:14): Who gave (brought forth) purity to one who is impure? , such as Abraham from Terah, Hezekiah from Achaz, etc , Israel from the nations of the world, the world to come from this world. Who did so, who commanded so, who decreed it so, if not The One! (the world's only!) ....! There we learned (Parah 4:4): those who occupy themselves with the Parah from beginning to end, impurify their clothes, but it makes clothes Pure. God said: I carved a law (into the fabric of creation), a decree i made, you have no ability to transgress (override) My law!

זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה. (תהלים יב, ז): אִמְרוֹת ה' אֲמָרוֹת טְהֹרוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מָצִינוּ שֶׁעִקֵּם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׁתַּיִם וְשָׁלשׁ תֵּבוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁלֹא לְהוֹצִיא דְּבַר טֻמְאָה מִפִּיו, (בראשית ז, ח): מִן הַבְּהֵמָה הַטְּהוֹרָה וּמִן הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר אֵינֶנָּה טְהֹרָה (בראשית ז, ב): וּמִן הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר לֹא טְהֹרָה הִוא, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן אַף כְּשֶׁבָּא לִפְתֹּחַ בְּסִימָנֵי בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה לֹא פָתַח אֶלָּא בְּסִימָנֵי טְהוֹרָה, (ויקרא יא, ד): אֶת הַגָּמָל כִּי לֹא מַפְרִיס פַּרְסָה, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (ויקרא יא, ד): כִּי מַעֲלֵה גֵרָה הוּא. (ויקרא יא, ו): וְאֶת הָאַרְנֶבֶת כִּי לֹא מַפְרֶסֶת פַּרְסָה אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (ויקרא יא, ו): כִּי מַעֲלַת גֵּרָה הִוא. (ויקרא יא, ז): וְאֶת הַחֲזִיר כִּי לֹא מַעֲלֵה גֵרָה הוּא, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (ויקרא יא, ז): כִּי מַפְרִיס פַּרְסָה הוּא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר תִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בִּימֵי דָוִד עַד שֶׁלֹא טָעֲמוּ טַעַם חֵטְא הָיוּ יוֹדְעִין לִדְרשׁ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה מ"ט פָּנִים טָמֵא וּמ"ט פָּנִים טָהוֹר, וְהָיָה דָוִד מִתְפַּלֵּל עֲלֵיהֶם וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים יב, ח): אַתָּה ה' תִּשְׁמְרֵם, נְטַר אוֹרָיְיתְהוֹן בְּלִבְּהוֹן, (תהלים יב, ח): [תנצרם] תִּצְּרֶנּוּ מִן הַדּוֹר זוּ לְעוֹלָם. וְאַחַר כָּל הַשֶּׁבַח הַזֶּה יוֹצְאִין לַמִּלְחָמָה וְנוֹפְלִין, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהָיָה בָּהֶם דֵּילָטוֹרִין, הוּא שֶׁדָּוִד אָמַר (תהלים נז, ה): נַפְשִׁי בְּתוֹךְ לְבָאִם אֶשְׁכְּבָה לֹהֲטִים, נַפְשִׁי בְּתוֹךְ לְבָאִם, זֶה אַבְנֵר וַעֲמָשָׂא שֶׁהָיוּ לְבָאִים בַּתּוֹרָה. אֶשְׁכְּבָה לֹהֲטִים, זֶה דּוֹאֵג וַאֲחִיתֹפֶל שֶׁהָיוּ לְהוּטִים אַחַר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע. (תהלים נז, ה): וּלְשׁוֹנָם חֶרֶב חַדָּה, אֵלוּ הַזִּיפִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים נד, ב): בְּבוֹא הַזִּיפִים וַיֹּאמְרוּ לְשָׁאוּל. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר דָּוִד (תהלים נז, ו): רוּמָה עַל הַשָּׁמַיִם אֱלֹהִים, סַלֵּק שְׁכִינָתְךָ מִבֵּינוֹתָם. אֲבָל דּוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אַחְאָב כֻּלּוֹ עוֹבְדֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים הָיוּ, וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ בָּהֶם דֵּילָטוֹרִין יוֹצְאִין לַמִּלְחָמָה וְנוֹצְחִין, הוּא שֶׁאָמַר עֹבַדְיָה לְאֵלִיָּהוּ (מלכים א יח, יג): הֲלֹא הֻגַּד לַאדֹנִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי בַּהֲרֹג אִיזֶבֶל אֵת נְבִיאֵי ה' וָאַחְבִּא, וָאֲכַלְכְּלֵם לֶחֶם וָמָיִם, אִם לֶחֶם לָמָּה מַיִם, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיוּ הַמַּיִם קָשִׁים לְהָבִיא לוֹ יוֹתֵר מִן הַלֶּחֶם, וְאֵלִיָּהוּ מַכְרִיז בְּהַר הַכַּרְמֶל (מלכים א יח, כב): אֲנִי נוֹתַרְתִּי נָבִיא לַה' לְבַדִּי, וְכָל עַמָּא יָדְעֵי וְלָא מְפַרְסְמֵי לְמַלְכָּא. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמֵנִי אָמְרוּ לוֹ לַנָּחָשׁ מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מָצוּי בֵּין הַגְּדֵרוֹת, אָמַר, אֲנִי פָּרַצְתִּי גִּדְרוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה הוֹלֵךְ וּלְשׁוֹנְךָ שׁוֹתֵת, אָמַר, הוּא גָרַם לִי. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה כָּל חַיָּה נוֹשֶׁכֶת וְאֵינָהּ מְמִיתָה וְאַתָּה נוֹשֵׁךְ וּמֵמִית. אָמַר לָהֶם (קהלת י, יא): אִם יִשֹּׁךְ הַנָּחָשׁ בְּלוֹא לָחַשׁ וְאֵין יִתְרוֹן לְבַעַל הַלָּשׁוֹן. אֶפְשָׁר דַּאֲנָא עָבֵיד כְּלוּם דְּלָא מִתְאֲמַר לִי מִן עַלְיוּתָא. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אַתְּ נוֹשֵׁךְ בְּאֵבָר אֶחָד וְכָל הָאֵבָרִים מַרְגִּישִׁין. אָמַר לָהֶם וְלִי אַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים, אִמְרוּ לְבַעַל הַלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁהוּא כָּאן וְהוֹרֵג בְּרוֹמִי. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁלִישִׁי, שֶׁהוּא הוֹרֵג שְׁלשָׁה, הָאוֹמְרוֹ וְהַמְקַבְּלוֹ וְהַנֶּאֱמַר עָלָיו, וּבִימֵי שָׁאוּל הָרַג אַרְבָּעָה, הָרַג אֶת דּוֹאֵג שֶׁאֲמָרוֹ, וְשָׁאוּל שֶׁקִּבְּלוֹ, אֲחִימֶלֶךְ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עָלָיו, וְאַבְנֵר בֶּן נֵר לָמָּה נֶהֱרַג, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר עַל שֶׁהִקְדִּים שְׁמוֹ לִשְׁמוֹ שֶׁל דָּוִד, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב ג, יב): וַיִּשְׁלַח אַבְנֵר מַלְאָכִים אֶל דָּוִד תַּחְתָּיו לֵאמֹר לְמִי אָרֶץ, כָּתַב מִן אַבְנֵר לְדָוִד. וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר עַל יְדֵי שֶׁעָשָׂה דָּמָן שֶׁל נְעָרִים שְׂחוֹק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ב, יד): וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְנֵר אֶל יוֹאָב יָקוּמוּ נָא הַנְּעָרִים וִישַׂחֲקוּ לְפָנֵינוּ. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי עַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא הִמְתִּין לְשָׁאוּל לְהִתְפַּיֵּס מִן דָּוִד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א כד, יא): וְאָבִי רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה אֶת כְּנַף מְעִילְךָ. אָמַר לוֹ לְאַבְנֵר מָה אַתְּ בָּעֵי מִן גְּלִימוֹי דִּידָךְ בְּסִירָא הוּעֲדָת, כַּד אֲתוֹן לַמַּעֲגָל אָמַר לוֹ (שמואל א כו, יד): הֲלוֹא תַעֲנֶה אַבְנֵר, בַּכָּנָף אָמַרְתָּ בְּסִירָא הוּעֲדָת, חֲנִית וְצַפַּחַת בְּסִירָא הוּעֲדָת. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל שֶׁהָיָה בְּיָדוֹ לִמְחוֹת עַל נוֹב וְלֹא מִיחָה. רַבִּי חָנָן בֶּן פָּזִי פָּתַר קְרָא בְּפָרָשַׁת פָּרָה, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ מִשִּׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָה, שֶׁבַע פָּרוֹת, שֶׁבַע שְׂרֵפוֹת, שֶׁבַע הַזָּיוֹת, שֶׁבַע כִּבּוּסִין, שִׁבְעָה טְמֵאִים, שִׁבְעָה טְהוֹרִים, שִׁבְעָה כֹּהֲנִים, וְאִם יֹאמַר לְךָ אָדָם חֲמִשָּׁה הֵן, אֱמֹר לוֹ, משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן בִּכְלַל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יט, א כ): וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹר זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה.

This is the ordinance of the Torah - (Psalms 12:6) The sayings of G-d are pure (purify). R. Hanan Ben Pazzi elucidated this verse [of psalms with the parsha of Parah] Parah- which has seven seven sevens; seven cows, seven fires, seven sprinkling, seven washes, seven unclean, seven pure, seven priests. And if someone tells you they are five, tell him: Moses and Aaron are included, as it is said: And the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying, This is the ordinance of the Torah:

זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה וגו', רַבִּי יִצְחָק פָּתַח (קהלת ז, כג): כָּל זֹה נִסִּיתִי בַחָכְמָה אָמַרְתִּי אֶחְכָּמָה וְהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנִּי, כְּתִיב (מלכים א ה, ט): וַיִתֵּן אֱלֹהִים חָכְמָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה, מַהוּ (מלכים א ה, ט): כַּחוֹל, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי נָתַן לוֹ חָכְמָה כְּנֶגֶד כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ב, א): וְהָיָה מִסְפַּר בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּחוֹל הַיָּם וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי מַה חוֹל גָּדֵר לַיָּם כָּךְ הָיְתָה חָכְמָה גְדוּרָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה, מַתְלָא אָמְרִין דֵּעָה חָסַרְתָּ מַה קָּנִיתָ, דֵּעָה קָנִית מָה חָסַרְתָּ. (משלי כה, כח): עִיר פְּרוּצָה אֵין חוֹמָה אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אֵין מַעֲצָר לְרוּחוֹ. (מלכים א ה, י): וַתֵּרֶב חָכְמַת שְׁלֹמֹה מֵחָכְמַת כָּל בְּנֵי קֶדֶם, מֶה הָיְתָה חָכְמָתָן שֶׁל בְּנֵי קֶדֶם, שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹדְעִים וַעֲרוּמִין בְּטַיָּר. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, בִּשְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים וכו' (מלכים א ה, י): וּמִכֹּל חָכְמַת מִצְרָיִם, מֶה הָיְתָה חָכְמַת מִצְרַיִם, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ שְׁלֹמֹה לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ שָׁלַח אֵצֶל פַּרְעֹה נְכֹה אָמַר לוֹ שְׁלַח לִי אֻמָּנִין בִּשְׂכָרָן שֶׁאֲנִי מְבַקֵּשׁ לִבְנוֹת בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. מֶה עָשָׂה כִּנֵּס כָּל אַצְטְרוֹלוֹגִין שֶׁלּוֹ, צָפוּ וְרָאוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁעֲתִידִין לָמוּת בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה, וּשְׁלָחָן לוֹ, כְּשֶׁבָּאוּ אֵצֶל שְׁלֹמֹה צָפָה בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁהֵם מֵתִים בְאוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה, נָתַן לָהֶם תַּכְרִיכֵיהֶן וּשְׁלָחָן אֶצְלוֹ, שָׁלַח לוֹ לֹא הָיָה לְךָ תַּכְרִיכִין לִקְבֹּר אֶת מֵתֶיךָ, הֲרֵי לְךָ הֵן וְתַכְרִיכֵיהֶן. (מלכים א ה, יא): וַיֶּחְכַּם מִכָּל הָאָדָם, אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן מֶה הָיְתָה חָכְמָתוֹ, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִבְרֹאת אֶת הָאָדָם נִמְלַךְ בְּמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת, אָמַר לָהֶם (בראשית א, כו): נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ, אָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו (תהלים ח, ה): מָה אֱנוֹשׁ כִּי תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם אָדָם שֶׁאֲנִי רוֹצֶה לִבְרֹאת חָכְמָתוֹ מְרֻבָּה מִשֶּׁלָּכֶם, מֶה עָשָׂה כִּנֵּס כָּל בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף וְהֶעֱבִירָן לִפְנֵיהֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם מַה שְּׁמוֹתָן שֶׁל אֵלּוּ, לֹא יָדְעוּ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּרָא אָדָם הֶעֱבִירָן לְפָנָיו אָמַר לוֹ מַה שְּׁמוֹתָן שֶׁל אֵלּוּ, אָמַר, לָזֶה נָאֶה לִקְרוֹת שׁוֹר, וְלָזֶה אֲרִי, וְלָזֶה סוּס, וְלָזֶה חֲמוֹר, וְלָזֶה גָּמָל, וְלָזֶה נֶשֶׁר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ב, כ): וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁמוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ וְאַתָּה מַה שְּׁמֶךָ, אָמַר לוֹ אָדָם, לָמָּה, שֶׁנִּבְרֵאתִי מִן הָאֲדָמָה. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי מַה שְּׁמִי, אָמַר לוֹ ה', לָמָּה, שֶׁאַתָּה אָדוֹן עַל כָּל הַבְּרִיוֹת, הַיְינוּ דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מב, ח): אֲנִי ה' הוּא שְׁמִי, הוּא שְׁמִי שֶׁקָּרָא לִי אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, הוּא שְׁמִי שֶׁהִתְנֵיתִי בֵּינִי לְבֵין עַצְמִי, הוּא שְׁמִי שֶׁהִתְנֵיתִי בֵּינִי לְבֵין בְּרִיּוֹתַי. (מלכים א ה, יא): מֵאֵיתָן הָאֶזְרָחִי, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פט, א): מַשְׂכִּיל לְאֵיתָן הָאֶזְרָחִי. (מלכים א ה, יא): הֵימָן, זֶה משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יב, ז): לֹא כֵן עַבְדִּי משֶׁה וגו'. (מלכים א ה, יא): וְכַלְכֹּל, זֶה יוֹסֵף, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית מז, יב): וַיְכַלְכֵּל יוֹסֵף וגו', אָמְרוּ הַמִּצְרִיִּים כְּלוּם מָלַךְ עָלֵינוּ עֶבֶד זֶה אֶלָּא בְּחָכְמָתוֹ, מֶה עָשׂוּ לוֹ הֵבִיאוּ שִׁבְעִים פְּתָקִין וְכָתְבוּ עֲלֵיהֶם שִׁבְעִים לָשׁוֹן וְהָיוּ מַשְׁלִיכִין אוֹתָן לְפָנָיו וְקוֹרֵא כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד בִּלְשׁוֹנוֹ, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה מְדַבֵּר בְּלָשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ שֶׁלֹא הָיָה בָּהֶן כֹּחַ לִשְׁמֹעַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פא, ו): עֵדוּת בִּיהוֹסֵף שָׂמוֹ שְׂפַת לֹא יָדַעְתִּי אֶשְׁמָע. (מלכים א ה, יא): דַרְדַּע, זֶה דּוֹר הַמִּדְבָּר שֶׁהָיָה בָּהֶן דֵּעָה. (מלכים א ה, יא): בְּנֵי מָחוֹל, שֶׁמָּחַל לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל. וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל (מלכים א ה, יב), אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי חָזַרְנוּ עַל כָּל הַמִּקְרָאוֹת וְלֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁנִּתְנַבֵּא שְׁלֹמֹה אֶלָּא קָרוֹב לִשְׁמוֹנֶה מֵאוֹת פְּסוּקִים, אֶלָּא מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכָּל פָּסוּק וּפָסוּק שֶׁאָמַר יֵשׁ בּוֹ שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלשָׁה טְעָמִים, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (משלי כה, יב): נֶזֶם זָהָב וַחֲלִי כָתֶם. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל עַל כָּל פָּסוּק וּפָסוּק, אֶלֶף וַחֲמִשָּׁה טְעָמִים עַל כָּל מָשָׁל וּמָשָׁל. שִׁירָיו אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא (מלכים א ה, יב): שִׁירוֹ, שִׁירוֹ שֶׁל מָשָׁל. (מלכים א ה, יג): וַיְדַבֵּר עַל הָעֵצִים, וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר לְאָדָם לְדַבֵּר עַל הָעֵצִים, אֶלָּא אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה מִפְּנֵי מָה מְצוֹרָע נִטְהַר בַּגָּבוֹהַּ שֶׁבַּגְּבוֹהִים וּבַנָּמוּךְ שֶׁבַּנְּמוּכִים, בְּעֵץ אֶרֶז וּבְאֵזוֹב, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהִגְבִּיהַּ עַצְמוֹ כְּאֶרֶז לָקָה בְּצָרַעַת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִשְׁפִּיל עַצְמוֹ כָּאֵזוֹב, נִתְרַפֵּא עַל יְדֵי אֵזוֹב. (מלכים א ה, יג): וַיְדַבֵּר עַל הַבְּהֵמָה וְעַל הָעוֹף, וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר לְאָדָם לְדַבֵּר עַל בְּהֵמָה וְעוֹף, אֶלָּא אָמַר מִפְּנֵי מָה בְּהֵמָה נִתֶּרֶת בִּשְׁנֵי סִימָנִין וְהָעוֹף בְּסִימָן אֶחָד, עַל שֶׁהַבְּהֵמָה נִבְרֵאת מִן הַיַּבָּשָׁה, וְעוֹף כָּתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר מִן הָאֲדָמָה, דִּכְתִיב (בראשית ב, יט): וַיִּצֶר ה' אֱלֹהִים מִן הָאֲדָמָה כָּל חַיַּת הַשָֹּׂדֶה וְאֵת כָּל עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם. וְכָתוּב אֶחָד אוֹמֵר (בראשית א, כ): יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה וְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף. בַּר קַפָּרָא אוֹמֵר מֵרְקָק שֶׁבַּיָּם נִבְרְאוּ. רַבִּי אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר אַף עַל פִּי כֵן רַגְלוֹהִי דְּתַרְנְגוֹלָא דַּמְיָין לְחַסְפְּנִיתָא דְנוּנָא. (מלכים א ה, יג): וְעַל הָרֶמֶשׂ, וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לְאָדָם לְדַבֵּר עַל הָרֶמֶשׂ, אֶלָּא אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה מִפְּנֵי מָה שְׁמֹנֶה שְׁרָצִים שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה הַצָּדָן וְהַחוֹבֵל בָּהֶן חַיָּב וּשְׁאָר שְׁרָצִים פָּטוּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶן עוֹרוֹת. (מלכים א ה, יג): וְעַל הַדָּגִים, וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר כֵּן, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי מָה בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף טְעוּנִין שְׁחִיטָה וְדָגִים אֵין טְעוּנִין שְׁחִיטָה, אֶלָּא מֵהָדֵין קְרָא (במדבר יא, כב): הֲצֹאן וּבָקָר יִשָּׁחֵט לָהֶם וגו'. הוֹרָה יַעֲקֹב אִישׁ כְּפַר נִבּוֹרַיָא בְּצוֹר עַל הַדָּגִים שֶׁטְּעוּנִין שְׁחִיטָה, וּשְׁמַע רַבִּי חַגַּי שְׁלַח וְאַיְיתֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָן הוֹרֵית, אָמַר לוֹ מֵהָכָא: יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה וְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף, מַה עוֹף טָעוּן שְׁחִיטָה אַף דָּגִים טְעוּנִין שְׁחִיטָה. אֲמַר לְהוֹ אַרְבְּעוּנֵיהּ דְּיִלְקֵי, אֲמַר בַּר נַשׁ דַּאֲמַר מִלֵּי דְאוֹרַיְיתָא לָקֵי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא הוֹרֵית טַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִנָּן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מֵהָכָא (במדבר יא, כב): הֲצֹאן וּבָקָר יִשָּׁחֵט לָהֶם וְאִם אֶת כָּל דְּגֵי הַיָּם יֵאָסֵף לָהֶם, אֵלוּ טְעוּנִין שְׁחִיטָה וְאֵלּוּ טְעוּנִין אֲסִיפָה. אֲמַר חֲבוֹט חֲבִיטָךְ דְּהוּא טָבָא בְּקִילְטָא. הוֹרָה יַעֲקֹב אִישׁ כְּפַר נִבּוֹרַיָא בְּצוֹר עַל בַּר יִשְׂרָאֵל הַבָּא עַל הַנָּכְרִית וְהוֹלִיד בֵּן, שֶׁנִּמּוֹל בְּשַׁבָּת, שְׁמַע רַבִּי חַגַּי שְׁלַח וְאַיְיתֵיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָא הָא לָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּכְתִיב (במדבר א, יח): וַיִּתְיַלְּדוּ עַל מִשְׁפְּחֹתָם לְבֵית אֲבֹתָם. אֲמַר לְהוֹ אַרְבְּעוּנֵיהּ דְּיִלְקֵי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּר נָשׁ דַּאֲמַר מִלֵּי דְאוֹרַיְיתָא לָקֵי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא הוֹרֵית טַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָן אַתְּ מוֹדַע לִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִי אָתֵי לְגַבָּךְ בַּר עַמְמַיָא וַאֲמַר בָּעֵינָא לְמֶהֱוֵי יְהוּדָאי עַל מְנָת דְּמִגְזַרְנֵיהּ בְּיוֹמָא דְשַׁבַּתָּא אוֹ בְּיוֹמָא דְּכִפּוּרַיָא, מְחַלְּלִין עָלָיו אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת אוֹ לֹא, וַהֲלוֹא אֵין מְחַלְּלִין עָלָיו אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת אֶלָּא עַל בְּנָהּ שֶׁל בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְבָד. אָמַר לוֹ וּמְנָא לָךְ הָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ כְּתִיב (עזרא י, ג): וְעַתָּה נִכְרָת בְּרִית לֵאלֹהֵינוּ לְהוֹצִיא כָל נָשִׁים וְהַנּוֹלָד מֵהֶם בַּעֲצַת ה', אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן הַקַּבָּלָה אַתְּ מַלְקֵנִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ כְּתִיב (עזרא י, ג): וְכַתּוֹרָה יֵעָשֶׂה. אָמַר לוֹ וּמֵאֵיזוֹ תּוֹרָה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִדְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, כְּתִיב (דברים ז, ג): וְלֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם, לָמָּה, (דברים ז, ד): כִּי יָסִיר אֶת בִּנְךָ מֵאַחֲרַי, בִּנְךָ הַבָּא מִיִּשְׂרְאֵלִית קָרוּי בִּנְךָ, וְאֵין בִּנְךָ הַבָּא מִן הַכּוּשִׁית קָרוּי בִּנְךָ אֶלָּא בְּנָהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲבוֹט חֲבִיטָךְ דְּהוּא טָבָא בְּקִלְטָא. אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה עַל כָּל אֵלֶּה עָמַדְתִּי וּפָרָשָׁה שֶׁל פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה חָקַרְתִּי וְשָׁאַלְתִּי וּפִשְׁפַּשְׁתִּי (קהלת ז, כג): אָמַרְתִּי אֶחְכָּמָה וְהִיא רְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנִּי.

3 (Numb. 19:2) “This is the statute of the Torah”: R. Isaac began [his discourse] (with Eccl. 7:23), “All this I tested with wisdom; I thought I could fathom it, but it eludes me.” It is written (in I Kings 5:9), “So God gave Solomon wisdom [...].” What is the meaning of (I Kings 5:9, cont.,) “As vast as the sand of the sea.” The rabbis say, “[This] teaches that He gave him as much wisdom as all Israel, who are compared to the sand, as stated (in Hos. 2:1), ‘The number of the Children of Israel shall be like that of the sands of the sea. R. Levi said, “Just as sand is a wall and a fence for [the sea], that it not go out and flood the world; so was wisdom a fence for Solomon.” The proverb says, “If you lack knowledge, what have you gained? If you have gained knowledge, what do you lack?” Like (in Prov. 25:28) “A city broken into with no walls,” so “is a person who does not restrain his spirit.” (I Kings 5:10) “Now Solomon's wisdom surpassed the wisdom of all the people of the East”: And what was the wisdom of the peoples of the East?²⁹Above, Gen. 7:24; PR 14:9. [In that] they were astute at divination (from birds). Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel said, “I like three things, etc.” (I Kings 5:10, cont.) “From all the wisdom of Egypt”: What was the wisdom of Egypt? You find that when Solomon wanted to build the Temple, he sent to Pharaoh Necho and said to him, “Send me craftsmen [to work] for a wage, for I want to build the Temple.” What did Pharaoh do? He gathered all his astrologers³⁰Gk.: astrologoi. and said to them, “Foresee which people are going to die this year and send them to him.” When they came to Solomon, he foresaw through the holy spirit that they would die during that year. He [therefore] gave them shrouds and sent them [back] to [Pharaoh]. He sent to him, saying, “Do you not have shrouds to bury your dead? Here they are for you with their shrouds.” (I Kings 5:11) “And he was wiser than any man (literally, than all of Adam),” than the first Adam. And what was his wisdom? You find that, when the Holy One, blessed be He, wanted to create the first Adam, He consulted with the ministering angels. He said to them (in Gen. 1:26), “Let us make humankind (Adam) in Our image.” They said to him (in Ps. 8:5), “What is a human that You are mindful of him?” He said to them, “This Adam that I want to create Adam shall have wisdom greater than yours.” What did He do? He gathered all cattle, wild beasts, and fowl to pass before them. He said to them, “What are the names of these [beings]?” They, however, did not know. When He had created Adam, He made them pass before him. He said to him, “What are the names of these [beings]?” He said, “It is fitting to call this one an ox, this one a lion, this one a horse, [...]” and so on for all of them. It is so stated (in Gen. 2:20), “So Adam recited names”³¹The understanding of the midrash is that the creatures implicitly already possessed names. He said to him, “And you, what is your name?” Adam said to him, “Adam, because I was created out of the ground (adamah).” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, “I, what is My name?” He said to him, “The Lord, because you are Lord over all creatures,” namely as written (in Is. 42:8), “I am the Lord, that is My name,” which the first Adam gave me. It is the one which I have agreed to [for use] between Me and Myself; it is the one which I have agreed to [for use] between Me and My creatures. (I Kings 5:11, cont.) “[Wiser] than Ethan the Ezrahite”: This is Abraham, of whom it is stated (in Ps. 89:1), “A maskil (a psalm of erudition) of Ethan the Ezrahite.”³²It is assumed, of course that Abraham wrote the Psalm, an assumption based on a comparison of Ps. 89:1 and Is. 41:2: WHO HAS RAISED UP RIGHTEOUSNESS FROM THE EAST?. See BB 15a. The Ezrahite (‘ezrahi) of Ps. 89:1 is understood in the sense of “Easterner,” and Ethan (which means “steadfast”) is regarded as equivalent to “righteous.” For another argument identifying Ethan and Abraham, see PR 6:5. (I Kings 5:11, cont.) “And Heman (rt.: 'mn)”: This is Moses, of whom it is stated (in Numb. 12:7 with reference to Moses), “[… he is trusted (rt.: 'mn) in all My house].” (I Kings 5:11, cont.) “Calcol (klkl)”: This is Joseph, of whom it is stated (in Gen. 47:12), “And joseph sustained (rt.: klkl) [his father and his brothers].” The Egyptians said, “Has this slave come to rule over us for any reason but because of his wisdom?” What did they do to him? They brought seventy tablets³³Gk.: piyyakia; Lat.: pittacia. and wrote on them in seventy tongues. Then when they cast them before him, he read each and every one in its own tongue. And not only that, but he spoke in the holy tongue, which they did not have the ability to understand, as stated (in Ps. 81:6), “He made it a statute upon Joseph, when he went out over the land of Egypt. I hear a language I had not known.” (I Kings 5:11, cont.) “Darda (drd')]:” This is the generation (dor) of the desert, which had knowledge (de'ah). (I Kings 5:11, cont.) “The children of Mahol,” i.e., the Children of Israel whom the Divine Presence forgave (rt.: mhl) for the deed of the calf. (I Kings 5:12) “Moreover he composed three thousand proverbs”: R. Samuel bar Nahmani said, “We have gone over all of the scriptures and have found that Solomon only uttered prophetically close to eight hundred verses.³⁴See Cant. R. 1:1:11. Then what is meant by three thousand? [This number] teaches that each and every verse that he spoke contains two [or] three interpretations, just as it says (in Prov. 25:12), ‘Like an earring of gold, a necklace of fine gold, [so is a wise reprover to a listening ear].’”³⁵The midrash understands the WISE REPROVER TO BE Solomon himself, who is likened to both a golden earring and a golden necklace. But the rabbis say, “Every verse has three thousand proverbs, while each and every proverb has a thousand and five interpretations.” [(I Kings 5:12, cont.) “And his song numbered a thousand and five”:] “His songs” is not written here, but “his song,” the song of the proverb. (I Kings 5:13) “And he spoke with/concerning ('al)³⁶The point of the midrash in this and in the following chapter concerns whether to understand ‘al as “with” or “concerning.” the trees”: Is it possible that a person would speak with the trees? Solomon merely said, “For what reason is a leper cleansed through the tallest among the trees (the cedar) and through the lowest of the low (the hyssop); through (according to Lev. 14:4) cedar wood, [crimson stuff,] and hyssop?’ It is simply because he had exalted himself like the cedar, that he was stricken with leprosy. As soon as he humbled himself like the hyssop, he was therefore cured through hyssop”. (I Kings 5:13, cont.) “He also spoke with/concerning ('al) the cattle and the fowl”: Is it possible that [a person] would speak with cattle and with fowl? Rather [the passage is concerned with] why the cattle are permitted [as food] with [the cutting of] two organs³⁷Gk.: semeia (“signs,” “omens”). (the gullet and the windpipe); but the fowl, with [the cutting of] one organ (i.e., the gullet or the windpipe).³⁸See Hul. 2:1; Hul. 27b. Because cattle were created from the dry land. But in regard to fowl, one text says [they came] from the dry land, while another text says [they came] from the sea. [The text stating fowls came] from the dry land is what is written (in Gen. 2:19), “So from the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field and every fowl of the heavens.” The other text says (in Gen. 1:20), “Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures and the fowl fly above the earth.”³⁹This unusual translation of Gen. 1:20 is required by the midrash. Bar Qappara said, “They were created from the mud which is in the sea.” R. Abbin said the name of R. Jose the Galilean said, “Nevertheless, the feet of the cock resemble the scaly skin⁴⁰Reading HSPNYT’ with the parallel in Yalqut Shim‘oni, Kings, 178, for Buber’s HRTsPYTYH. of the fish.”⁴¹A fish of the genus anthias. (I Kings 5:13, cont.) “And with/concerning ('al) the creeping things”: Is it possible that one would speak with a creeping thing? Solomon simply said, “What is the reason that in the case of the eight swarming creatures which are in the Torah, one is culpable for hunting or injuring them (on the Sabbath)⁴²Shab. 14:1.; but in the case of the rest of the swarming creatures, one is exempt?⁴³Shab. 14:1. For the reason that they (i.e. the former) have skins.”⁴⁴Shab. 107ab, explains that in the case of skin, as distinct from the flesh, a wound does not completely heal but leaves a scar. Thus part of the animal’s life is lost. See yShab. 14:1 (14b); also Hul. 9:2. Cf. Rashi on Shab. 14:1, according to whom cutting the skin causes blood to color it in a form of dying, an act forbidden on the Sabbath. (I Kings 5:13 cont.) “And with/concerning ('al) the fish”: Is it possible that one would so speak? Solomon merely said, “For what reason do cattle, beasts, and birds require ritual slaughtering, while fish do not require ritual slaughtering?” Rather it is from this verse (in Numb. 11:22), “Are there enough flocks and herds to slaughter for them; [are there enough fish in the sea to gather for them]?” Jacob the man of Kefar Nibburayya taught in Tyre with respect to fish, that they do require ritual slaughtering. When R. Haggai heard, he sent for him to come. He said to him, “On what basis did you decide this?” He said to him, “From here (in Gen. 1:20), ‘Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let the fowl fly.’ Just as fowl require ritual slaughtering, so do the fish require ritual slaughtering.” He said to them (i.e., those standing by), “Lay him down to receive lashes.” He said to him, “Shall a person who speaks words of Torah be lashed?” He said to him, “You did not decide [the law] well.” He said to him, “On what basis?” He said to him, “From here (in Numb. 11:22), ‘Are there enough flocks and herds to slaughter for them; are there enough fish in the sea to gather for them?’ The former require ritual slaughtering, while the latter [is taken] through gathering.” He said to him, “Give [me] your beating, as it is good for retention.” And again did Jacob the man of Kefar Nibburayya teach in Tyre, [this time] with respect to an Israelite man, who came upon a foreign woman and had her bear him a son, that he should be circumcised on the Sabbath. When R. Haggai heard, he sent for him to come. He said to him, “On what basis do you hold this?” He said to him, “[From this which is written] (in Numb. 1:18) ‘then they registered their lineages according to their families according to the house of their fathers.’” He said to them (i.e., those standing by), “Lay him down to receive lashes.” He said to him, “Shall a person who speaks words of Torah be lashed?” He said to him, “You did not decide [the law] well.” He said to him, “From where can you show me?” He said to him, “If one of the gentiles came to you in order to become a proselyte on condition that you circumcise him on the Sabbath day or on the Day of Atonement, would you profane the Sabbath on account of him or not? Is it not true that one does not profane the Sabbath or the Day of Atonement for him but only for the son of an Israelite woman.” He said to him, “On what basis do you hold this?” He said to him (in Ezra 10:3), “So now let us make a covenant with our God to put away all (foreign) wives and (anyone] born of them […].” He said to him, “Would you lash me on the basis of [a non-Mosaic text]?” He said to him, “It is written (ibid.), ‘let it be done [according to] the Torah.’” He said to him, “From which [piece of] Torah?” He said to him, “From that of R. Johanan, when he said in the name of R. Simeon ben Johay, ‘It is written (in Deut. 7:3), “You shall not intermarry with them; do not give your daughters to their sons.” Why? (As in Deut. 7:4,) “Because they will turn your children away from following me.” Your child that comes from an Israelite woman is called "your child"; but that which comes from a foreign woman is called, not "your child," but "her child,” as stated (in Gen. 21:13), “And I will also make the son of the maidservant into a nation.”’" He said to him, “Give [me] your beating, as it is good for retention.” Solomon said, “About all these things I have knowledge; but in the case of the parashah on the red heifer, I have investigated it, inquired into it, and examined it. [Still] (at the end of the verse in Eccl. 7:23), ‘I thought I could fathom it, but it eludes me.’”

מִי כְּהֶחָכָם וּמִי יוֹדֵעַ פֵּשֶׁר דָּבָר (קהלת ח, א), מִי כְּהֶחָכָם, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (משלי ג, יט): ה' בְּחָכְמָה יָסַד אָרֶץ. וּמִי יוֹדֵעַ פֵּשֶׁר דָּבָר, זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁפֵּרַשׁ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה לְמשֶׁה. (קהלת ח, א): חָכְמַת אָדָם תָּאִיר פָּנָיו, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן גָּדוֹל כֹּחָן שֶׁל נְבִיאִים שֶׁמְדַמִּין דְּמוּת גְּבוּרָה שֶׁל מַעְלָה לְצוּרַת אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל ח, טז): וָאֶשְׁמַע קוֹל אָדָם בֵּין אוּלָי. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר מֵהָכָא (יחזקאל א, כו): וְעַל דְּמוּת הַכִּסֵּא דְמוּת כְּמַרְאֵה אָדָם עָלָיו מִלְמָעְלָה. (קהלת ח, א): וְעֹז פָּנָיו יְשֻׁנֶּא, שֶׁהוּא מִשְׁתַּנֶּה מִמִּדַּת הַדִּין לְמִדַּת רַחֲמִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי, עַל כָּל דָּבָר וְדָבָר שֶׁהָיָה אוֹמֵר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אוֹמֵר לוֹ טֻמְאָתוֹ וְטַהֲרָתוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְפָרָשַׁת (ויקרא כא, א): אֱמֹר אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים, אָמַר לוֹ משֶׁה רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם אִם נִטְמָא זֶה בַּמֶּה תְּהֵא טָהֳרָתוֹ, לֹא הֱשִׁיבוֹ. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נִתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו שֶׁל משֶׁה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְפָרָשַׁת פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְךָ אֱמֹר אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים וְאָמַרְתָּ לִי אִם נִטְמָא בַּמֶה תְּהֵא טָהֳרָתוֹ לֹא הֵשַׁבְתִּיךָ, זוֹ טָהֳרָתוֹ (במדבר יט, יז): וְלָקְחוּ לַטָּמֵא מֵעֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הַחַטָּאת.

4 (Eccl. 8:1) “Who is like the wise person, and who knows the explanation of a saying”: (Eccl. 8:1) “Who is like the wise person”: This is the Holy One, blessed be He, since it is stated about Him (in Prov. 3:19), “Through wisdom the Lord founded the earth.”⁴⁵Eccl. R. 8:1:1; PRK 4:4; PR 14:10. (Eccl. 8:1, cont.) “And who knows the explanation of a saying”: This [also] is the Holy One, blessed be He, who explained the Torah for Moses. (Eccl. 8:1, cont.) “A person's wisdom lights up his face”: R. Judan said, “Great is the power of the prophets, as they [are able to] compare the Almighty above to the form of a man, as stated (Daniel 8:16), ‘And I heard the voice of a man.’” And R. Judah bar Simon says [the proof] is from here (in Ezekiel 1:26), “and on the image of a chair was an image of a man […].” (Eccl. 8:1, cont.) “And the radiance ('oz) of his face is changed (for the better),” in that He changes the principle of judgment into a principle of mercy with respect to Israel. R. Joshua of Sikhnin said in the name of R. Levi, “Over each and every word that the Holy One, blessed be He, spoke to Moses, He spoke to him of its [related] uncleanness and of its purification.⁴⁶See Numb. R. 19:4. When he made known the Parashah (starting with Lev. 21:1), ‘Speak (Emor) unto the priests,’ [Moses] said to him, ‘Master of the world, if [a priest] becomes unclean (through touching a human corpse), what means is there for his purification?’ When [the Holy One, blessed be He,] did not answer, at that time the face of Moses turned yellow (with shame). Then when the Holy One, blessed be He, reached the parashah on the [red] heifer, the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, ‘Moses, [when I gave you] that saying which I spoke to you (in Lev. 21:1), “Go, speak unto the priests,” then you said to me, “If one becomes unclean, what means will there be for his purification,” I did not answer [you at that time. Now] this is his purification (in Numb. 19:17), “They shall take some ashes from the burning of the sin offering (i.e., the red heifer).”‘”

רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, אַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים יֵצֶר הָרָע מֵשִׁיב עֲלֵיהֶן, דִּכְתִיב בָּהֶן חֻקָּה, אֵשֶׁת אָח, וְכִלְאַיִם, וְשָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ, וּפָרָה אֲדֻמָּה. אֵשֶׁת אָח, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא יח, טז): עֶרְוַת אֵשֶׁת אָחִיךָ וגו', וּבְלֹא בָנִים (דברים כה, ה): יְבָמָהּ יָבֹא עָלֶיהָ. וּכְתִיב בְּעֶרְוַת אֵשֶׁת אָח (ויקרא כ, כב): וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת כָּל חֻקֹּתַי. וְכִלְאַיִם (דברים כב, יא): לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַׁעַטְנֵז, וְסָדִין בְּצִיצִית מֻתָּר, וּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ חֻקָּה (ויקרא יט, יט): אֶת חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ. שָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ, דִּכְתִיב (ויקרא טז, כו): וְהַמְשַׁלֵּחַ אֶת הַשָֹּׂעִיר לַעֲזָאזֵל יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו, וְהוּא עַצְמוֹ מְכַפֵּר עַל הָאֲחֵרִים, וּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (ויקרא טז, לד): וְהָיְתָה זֹאת לָכֶם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָם. פָּרָה מִנַּיִן, דִּתְנַן כָּל הָעוֹסְקִין בַּפָּרָה מִתְּחִלָה וְעַד סוֹף מְטַמְּאִין בְּגָדִים, וְהִיא גוּפָהּ מְטַהֶרֶת בְּגָדִים, וּכְתִיב בָּהּ חֻקָּה, זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה.

5 R. Joshua of Sikhnin said in the name of R. Levi, “There are four things that the evil drive would refute [as irrational], and for each of them is written [the word,] huqqah (i.e., an unquestioned statute).⁴⁷Although Huqqah is normally translated simply as “statute,” the word more fully denotes a command that demands implicit and unquestioned obedience. Huqqah is therefore translated “unquestioned statute” throughout this section. Now these concern the following: (1) the nakedness of a brother's wife, (2) diverse kinds, (3) the scapegoat, and (4) the red heifer.”⁴⁸PR 14:12; see Yoma 67b. In regard to the nakedness of a brother's wife, it is written (in Lev. 18:16), “[You shall not uncover] the nakedness of your brother's wife”; [yet if the brother dies] without children [it is written] (in Deut. 25:5), “her brother-in-law shall have sexual intercourse with her [and take her for a wife].” And it is written about the sexual prohibitions (in Lev. 18:5), “And you shall keep [all] My unquestioned statutes [...].” In regard to diverse kinds, it is written (in Deut. 22:11), “You shall not wear interwoven stuff, [wool and flax together]”; yet a linen cloak⁴⁹Gk.: sindon. with [wool] tassels is permitted.⁵⁰See Numb. 15:37-38. And for [this commandment also] it is written, [that it is] an unquestioned statute. [Thus it is written (in Lev. 19:19),] “You shall keep My unquestioned statute. [You shall not mate your cattle with a different kind…, nor shall you wear a garment with diverse kinds of interwoven stuff].” In regard to the scapegoat, it is written (in Lev. 16:26), “And the one who sets the azazel-goat free shall wash his clothes”; yet it is [the goat] itself that atones for others. And for [this commandment also] it is written (in Lev. 16:34), “And this shall be to you an unquestioned statute forever.” In regard to the red heifer, where is it shown? Since we are taught (in Parah 4:4), “All engaged with the [rite of the red] heifer from beginning to end render [their] garments unclean”; yet it is [the heifer] itself that purifies garments. And for [this commandment also] it is written, [that it is] an unquestioned statute. Thus it is written (in Numb. 19:2), “This is an unquestioned statute of the Torah.”

וְיִקְחוּ אֵלֶיךָ פָרָה אֲדֻמָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה לְךָ אֲנִי מְגַלֶּה טַעַם פָּרָה, אֲבָל לְאַחֵר, חֻקָּה. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא כְּתִיב (תהלים עה, ג): כִּי אֶקַח מוֹעֵד אֲנִי מֵישָׁרִים אֶשְׁפֹּט, וּכְתִיב (זכריה יד, ו): וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לֹא יִהְיֶה אוֹר יְקָרוֹת וְקִפָּאוֹן, יקפאון כְּתִיב, דְּבָרִים הַמְכֻסִּין מִכֶּם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה עֲתִידִין לִהְיוֹת צוֹפִים לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, כְּהָדֵין סַמְיָא דְּצָפֵי, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מב, טז): וְהוֹלַכְתִּי עִוְרִים בְּדֶרֶךְ לֹא יָדָעוּ. וּכְתִיב (ישעיה מב, טז): אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים עֲשִׂיתִם וְלֹא עֲזַבְתִּים, אֶעֱשֶׂה אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא עֲשִׂיתִם, שֶׁכְּבָר עָשִׂיתִי לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וַחֲבֵרָיו דְּבָרִים שֶׁלֹא נִגְלוּ לְמשֶׁה נִגְלוּ לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וַחֲבֵרָיו. (איוב כח, י): וְכָל יְקָר רָאֲתָה עֵינוֹ, זֶה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וַחֲבֵרָיו. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא רָמַז שֶׁכָּל הַפָּרוֹת בְּטֵלוֹת וְשֶׁלְּךָ קַיֶּמֶת.

...And they will take for you a red cow - Rabbi Yose son of Rabbi Hanina says, The Holy One blessed be he said to Moses: "to you I will reveal the reason for the red cow, but for others it will be a decree (without reason)", as Rav Huna says, "it is written (Psalms 75:3) "At the time I choose, I will give judgment righteously/equitably", and it is written (Zechariah 14:6), "And it will come to pass on that day there will not be light, yeqarot and qippa'on. The written [tradition of orthography in scrolls] version is "yiqpa'un" {future tense = they will float}, [meaning] things which are hidden/covered from you in this world, in the future will float up [to the surface] in the world to come."

רַבִּי אַחָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָלָה משֶׁה לַמָּרוֹם, שָׁמַע קוֹלוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁיּוֹשֵׁב וְעוֹסֵק בְּפָרָשַׁת פָּרָה אֲדֻמָּה וְאוֹמֵר הֲלָכָה בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרָהּ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר עֶגְלָה בַּת שְׁנָתָהּ וּפָרָה בַּת שְׁתַּיִם. אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָמִים יְהִי רָצוֹן שֶׁיְהֵא מֵחֲלָצַי, אָמַר לוֹ חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁהוּא מֵחֲלָצֶיךָ, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (שמות יח, ד): וְשֵׁם הָאֶחָד אֱלִיעֶזֶר, שֵׁם אוֹתוֹ הַמְיֻחָד.

...R. Acha in the name of R. Chanina said: At the time when Moses ascended to the heavenly heights, he heard the voice of the Holy One, Blessed Be He, who was sitting and studying the [Torah portion of] the Red Heifer, and uttering a halakhah in the name of the one who spoke it. "R. Eliezer said: a calf [when written in the Torah] is one year old, and a cow is two [years old]." [Moses] said before Him: "Master of All the Worlds! May it be Your will that he [R. Eliezer] would be from my loins [i.e. would be my descendant]." [God] said to him: "By your life [i.e. assuredly] he is from your loins! For so it says in Scripture (Exodus 18:4): "...and the name of the other [son of Moses] was 'Eliezer'...", the same particular name.

שָׁאַל עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים אֶחָד אֶת רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, אִלֵּין עוֹבָדַיָּא דְּאַתּוּן עָבְדִין נִרְאִין כְּמִין כְּשָׁפִים, אַתֶּם מְבִיאִים פָּרָה וְשׂוֹרְפִין אוֹתָהּ וְכוֹתְּשִׁין אוֹתָהּ וְנוֹטְלִין אֶת אַפְרָהּ וְאֶחָד מִכֶּם מִטַּמֵּא לְמֵת, מַזִּין עָלָיו שְׁתַּיִם וְשָׁלשׁ טִפִּין וְאַתֶּם אוֹמְרִים לוֹ טָהַרְתָּ. אָמַר לוֹ לֹא נִכְנְסָה בְּךָ רוּחַ תְּזָזִית מִיָּמֶיךָ, אָמַר לוֹ לָאו. רָאִיתָ אָדָם שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה בּוֹ רוּחַ תְּזָזִית, אָמַר לוֹ הֵן, אָמַר לוֹ וּמָה אַתֶּם עוֹשִׂין לוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ מְבִיאִין עִקָּרִין וּמְעַשְׁנִין תַּחְתָּיו וּמַרְבִּיצִים עָלֶיהָ מַיִם, וְהִיא בּוֹרַחַת. אָמַר לוֹ יִשְׁמְעוּ אָזְנֶיךָ מַה שֶּׁאַתָּה מוֹצִיא מִפִּיךָ, כָּךְ הָרוּחַ הַזּוֹ, רוּחַ טֻמְאָה, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה יג, ב): וְגַם אֶת הַנְּבִיאִים וְאֶת רוּחַ הַטֻּמְאָה אַעֲבִיר מִן הָאָרֶץ, מַזִּין עָלָיו מֵי נִדָּה וְהוּא בּוֹרֵח. לְאַחַר שֶׁיָּצָא אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו, רַבֵּנוּ, לָזֶה דָּחִית בְּקָנֶה, לָנוּ מָה אַתָּה אוֹמֵר, אָמַר לָהֶם חַיֵּיכֶם, לֹא הַמֵּת מְטַמֵּא וְלֹא הַמַּיִם מְטַהֲרִין, אֶלָּא אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חֻקָּה חָקַקְתִּי גְּזֵרָה גָּזַרְתִּי אִי אַתָּה רַשַׁאי לַעֲבֹר עַל גְּזֵרָתִי, דִּכְתִיב: זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת זְכָרִים וְזוֹ נְקֵבָה, אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְּבוּ מָשָׁל לְבֶן שִׁפְחָה שֶׁטִּנֵּף פָּלָטִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ תָּבוֹא אִמּוֹ וּתְקַנֵּחַ אֶת הַצּוֹאָה, כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא תָּבוֹא פָּרָה וּתְכַפֵּר עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל.

A gentile asked Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai, "These rituals you do, they seem like witchcraft! You bring a heifer, burn it, crush it up, and take its ashes. [If] one of you is impure by the dead [the highest type impurity], 2 or 3 drops are sprinkled on him, and you declare him pure?!" He said to him, "Has a restless spirit ever entered you?" He said to him, "No!" "Have you ever seen a man where a restless spirit entered him?" He said to him, "Yes!" [Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai] said to him, "And what did you do for him?" He sad to him, "We brought roots and made them smoke beneath him, and pour water and it flees." He said to him, "Your ears should hear what leaves from your mouth! The same thing is true for this spirit, the spirit of impurity, as it is written, (Zachariah 13:2) "Even the prophets and the spirit of impurity will I remove from the land." They sprinkle upon him purifying waters, and it [the spirit of impurity] flees." After he left, our rabbi's students said, "You pushed him off with a reed. What will you say to us?" He said to them, "By your lives, a dead person doesn't make things impure, and the water doesn't make things pure. Rather, God said, 'I have engraved a rule, I have decreed a decree (chukah chakakti, gezeira gazarti), and you have no permission to transgress what I decreed, as it says "This is a chok (rule) of the Torah."

קַח אֶת הַמַּטֶּה וְהִשְׁקִיתָ אֶת הָעֵדָה וְאֶת בְּעִירָם (במדבר כ, ח), מִכָּאן שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָס עַל מָמוֹנָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. (במדבר כ, י): וַיַּקְהִלוּ משֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן אֶת הַקָּהָל אֶל פְּנֵי הַסָּלַע, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ח, ג): וְאֵת כָּל הָעֵדָה הַקְהֵל אֶל פֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד רָאָה עַצְמוֹ עוֹמֵד עַל פְּנֵי הַסָּלַע. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁעָבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן נִכְנְסוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל בֵּין שְׁנֵי בַּדֵּי אָרוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע ג, ט): וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל גּשׁוּ הֵנָּה וְשִׁמְעוּ אֶת דִּבְרֵי ה', וְכָאן כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִין וְרוֹאִין כָּל נִסִּים שֶׁבַּסָּלַע. הִתְחִילוּ לוֹמַר יוֹדֵעַ משֶׁה חָק הַסֶּלַע, אִם הוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ יוֹצִיא לָנוּ מַיִם מִזֶּה, נִמְצָא משֶׁה עוֹמֵד בְּסָפֵק, אִם אֶשְׁמַע לָהֶם, אֲנִי מְבַטֵּל דִּבְרֵי הַמָּקוֹם, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (איוב ה, יג): לֹכֵד חֲכָמִים בְּעָרְמָם, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה מְשַׁמֵר עַצְמוֹ כָּל אוֹתָן אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה שֶׁלֹא לְהַקְפִּיד כְּנֶגְדָן, שֶׁהָיָה מִתְיָרֵא מִן הַשְּׁבוּעָה שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (דברים א, לה): אִם יִרְאֶה אִישׁ בָּאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה, אָמְרוּ לוֹ הֲרֵי סֶלַע כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאַתָּה רוֹצֶה לְהוֹצִיא מִסֶּלַע אַחֵר הוֹצֵא מִזּוֹ, צָוַח עֲלֵיהֶם (במדבר כ, י): שִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים, הַמֹּרִים שִׁיטִין הַרְבֵּה יֵשׁ בּוֹ, הַמֹּרִים סַרְבָנִים, הַמֹּרִים שׁוֹטִים, שֶׁכֵּן בִּכְרַכֵּי הַיָּם קוֹרִים לְשׁוֹטִים מוֹרִים. הַמֹּרִים מְלַמְּדִים אֶת מְלַמְּדֵיהֶן, הַמֹּרִים מוֹרֵי חִצִּים (שמואל א לא, ג): וַיִּמְצָאֻהוּ הַמּוֹרִים אֲנָשִׁים (דברי הימים א י, ג): הַמּוֹרִים בַּקָּשֶׁת. (במדבר כ, יא): וַיָּרֶם משֶׁה אֶת יָדוֹ וַיַּךְ אֶת הַסֶּלַע, הִכָּהוּ פַּעַם אַחַת הִתְחִיל הַסֶּלַע נוֹטֵף מַיִם מוּעָטִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, כ): הֵן הִכָּה צוּר וַיָּזוּבוּ מַיִם, כְּזָב שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵף טִפִּין. אָמְרוּ לוֹ בֶּן עַמְרָם הַלָּלוּ מַיִם לְיוֹנְקֵי שָׁדַיִם אוֹ לִגְמוּלֵי חָלָב, מִיָּד הִקְפִּיד כְּנֶגְדָן וְהִכָּהוּ פַּעֲמַיִם, וְיָצְאוּ מַיִם רַבִּים וְשָׁטְפוּ כָּל מִי שֶׁהָיָה מְרַנֵּן כְּנֶגְדָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, כ): וּנְחָלִים יִשְׁטֹפוּ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא עָשָׂה משֶׁה אֶלָּא מִסֶּלַע שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאַף אוֹתוֹ סֶלַע שֶׁאָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עָלָיו וְכָל סֶלַע וְסֶלַע וּצְרוֹר שֶׁהָיוּ בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם הָיוּ מוֹצִיאִים מַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, טו): יְבַקַּע צֻרִים וגו'. וְלָמָּה נִתְפַּשׂ אַהֲרֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כ, יב): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן יַעַן לֹא הֶאֱמַנְתֶּם בִּי, מָשָׁל לְבַעַל חוֹב שֶׁבָּא לִטֹּל גָּרְנוֹ שֶׁל לֹוֶה וְנָטַל שֶׁלּוֹ וְשֶׁל שְׁכֵנוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ הַוֶה אִם אֲנִי חַיָּב שְׁכֵנִי מֶה חָטָא. אַף כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ אֲנִי הִקְפַּדְתִּי אַהֲרֹן מֶה חָטָא, לְפִיכָךְ הַכָּתוּב מְקַלְּסוֹ (דברים לג, ח): וּלְלֵוִי אָמַר תֻּמֶּיךָ וְאוּרֶיךָ לְאִישׁ חֲסִידֶךָ אֲשֶׁר נִסִּיתוֹ בְּמַסָּה.

"Take the rod ... give the congregation and their cattle drink" -- From here [we learn] that the Holy One takes pity on Israel's money. "And Moses and Aaron gathered the assembly together before the rock" -- similarly it says "And all of the congregation he gathers to the door of the tent of meeting." This teaches that each one saw himself standing on the face of the rock. Likewise, when they crossed the Jordan, all of the Children of Israel entered between the staves of the ark, as it says (Joshua 3): "Joshua said to the Children of Israel, come near and listen to the words of Hashem." [Similarly] here all of Israel were standing and seeing all of the miracles of the rock. They began to say "Moses knows the rule of the rock. If he asks, it will bring forth water." So Moses was uncertain -- "If I listen to them I nullify the words of the Allpresent, and the Holy One (Job 5:13) 'takes the wise in theןr craftiness.'" But Moses had been careful for 40 years not to get angry at them, because he was terrified of the oath the Holy One swore: "Not one of these men will see [the land]..." They said to him: "Here is a rock; just as you want to bring forth water from another rock, bring it forth from this one." He shouted at them "Hear now, you rebels!" "Rebels (morim)" has many meanings: 1) "stubborn ones" 2) "fools" -- in the sea villages they call fools "morim". 3) "those who teach their teachers" 4) "archers" (In I Sam 31:3 the word "morim" is used to mean "archers".) ... Even so, Moses only used the rock that the Holy One told him [to use].

יַעַן לֹא הֶאֱמַנְתֶּם בִּי, וְכִי לֹא אָמַר דָּבָר קָשֶׁה מִזֶּה, שֶׁאָמַר (במדבר יא, כב): הֲצֹאן וּבָקָר יִשָּׁחֵט לָהֶם וּמָצָא לָהֶם אִם אֶת כָּל דְּגֵי הַיָּם יֵאָסֵף לָהֶם וּמָצָא לָהֶם, אַף שָׁם אֵין אֲמָנָה וְהִיא גְדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא גָזַר עָלָיו שָׁם. לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אוֹהֵב וְהָיָה מֵגֵס בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין הַמֶּלֶךְ בִּדְבָרִים קָשִׁים וְלֹא הִקְפִּיד הַמֶּלֶךְ עָלָיו, לְיָמִים עָמַד וְהֵגֵס בְּמַעֲמָד לִגְיוֹנוֹת, גָּזַר עָלָיו מִיתָה. אַף כָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, הָרִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ בֵּינִי לְבֵינְךָ, עַכְשָׁו כְּנֶגֶד הָרַבִּים אִי אֶפְשָׁר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כ, יב): לְהַקְדִּישֵׁנִי לְעֵינֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

10 (Numb. 20:12) “Because you did not trust in Me”: Did not Moses say something worse than this? As he said (in Numb. 11:22), “Are there [enough] flocks and herds to slaughter for them; [are there enough fish in the sea to gather for them?” There also trust was lacking, and [that lack of trust] was greater than this one. So why did the Holy One, blessed be He, not decree death for him there? The matter is comparable to a king who had a friend. Now when in private he displayed arrogance towards the king with harsh words, the king did not become angry with him. [When, however,] he arose one day and was arrogant in front of the legions,⁶⁰Lat.: legiones. he decreed death for him. So also did the Holy One, blessed be He, say to Moses, “When you acted privately with Me, I did not become angry, but now [that you have acted] in public, it is impossible [to overlook your action].” Thus it is stated (in Numb. 20:12), “to sanctify Me in the sight of the Children of Israel.”

יַעַן לֹא הֶאֱמַנְתֶּם בִּי וגו', זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (קהלת ח, יד): יֶשׁ הֶבֶל אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשָׂה עַל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יֵשׁ צַדִּיקִים אֲשֶׁר מַגִּיעַ אֲלֵהֶם כְּמַעֲשֵׂה הָרְשָׁעִים וְיֵשׁ רְשָׁעִים שֶׁמַּגִּיעַ אֲלֵהֶם כְּמַעֲשֵׂה הַצַּדִּיקִים אָמַרְתִּי שֶׁגַּם זֶה הָבֶל. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֶׁקִּלֵּל אֶת הַנָּחָשׁ וְאָמַר לוֹ (בראשית ג, יד): אָרוּר אַתָּה וגו', לֹא הִנִּיחוֹ לִטְעֹן כְּלוּם, שֶׁהָיָה לַנָּחָשׁ לוֹמַר לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אַתָּה אָמַרְתָּ לְאָדָם לֹא תֹאכַל, וַאֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי לוֹ אֱכֹל, לָמָּה אַתָּה מְקַלְּלֵנִי, לֹא הִנִּיחוֹ לִטְעֹן כְּלוּם, וְאַהֲרֹן הָיָה לוֹ לוֹמַר לֹא עָבַרְתִּי עַל דְבָרֶיךָ לָמָּה אֲנִי מֵת.

11 This text is related (to Eccl. 8:14), “Here is a vanity that occurs in the world: sometimes an upright man is requited according to the conduct of the scoundrel.” You find that when the Holy One, blessed be He, cursed the serpent and said to him (in Gen. 3:14), “You are cursed,” He did not allow him to make any claim. As the serpent could have said in front of the Holy One, blessed be He, “You said to Adam, ‘Do not eat,’ and I said to him, ‘Eat.’ Who does one listen to, the words of the master or the words of the student? [So] why do You curse me?” He did not allow him to make any claim. And Aaron could have said, “I did not transgress Your words. Why should I die?”

לָכֵן לֹא תָבִיאוּ, מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לִשְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים שֶׁלּוֹקוֹת בְּבֵית דִּין, אַחַת קִלְקְלָה וְאַחַת אָכְלָה פַּגֵּי שְׁבִיעִית. אָמְרָה לָהֶם אוֹתָהּ שֶׁאָכְלָה פַּגֵּי שְׁבִיעִית בְּבַקָּשָׁה מִכֶּם הוֹדִיעוּ לַבְּרִיּוֹת עַל מָה אֲנִי לוֹקָה, שֶׁלֹא יֹאמְרוּ אַף אֲנִי קִלְקַלְתִּי, הֵבִיאוּ פַּגֵּי שְׁבִיעִית וְתָלוּ עָלֶיהָ וְאָמְרוּ, זוֹ קִלְקְלָה וְלָקְתָה וְזוֹ אָכְלָה פַּגֵּי שְׁבִיעִית וְלָקְתָה, אַף כָּךְ אָמַר משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, הֲרֵי גָזַרְתָּ עָלַי לָמוּת בַּמִּדְבָּר עִם הַדּוֹר הַזֶּה שֶׁהִכְעִיסוּךָ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עח, מ): כַּמָּה יַמְרוּהוּ בַמִּדְבָּר יַעֲצִיבוּהוּ בִּישִׁימוֹן, וְעַכְשָׁו יֹאמְרוּ לַדּוֹרוֹת שֶׁאֲנִי כְּמוֹתָם, יִכָּתֵב עָלַי עַל מָה נֶעֱנַשְׁתִּי, לְפִיכָךְ כָּתַב: יַעַן לֹא הֶאֱמַנְתֶּם.

12 (Numb. 20:12) “Therefore you shall not lead this congregation”: The matter is comparable to two woman that were lashed in court. One had been corrupted (was unfaithful) and the other ate unripe fruit of the sabbatical year. The one that ate the unripe fruit of the sabbatical year said to them, “I plead with you to make known to the creatures why I am being lashed, so that they do not say, that I was also corrupted. [So] they brought the unripe fruit of the sabbatical year and suspended them upon her and announced and said, “This one was corrupted and was lashed, and that one ate unripe fruit from the sabbatical year and was lashed.” So too Moses said to the Holy One, blessed be He, “Master of the world, see, You have decreed for me to die in the desert along with this wicked generation who angered You,” as stated (in Ps. 78:40), “How often did they defy Him in the desert and grieve Him in the wilderness.” “Now the [future] generations will say I was like them. Let it be written about me why I came to be punished.” It is therefore written (in Numb. 20:12), “because you did not trust in Me [to sanctify Me, therefore you will not bring].”

אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה בְּאֵיזֶה פָּנִים אַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִכָּנֵס לָאָרֶץ, מָשָׁל לְרוֹעֶה שֶׁיָּצָא לִרְעוֹת צֹאנוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ וְנִשְׁבֵּית הַצֹּאן, בִּקֵּשׁ הָרוֹעֶה לִכָּנֵס לַפַּלְטֵרִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, אָמַר לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ אִם אַתְּ נִכְנַס עַכְשָׁו מַה יֹּאמְרוּ הַבְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁאַתָּה הִשְׁבֵּיתָ הַצֹּאן. אַף כָּאן אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, שִׁבְחֲךָ הוּא שֶׁהוֹצֵאתָ שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא וּקְבַרְתָּם בַּמִּדְבָּר, וְאַתְּ מַכְנִיס דּוֹר אַחֵר, עַכְשָׁיו יֹאמְרוּ אֵין לְדוֹר הַמִּדְבָּר חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, אֶלָּא תְּהֵא בְּצִדָּן וְתָבוֹא עִמָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג, כא): וַיֵּתֵא רָאשֵׁי עָם צִדְקַת ה' עָשָׂה, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב (במדבר כ, יב): לֹא תָבִיאוּ אֶת הַקָּהָל הַזֶּה, אֶלָּא שֶׁיָּצָא עִמָּךְ.

13 The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “With what countenance do you want to enter the land?” The situation is comparable to a shepherd who went out to feed the king's flock, and the flock was carried off. [When] the shepherd wanted to come into the king's palace,⁶¹Lat. palatium; Gk.: palation. the king said to him, “If you come in now, what will the creatures say? That you caused the flock to be carried off.” Here also the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses, “[Would it be] your glory that you are the one who led sixty myriads out [of bondage] and buried them in the desert and are bringing another generation into [the land]. Now they will say, ‘The generation of the wilderness has no share in the world to come.’ Rather be by their side, and come along with them [in the future].” Thus it is stated (in Deut. 33:21), “[for there is an honored lawgiver's portion,] where he came at the head of the people....” Therefore it is stated (in Numb. 20:12), “therefore you shall not lead this congregation,” but rather [the one] that came out with you.

הֵמָּה מֵי מְרִיבָה (במדבר כ, יג), מִכָּאן אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁמִּקֶּדֶם הָיָה מְתֻקָּן שֶׁיֵּעָנֵשׁ משֶׁה עַל הַמַּיִם, רְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב (בראשית יד, ז): וַיָּשֻׁבוּ וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל עֵין מִשְׁפָּט הִוא קָדֵשׁ וַיַּכּוּ אֶת כָּל שְׂדֵה הָעֲמָלֵקִי וְגַם אֶת הָאֱמֹרִי הַיּשֵׁב בְּחַצְצֹן תָּמָר, עֵין מִשְׁפָּטוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה. הֵמָּה מֵי מְרִיבָה, מָשָׁל לְבֶן מְלָכִים שֶׁנָּטַל אֶבֶן וְסִמֵּא אֶת עֵינוֹ, וְהָיָה אָבִיו אוֹמֵר עַל כָּל אֶבֶן זֶהוּ שֶׁסִּמֵּא עֵינוֹ שֶׁל בְּנִי, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: הֵמָּה מֵי מְרִיבָה.

"Those are the Waters of Merivah [...]" (Numbers 20:13). From here you learn that it was set from before that Moshe would be punished at [these] Waters. See what is written, "And they returned and they came to En-mishpat (literally, the Spring of Judgment), which is Kadesh […]" (Genesis 14:7). That is the spring of Moshe's judgement, [which is Kadesh]. "Those are the Waters of Merivah" (Numbers 20:13). And it is called Kadesh, on account of that which is stated (Numbers 20:12), "to sanctify Me in the eyes of the Children of Israel.” (Numbers 20:13) "Those are the Waters of Merivah": There is a parable: To what is this comparable? To the son of a king that took a stone and blinded his [own] eye. Upon each and every stone, his father would say, "This is what blinded my son's eye." Hence it is stated, "Those (in the plural) are the waters of Merivah."

וַיִּשְׁלַח משֶׁה מַלְאָכִים כֹּה אָמַר אָחִיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר כ, יד), זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים טו, ג): לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה לְרֵעֵהוּ רָעָה וְחֶרְפָּה לֹא נָשָׂא עַל קְרֹבוֹ, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה בִּפְרַקְמַטְיָא עִם חֲבֵרוֹ וְהִקְפִּידוֹ, פּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ וְאֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה לִרְאוֹתוֹ, וּמשֶׁה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּעֱנַשׁ עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, לב): וַיַּקְצִיפוּ עַל מֵי מְרִיבָה וַיֵּרַע לְמשֶׁה, לֹא פָּרַק מַשָֹּׂאָן מֵעָלָיו אֶלָּא וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים. (במדבר כ, יד): אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֵת כָּל הַתְּלָאָה אֲשֶׁר מְצָאָתְנוּ, אָמַר לוֹ: אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ כְּשֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית טו, יג): יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, אָנוּ נִשְׁתַּעְבַּדְנוּ וְאַתָּה בֶּן חוֹרִין, (במדבר כ, טו): וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ, עַל אוֹתוֹ עִנּוּי, מָשָׁל לִשְׁנֵי אַחִין שֶׁיָּצָא שְׁטַר חוֹב עַל זִקְנֵיהֶם, פָּרַע אוֹתוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, לְיָמִים הִתְחִיל לִשְׁאֹל חֵפֶץ מֵאָחִיו, אָמַר לוֹ אַתָּה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאוֹתוֹ חוֹב עַל שְׁנֵינוּ, וַאֲנִי הוּא שֶׁפְּרַעְתִּיו, אַל תַּחְזִירֵנִי מִן חֶפְצִי שֶׁאֲנִי שׁוֹאֵל. (במדבר כ, טו): וַיֵּרְדוּ אֲבֹתֵינוּ מִצְרַיְמָה, מַה טִּיבָן שֶׁל אָבוֹת כָּאן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כ, טו): וַיָּרֵעוּ לָנוּ מִצְרַיִם וְלַאֲבֹתֵינוּ, שֶׁכָּל זְמַן שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל בְּצָרָה אַף הֵן בְּצָרָה. (במדבר כ, יז): נַעְבְּרָה נָּא בְאַרְצֶךָ וגו' מֵי בְאֵר, מֵי בּוֹרוֹת הָיָה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר, לִמְדָךְ תּוֹרָה דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, שֶׁהַהוֹלֵךְ לְאֶרֶץ שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ וְיֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ צָרְכּוֹ, לֹא יֹאכַל מִמַּה שֶּׁבְּיָדוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁלּוֹ יְהֵא מֻנָּח וְיִקְנֶה מִן הַחֶנְוָנִי בִּשְׁבִיל לְהַנּוֹתוֹ, כָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ משֶׁה הַבְּאֵר עִמָּנוּ וּמָן אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין, לֹא תֹאמַר שֶׁאָנוּ מַטְרִיחִין עָלֶיךָ, שָׂכָר אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה לְעַצְמְךָ. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה (דברים ב, ו): אֹכֶל תִּשְׁבְּרוּ מֵאִתָּם בַּכֶּסֶף, אָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה הַתִּירוּ לָכֶם כִּיסְכֶם שֶׁלֹא יֹאמְרוּ עֲבָדִים הָיוּ, עֲנִיִּים הֵם, הַרְאוּ לָהֶם עָשְׁרְכֶם וְיֵדְעוּ שֶׁלֹא הִפְסַדְתֶּם בַּשִּׁעְבּוּד, (בראשית טו, יד): וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל, וְיֵדְעוּ שֶׁאֵין אַתֶּם חֲסֵרִים כְּלוּם, וְלֹא מִשֶּׁלָּכֶם אַתֶּם נוֹתְנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ב, ז): כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בֵּרַכְךָ זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ עִמָּךְ לֹא חָסַרְתָּ דָּבָר. (במדבר כ, יז): דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ, שֶׁאָנוּ חוֹסְמִין אֶת בְּהֶמְתֵּנוּ, (במדבר כ, יז): לֹא נִטֶּה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאול, זֶה קָשֶׁה מִכֻּלָּם, שֶׁאָמְרוּ לוֹ בְּכָל סְבִיבוֹתֵינוּ יֵשׁ לָנוּ רְשׁוּת לַהֲרֹג וְלָבֹז, אֲבָל בִּגְבוּלְךָ לֹא נִטֶּה יָמִין וּשְׂמֹאל. (במדבר כ, יח): וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֱדוֹם לֹא תַעֲבֹר בִּי, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים קכ, ז): אֲנִי שָׁלוֹם וְכִי אֲדַבֵּר הֵמָּה לַמִּלְחָמָה, וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁכָּךְ אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֵין מַנִּיחִים אֶתְכֶם לַעֲבֹר וְלֹא הַכֹּל מֵהֶם שֶׁאֲנִי הוּא שֶׁרוֹצֶה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ב, ה): אַל תִּתְגָּרוּ בָם כִּי לֹא אֶתֵּן לָכֶם מֵאַרְצָם, וּכְתִיב (במדבר כ, כא): וַיְמָאֵן אֱדוֹם נְתֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁלְחוּ אֶל מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב וְלֹא אָבָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְפֹרָשׁ כָּאן הֲרֵי מְפֹרָשׁ בְּשׁוֹפְטִים, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַכֹּל בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה בְּכֻלָּן קַל מִיִּפְתָּח, וְהוּא פֵּרַשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים יא, יז): וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם לֵאמֹר אֶעְבְּרָה נָא בְאַרְצֶךָ וְלֹא שָׁמַע מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם וְגַם אֶל מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב שָׁלַח וְלֹא אָבָה. וְאַף משֶׁה רָמַז (דברים ב, כט): כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לִי בְּנֵי עֵשָׂו הַיּשְׁבִים בְּשֵׂעִיר.

15 (Numb. 20:14) “Then Moses sent messengers [from Kadesh unto the king of Edom], ‘Thus says your brother Israel….’” This text is related (to Ps. 15:3), “[…] nor takes up a reproach against his relative.” By universal custom, when a person is engaged in business⁶²Gk.: pragmateia. with his friend who causes a loss, he separates himself from him and does not want to see him. But although Moses was punished because of Israel, as stated (in Ps. 106:32), “And they provoked wrath at the Waters of Meribah and it went ill with Moses on their account,” he did unload their burden from himself. Instead (according to Numb. 20:14), “Then Moses sent messengers.” (Numb. 20:14, cont.) “You know all the trouble that has befallen us”: They said to him, “You know when the Holy One, blessed be He, said to Abraham (in Gen. 15:13), ‘know full well that your seed shall be alien in a land not theirs where they shall serve them and be oppressed by them […],’ it was us who have been enslaved, while you are free.” (Numb. 20:15) “How our forefathers went down to Egypt [...]”: This whole subject is comparable to two brothers against whose grandfather a promissory note appeared. One of them arose and paid it. One day he started to ask a favor from his brother, and he said to him, “You know that debt was incumbent on both of us, but it was I who paid it. Do not refuse any of my favor that I am asking.” (Numb. 20:15) “How our forefathers went down [to Egypt]”: What is the relevance of [mentioning] the forefathers here, as stated (in Numb 20:15, cont.), “the Egyptians dealt harshly with us and our forefathers.” [It is to teach you] that all the time that Israel is in distress, [the forefathers] are also in distress. (Numb. 20:17) “Please let us pass through your land; [we will not pass through field or vineyard,] nor shall we drink water from a well”: Should it not have said, "water from cisterns?" [By this use of the singular, “a well”], the Torah has taught you proper conduct, [i.e.,] that though one has at hand his necessities, when he who goes to a land which is not his own, he should not eat from what he has on hand. Rather he should put aside what he has, and buy from the shopkeeper in order to benefit him. So also Moses said to [Edom], “[We have] a well with us,⁶³On the tradition of Israel’s portable well for supplying them with water during their desert wanderings, see Numb. R. 1:2; TSuk. 3:11; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Numb. 21:16-18; Frag. Jerusalem Targum, Numb. 21:17-18; Tanh., Lev. 7:7; Lev. R. 25:5; 27:6; see also Avot 5:6; Mekhilta deRabbi Ishmael, Wayassa‘ 6, on Exod. 16:32; Shab. 35a; Pes. 54a; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, Numb. 22:28; in addition, see TSot. 11:8 (10); Ta‘an. 9a; BM 86b; Cant. R. 4:14:1; Seder ‘Olam Rabbah, 10; cf. I Corinthians 10:4. and we eat our own manna; [but] do not say that we are a bother to you. You will make a profit for yourselves.” So also did the Holy One, blessed be He, say to Moses (in Deut. 2:6), “Food shall you procure from them with money, and you shall eat.” And Moses said to Israel, “Open your purses to them. So that they do not say, ‘They were slaves and indigents,’ show them your wealth.” They will [then] know, so that they would not say, “You lost by your subjugation.” [As stated] (in Gen. 15:14.) “and in the end they shall go free with great wealth.” And they shall know that you are not lacking anything and that it is not from [that which is] yours that you are [spending], as stated (in Deut. 2:7), “For the Lord has blessed you in all the efforts of your hand [...].” (Numb. 20:17, cont.) “We shall go along the king's highway,” since we restrain⁶⁴Hosemin. The word also means “muzzle.” our cattle. (Numb. 20:17, cont.) “Without turning right or left”: This was the most difficult [stipulation] of them all, for they said, “In all [the lands] around us we have permission to plunder and kill, but within your border [we shall walk the king's highway] without turning right or left [until we have passed through your territory].” (Numb. 20:18) “But Edom said unto him, “You shall not pass through me’”: This text is related to Ps. 120:7), “I am for peace; but when I speak, they are for war.” Where is it shown that the Holy One, blessed be He, also told them that they would not permit you to pass, [that] everything is not due to them, but [that] it is I who wills it? Where it is stated (in Deut. 2:5), “Do not engage them in battle, for I will not give you of their land.” And it is written (in Numb 20:21), “So Edom would not let [Israel cross their territory].” And afterwards, they sent [a request] to the king of Moab, and he would not let [Israel cross his territory either]. And even though it is not explained here, behold it is explained in Judges. [This] teaches that it was all [said] with the holy spirit. As there was no one lighter in all [the speakers] then Jephthah, and [yet] he explained [it]. It is so stated (in Jud. 11:17), “Israel then sent messengers to the king of Edom, saying, ‘Allow us to cross your country’; but the king of Edom would not consent; they also sent a mission to the king of Moab, and he refused.” And Moses also indicated [this], as stated (in Deut. 2:29), “As the descendants of Esau who dwell in Seir did for me, [and the Moabites who dwell in Ar].”

וַיִּסְעוּ מִקָּדֵשׁ וַיָּבֹאוּ (במדבר כ, כב), זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (דברי הימים ב כ, לז): בְּהִתְחַבֶּרְךָ עִם אֲחַזְיָהוּ פָּרַץ ה' אֶת מַעֲשֶׂיךָ, עַל שֶׁנִּתְחַבְּרוּ לָרָשָׁע הַזֶּה לַעֲבֹר בְּאַרְצוֹ חָסְרוּ אוֹתוֹ צַדִּיק, לְכָךְ נִסְמְכָה פָּרָשַׁת אֲסִיפַת אַהֲרֹן לְאַחַר פָּרָשַׁת מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם. (במדבר כ, כא): וַיֵּט יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעָלָיו. (במדבר כ, כב): וַיִּסְעוּ מִקָּדֵשׁ, מַהוּ (במדבר כ, כב): כָּל הָעֵדָה, עֵדָה שְׁלֵמָה, עֵדָה הַנִּכְנֶסֶת לָאָרֶץ, לְפִי שֶׁמֵּתוּ יוֹצְאֵי מִצְרַיִם וְאֵלּוּ מִן אוֹתָן שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶן (דברים ד, ד): חַיִּים כֻּלְּכֶם הַיּוֹם, מַהוּ (במדבר כ, כב): הֹר הָהָר, הַר עַל גַּבֵּי הַר, כְּתַפּוּחַ קָטָן עַל גַּבֵּי תַּפּוּחַ גָּדוֹל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֶעָנָן הוֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם מַשְׁפִּיל אֶת הַגָּבוֹהַּ וּמַגְבִּיהַּ אֶת הַשָּׁפֵל, הִנִּיחַ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הָהָר הַזֶּה דוּגְמָא, שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ נִסִּים שֶׁעָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לָהֶם, שֶׁלֹא הִנִּיחַ הַר בַּמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁלֹא יְהוּ מִתְיַגְּעִין וְעוֹלִים וְיוֹרְדִים. וְעוֹד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה הֶעָנָן עוֹשֶׂה כָּל הַמִּדְבָּר מִישׁוֹר, הָיָה מַנִּיחַ מָקוֹם גָּבוֹהַּ לַמִּשְׁכָּן שֶׁהוּא חוֹנֶה שָׁם, וְהִנִּיחַ שְׁלשָׁה הָרִים, הַר סִינַי לַשְּׁכִינָה, וְהַר נְבוֹ לִקְבוּרַת משֶׁה, וְהֹר הָהָר לִקְבוּרַת אַהֲרֹן.

16 (Numb. 20:22) “Then setting out from Kadesh, the whole congregation [of the Children of Israel came to Mount Hor]”: This text is related (to II Chron. 20:37), “Because you have joined with Ahaziah,⁶⁵Son of Ahab and a wicked king of Israel (I Kings 22:51-52), with whom Jehoshaphat had allied himself (I Kings 22:44; II Chron. 20:35.) the Lord will destroy your work.” [Similarly,] because they made an alliance with this wicked king to pass through his land, they lost this righteous man (i.e., Aaron). For that reason the death of Aaron⁶⁶See Numb. 20:28: … AND AARON DIED THERE ON THE TOP OF THE MOUNTAIN. is made [immediately] adjacent after the parashah about the king of Edom. (Numb. 20:21-22), “So Israel turned away from them. Then setting out from Kadesh, [the whole congregation of the Children of Israel came to Mount Hor]”:⁶⁷Cf. yYoma 1:1 (38ab). What is the meaning of “the whole congregation?” A complete congregation, a congregation which would be entering the land, since those who had come out from Egypt had died. So these were the ones of whom it is written (in Deut. 4:4), “But you who clung to the Lord your God are all alive today.” (Numb. 20:22) “Mount (hr) Hor (hr)”: What is [its] meaning? A mountain (hr) on top of a mountain (hr), like a small apple on a large apple. Even though a cloud proceeded before them which lowered the high [places] and raised up the low, the Holy One, blessed be He, left this mountain as a sample,⁶⁸Gk.: deigma. so that they would know what miracles the Holy One, blessed be He, had done for them; as He had not left a mountain in the desert, lest they become weary climbing and descending. Moreover, although the cloud had made all the desert a plain, He left an elevated spot where the tabernacle would have its resting place. He left three mountains: Mount Sinai for the Divine Presence, Mount Nebo for the burial of Moses, and Mount Hor for the burial of Aaron.

מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמּוֹדִיעִים לַצַּדִּיקִים יוֹם מִיתָתָן כְּדֵי שֶׁיּוֹרִישׁוּ כִּתְרָם לִבְנֵיהֶם. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא מֵת אַהֲרֹן כְּמוֹ שֶׁמֵּתָה מִרְיָם שֶׁלֹא יָדַע בָּהּ בְּרִיָּה, אֶלָּא נֶאֱמַר לְמשֶׁה (במדבר כ, כד): יֵאָסֵף אַהֲרֹן, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ שְׁנֵי קָטוֹלִיקִין וְלֹא הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין דָּבָר בְּלֹא דַּעַת הַמֶּלֶךְ, הָיָה לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם חֵלֶק יָפֶה אֵצֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהָיָה הַמֶּלֶךְ צָרִיךְ לוֹ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא בִּרְשׁוּתִי, אֵינִי נוֹטְלוֹ עַד שֶׁאֲנִי מוֹדִיעוֹ, כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הַלָּלוּ זְקֵנִים שְׁנֵי צַדִּיקִים לֹא עָשׂוּ דָבָר חוּץ מִדַּעְתִּי, וְעַכְשָׁו כְּשֶׁאֲנִי מְסַלְּקָן אֵינִי מְסַלְּקָן עַד שֶׁאֲנִי מוֹדִיעָן, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: יֵאָסֵף אַהֲרֹן. אָמַר לוֹ רִבּוֹנִי הַנַּח אוֹתוֹ אֵצֶל בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן וּבְנֵי גָד, אָמַר לוֹ (במדבר כ, כד): אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִיתָתוֹ מְעַכֶּבֶת מַתְּנַת הָאָרֶץ, רְצוֹנְךָ שֶׁלֹא יָמוּת וְלֹא יִכָּנְסוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

17 [This passage (Numb. 20:23-24)] teaches that the righteous are informed of the day of their death, so that they may bequeath their crown to their children. So why did Aaron not die as Miriam died, since no mortal [knew] about her [death]? It was, however, told to Moses (in Numb. 20:24), “Aaron will be gathered [unto his people].” [The situation] is comparable to a king who had two ministers of finance,⁶⁸Gk.: katholikoi. who did not act without the king's knowledge. One of them had a beautiful garment with the king, which the king needed for himself. The king said, “Although he is under my authority, I am not wearing the cloak until I inform him.” So also did the Holy One, blessed be He, say, “These two righteous men have done nothing without my knowledge. Now that I am taking them away, I shall not take them away until I inform them.” It is therefore stated (in Numb. 20:24), “Aaron will be gathered.” [Moses] said, “My Master, leave Aaron [alive and have him stay on the other side of the Jordan] with the Children of Reuben and the Children of Gad.” He said to him (in Numb. 20:24, cont.), “’Which I have given to the Children of Israel,’ his death is required for the giving of the Land of Israel. Do you want him not to die and they not come into the Land of Israel?” Hence it is written (in Numb. 20:24), “which I have given to the Children of Israel.”

עַל אֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם אֶת פִּי, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי י, ג): לֹא יַרְעִיב ה' נֶפֶשׁ צַדִּיק, זֶה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁכָּל הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁיַּעַמְדוּ מִמֶּנּוּ נִגְזְרָה עֲלֵיהֶם מִיתָה, אֵינָן נִפְטָרִין עַד שֶׁרוֹאִין פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה וּמוֹכִיחִין אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאוֹמְרִים לוֹ אַתָּה גָרַמְתָּ לָנוּ מִיתָה, וְהוּא מְשִׁיבָם, אֲנִי בְּיָדִי חֵטְא אֶחָד, וְאַתֶּם אֵין כָּל אֶחָד מִכֶּם שֶׁאֵין בְּיָדוֹ יוֹתֵר מֵאַרְבָּעָה עֲוֹנוֹת. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁרוֹאִין פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה, וּמוֹכִיחִים אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לח, יא): אָמַרְתִּי לֹא אֶרְאֶה יָהּ יָהּ בְּאֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים לֹא אַבִּיט אָדָם עוֹד עִם יוֹשְׁבֵי חָדֶל. הַצַּדִּיקִים נֶעֱנָשִׁים מִיתָה עַל עֲבֵרוֹת קַלּוֹת, שֶׁלֹא יְהֵא אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן נִתְפַּשׂ עַל יְדֵיהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: לֹא יַרְעִיב ה' נֶפֶשׁ צַדִּיק. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: עַל אֲשֶׁר מְרִיתֶם אֶת פִּי.

18 (Numb. 20:24, cont.) “Because you rebelled against My command”: This text is related (to Prov. 10:3), “The Lord will not let a righteous soul go hungry.” This refers to the first Adam, in that none of the righteous, who stem from him and upon whom has been decreed sentence of death, will pass away until they see the face of the Divine Presence and reprove the first Adam, and say to him, “You have caused us death.” But he will answer them, “I have [only] one sin on my hands; but in your case; is there a single one of you that does not have more than four offenses on his hands?” So where is it shown that the righteous see the face of the Divine Presence? Where it is stated (in Is. 38:11), “I said, ‘I shall not see the Lord, even the Lord in the land of the living [...].’” The righteous shall be punished with death on account of small transgressions, so that the first Adam will not be blamed on their account. Thus it is stated (in Prov. 10:3), “The Lord will not let a righteous soul go hungry.” It is therefore stated (in Numb. 20:24), “because you rebelled against My command.”

קַח אֶת אַהֲרֹן, וְהַפְשֵׁט (במדבר כ, כה כו), אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲרֵי אַתְּ מְנַחֲמוֹ שֶׁהוּא מוֹרִישׁ כִּתְרוֹ לְבָנָיו מַה שֶּׁאֵין אַתָּה מוֹרִישׁ לְבָנֶיךָ. (במדבר כ, כח): וַיַּפְשֵׁט משֶׁה אֶת אַהֲרֹן אֶת בְּגָדָיו וַיַלְבֵּשׁ אֹתָם, וַהֲלוֹא אִם יֵצֵא כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל בְּבִגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה חוּץ מֵהַר הַבַּיִת סוֹפֵג אֶת הָאַרְבָּעִים, שֶׁהֵם צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים. אֶלָּא לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ שֶׁבַּלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁקֵּרְבוֹ לַכְּהֻנָּה וְאָמַר לוֹ (ויקרא ח, ב): קַח אֶת אַהֲרֹן, בּוֹ בַּלָּשׁוֹן אָמַר לוֹ לַעֲלוֹת הָהָר (במדבר כ, כז): וַיַּעַשׂ משֶׁה כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה', לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ גְּזֵרָה רָעָה עַל אַהֲרֹן, לֹא עִכֵּב.

19 (Numb. 20:25-26) “Take Aaron [and his son Elazar] […,] And strip [Aaron]”: The Holy One, blessed be He, said to [Moses], “See, you may console him that he is bequeathing his crown to his sons. [This is] something that you are not bequeathing to your [own] children.” (Numb. 20:28): “So Moses stripped Aaron of his vestments and put them [on his son Elazar].” But if the high priest leaves the Temple mount in priestly vestments, does he not receive forty lashes, since [these vestments] are [made of] wool and flax?⁶⁹Cf. Deut. 22:11, which forbids the mixture, and Kil. 9:1, which allows robes of this mixture for priests when they minister in the Temple. Cf. also Yoma 72a, according to which the forty lashes are for one who tears a priestly garment. However, [Scripture serves] to inform you that, with the wording by which he inducted him into the priesthood, when [the Holy One, blessed be He,] said to [Moses] (in Lev. 8:2), “Take Aaron,” with this very wording He also said to him (in Numb. 20:25), “Take Aaron.” (Numb. 20:27) “So Moses did as the Lord commanded”: [This verse serves] to teach you that, even though He had spoken a decree against Aaron, he did not hesitate.

וַיִּרְאוּ כָּל הָעֵדָה כִּי גָוַע אַהֲרֹן. כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּרְדוּ משֶׁה וְאֶלְעָזָר מִן הָהָר נִתְקַבְּצוּ כָּל הַקָּהָל עֲלֵיהֶם וְאָמְרוּ לָהֶם הֵיכָן אַהֲרֹן, אָמְרוּ לָהֶם מֵת. אָמְרוּ הֵיאַךְ מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת יָכוֹל לִפְגֹּעַ בּוֹ, אָדָם שֶׁעָמַד בְּמַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת וַעֲצָרוֹ, דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יז, יג): וַיַּעֲמֹד בֵּין הַמֵּתִים וּבֵין הַחַיִּים, אִם אַתֶּם מְבִיאִין אוֹתוֹ מוּטָב אִם לָאו נְסַקֵּל אֶתְכֶם. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה עָמַד משֶׁה בִּתְפִלָּה וְאָמַר רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם הוֹצִיאֵנוּ מִן הַחֲשָׁד, מִיָּד פָּתַח הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הַמְּעָרָה וְהֶרְאָהוּ לָהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּרְאוּ כָּל הָעֵדָה כִּי גָוַע אַהֲרֹן. מַה כְּתִיב אַחֲרָיו (במדבר כא, א): וַיִּשְׁמַע הַכְּנַעֲנִי מֶלֶךְ עֲרָד, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כֵּיוָן שֶׁמֵּת אַהֲרֹן נִסְתַּלְּקוּ עַנְנֵי כָּבוֹד וְנִרְאוּ כְּאִשָּׁה פְּרוּעָה. מִי הָיָה מֶלֶךְ עֲרָד, זֶה עֲמָלֵק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יג, כט): עֲמָלֵק יוֹשֵׁב בְּאֶרֶץ הַנֶּגֶב וְהַחִתִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וְהָאֱמֹרִי יוֹשֵׁב בָּהָר וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַיָּם וְעַל יַד הַיַּרְדֵּן, וְהָיָה יוֹשֵׁב עַל הַפִּרְצָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁשָּׁמַע שֶׁמֵּת אַהֲרֹן וְנִסְתַּלְּקוּ עַנְנֵי כָּבוֹד מִיָּד נִתְגָּרֶה בָּהֶם. (במדבר כא, א): דֶּרֶךְ הָאֲתָרִים, הַתַּיָּר הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁתָּר לָהֶם אֶת הַדֶּרֶךְ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר י, לג): וַאֲרוֹן בְּרִית ה' נֹסֵעַ לִפְנֵיהֶם, (במדבר כא, א): וַיִּלָּחֶם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, אִם עֲמָלֵק הָיָה לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ כְּנַעֲנִי, לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֶסְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהִלָּחֵם בִּבְנֵי עֵשָׂו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ב, ה): אַל תִּתְגָּרוּ בָם כִּי לֹא אֶתֵּן לָכֶם מֵאַרְצָם עַד מִדְרַךְ כַּף רָגֶל כִּי יְרֻשָּׁה לְעֵשָׂו נָתַתִּי אֶת הַר שֵׂעִיר. כְּשֶׁבָּא עֲמָלֵק נִתְגָּרֶה בָּהֶם פַּעַם וּשְׁתַּיִם, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵין זֶה אָסוּר עֲלֵיכֶם כִּבְנֵי עֵשָׂו, הֲרֵי הוּא לָכֶם כַּכְּנַעֲנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בָּהֶם (דברים כ, יז): כִּי הַחֲרֵם תַּחֲרִימֵם, לְכָךְ נִקְרָא כְּנַעֲנִי. מֵעוֹלָם רְצוּעַת מַרְדּוּת הָיָה עֲמָלֵק לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ (שמות יז, ז): הֲיֵשׁ ה' בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ, מִיָּד (שמות יז, ח): וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק. (במדבר יד, ד): וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל אָחִיו נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה, (במדבר יד, מה): וַיֵּרֶד הָעֲמָלֵקִי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי, וְכָאן וַיִּשְׁמַע הַכְּנַעֲנִי מֶלֶךְ עֲרָד. אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֶׁמֵּת אַהֲרֹן יָצָא עֲלֵיהֶם עֲמָלֵק וְחָזְרוּ לַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם שִׁבְעָה מַסָּעוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, ו): וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נָסְעוּ מִבְּאֵרֹת בְּנֵי יַעֲקָן מוֹסֵרָה שָׁם מֵת אַהֲרֹן, וְכִי שָׁם מֵת אַהֲרֹן וַהֲלוֹא בְּהֹר הָהָר מֵת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כ, כח): וַיָּמָת אַהֲרֹן שָׁם בְּרֹאשׁ הָהָר, הַפְּסוּקִים מוֹכִיחִים שֶׁהֵן שִׁבְעָה מַסָּעוֹת לְאָחוֹר, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁחָזְרוּ לַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם.

20 (Numb. 20:29) “Then all the congregation saw that Aaron had died”: When Moses and Elazar came down [from the mountain], the whole congregation assembled themselves against them and said, “Where is Aaron?” They said to them, “He is dead.” They said to them, “How could the angel of death hurt him, a man who has halted the angel of death and held him back?” It is so stated (in Numb. 17:13), “So he (i.e., Aaron) stood between the dead and the living, and the plague was halted.” They said to them, “If you bring him [back], well and good; but if not, we will stone you [to death].” At that time Moses rose in prayer. He said, “Master of the world, bring us out from [this] suspicion.” Immediately the Holy One, blessed be He, opened the [burial] cave and showed him to [the congregation] for them. It is so stated (in Numb. 20:29), “Then all the congregation saw that Aaron had died.” What is written after this (in Numb. 21:1)? “When the Canaanite king of Arad, [who dwelt in the Negeb], heard.” You find that once Aaron died, the clouds of glory withdrew, and they appeared like an unkempt woman. And who was this king of Arad? This [was Amalek, since it is stated (in Numb. 13:29), “Amalek dwells in the land of the Negeb […].” Now he dwelt in the gap (in the border), and when he heard that Aaron was dead and that the clouds of glory had departed, he immediately engaged them in battle. (Numb. 21:1, cont.) “By way of Atharim (a place name interpreted as coming from twr),”⁷⁰The actual root is ’TR. [meaning] the great scout (rt.: twr) that had scouted (rt.: twr) the way for them. It is so stated (in Numb. 10:33), “and the ark of the covenant of the Lord traveled ahead of them [three days' journey to seek (rt.: twr) out a resting place for them].” (Numb. 21:1, cont.) “He fought against Israel”: If that was Amalek, why did [Scripture] call him a Canaanite? Because Israel was forbidden to fight with the children of Esau, of whom it is stated (in Deut. 2:5), “Do not engage them in battle [...].” When Amalek came and engaged in battle with them a second time, the Holy One, blessed be He, said to them, “This [nation] is not forbidden like the children of Esau. Just look. They are like Canaanites, of whom it is stated (in Deut. 20:17), ‘Rather you shall utterly destroy them, [the Hittites, the Amorites, the Canaanites].’” For that reason he was called a Canaanite. From time immemorial Amalek has been a strap for the punishment of Israel. You find that when they said (in Exod. 17:7), “Is the Lord amongst us or not,” immediately (in Exod. 17:8), “And Amalek came.” [And also (in Numb. 14:4),] “And they said – one man to his brother – let us appoint a head and return to Egypt,” [is followed by (Numb. 14:45),] “And the Amalekites and the Canaanites [...] came down [and dealt them a shattering blow at Hormah].” And here (in Numb. 20:29,) “Then all the congregation saw that Aaron had died,” [is followed by (Numb 21:1),] “When the Canaanite, king of Arad heard.” You find that, when Aaron died, Amalek went out against them; and Israel retreated back seven stages [of their journey]. Thus it is stated (in Deut. 10:6), “Then from the wells of Bene-Jaakan the Children of Israel journeyed to Moserah; there Aaron died.” Did Aaron die there? Did he not die on Mount Hor, as stated (in Numb. 20:28) “and Aaron died there on Mount Hor?”⁷¹yYoma 1:1 (38ab); ySot. 1:10 (17d); cf. Mekhilta deRabbi Ishmael, Wayassa‘ 1, on Exod. 15:22. And [so] the verses are evidence of seven stages backwards (from Mount Hor to Moserah) to teach you that [Israel] had retreated.

וַיִסְעוּ מֵהֹר הָהָר וַתִּקְצַר נֶפֶשׁ הָעָם בַּדָּרֶךְ (במדבר כא, ד), וַהֲלוֹא כְּתִיב (נחמיה ט, כ): וְרוּחֲךָ הַטּוֹבָה נָתַתָּ לְהַשְׂכִּילָם, אֶלָּא אוֹתָם שַׁיָּרוֹת שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם שֶׁנִּגְזְרָה עֲלֵיהֶם מִיתָה לֹא הָיוּ רוֹאִים בַּמִּדְבָּר נַחַת רוּחַ וְלֹא רוּחַ טוֹבָה, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר יד, לג): וּבְנֵיכֶם יִהְיוּ רֹעִים בַּמִּדְבָּר, זֶה הָעָם שֶׁקָּצְרָה נַפְשָׁם בַּדָּרֶךְ, (במדבר כא, ה): וַיְדַבֵּר הָעָם בֵּאלֹהִים וּבְמשֶׁה, הִשְׁווּ עֶבֶד לְקוֹנוֹ, (במדבר יד, לג): וְנַפְשֵׁנוּ קָצָה בַּלֶּחֶם הַקְּלֹקֵל, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה יָכוֹל לִטְעֹם אוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר מִפֵּרוֹת הָאָרֶץ כְּלוּם. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא כְּשֶׁהָיוּ מְגַלִּים לָהֶם הַתַּגָּרִים הַסַּל שֶׁבָּא מִן פֵּרוֹת הָאָרֶץ הָיוּ מֵתִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים א, לה): אִם יִרְאֶה אִישׁ בָּאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה הַדּוֹר הָרָע הַזֶּה וגו', כָּל טוּב הַבָּא מִן הָאָרֶץ, לְכָךְ וַתִּקְצַר נֶפֶשׁ הָעָם בַּדָּרֶךְ, הֵם שֶׁרָגְנוּ וְנַפְשֵׁנוּ קָצָה.

21 (Numb. 21:4) “Then they journeyed from Mount Hor [by way of the Reed Sea in order to go around the Land of Edom], but the people grew restive on the journey.” But is it not written (of that era in Neh. 9:20), “And You gave Your good spirit to enlighten them?” It is simply that those remnants of Israel which had come out of Egypt over whom death had been decreed, saw neither a peaceful nor agreeable spirit in the desert. Thus it says (in Numb. 14:33), “And your children shall roam in the wilderness....” This was (according to Numb. 21:4,) the people who grew restive on the journey. (Numb. 21:5) “And the people spoke against God and against Moses”: They equated the slave and his Master. (Numb. 21:5) “Our soul loathes this miserable food,” for that generation was unable to taste any of the fruits of the land at all. R. Aqiva said, “When merchants [even] uncovered a basket with some fruits of the land for them, they died.” It is so stated (in Deut. 1:35), “Not one of these men, this evil generation, shall see the good land,” [i.e.,] any good that comes because of the land. That is why the people grew restive on the journey. These are the ones that grumbled (in Numb. 21:5), “Our soul loathes.”

וַיְשַׁלַּח ה' בָּעָם אֶת הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְֹּׂרָפִים (במדבר כא, ו), מָה רָאָה לִפָּרַע מֵהֶם בִּנְחָשִׁים, לְפִי שֶׁנָּחָשׁ פָּתַח בְּלָשׁוֹן הָרָע תְּחִלָּה וְנִתְקַלֵּל וְלֹא לָמְדוּ מִמֶּנּוּ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יָבוֹא נָחָשׁ שֶׁהִתְחִיל בְּלָשׁוֹן הָרָע תְּחִלָּה, וְיִפָּרַע מִמְּסַפְּרֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרָע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (קהלת י, ח): וּפֹרֵץ גָּדֵר יִשְּׁכֶנּוּ נָחָשׁ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לָמָּה נִפְרַע מֵהֶם בִּנְחָשִׁים, הַנָּחָשׁ אֲפִלּוּ אוֹכֵל כָּל מַעֲדַנִּים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם מִתְהַפְּכִים בְּפִיו לְעָפָר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סה, כה): וְנָחָשׁ עָפָר לַחְמוֹ, וְאֵלּוּ אוֹכְלִין אֶת הַמָּן שֶׁנֶּהְפַּךְ לְמַטְעַמִּים הַרְבֵּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קו, טו): וַיִּתֵּן לָהֶם שֶׁאֱלָתָם, וְאוֹמֵר (דברים כ, ז): זֶה אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ עִמָּךְ לֹא חָסַרְתָּ דָבָר, יָבוֹא נָחָשׁ שֶׁאוֹכֵל מִינִין הַרְבֵּה וּבְפִיו טַעַם אֶחָד, וְיִפָּרַע מִן אוֹכְלִים מִין אֶחָד וְטוֹעֲמִין מִינִין הַרְבֵּה. הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְֹּׂרָפִים, שֶׁשֹּׂוֹרְפִים אֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ, רַבִּי יוּדָן אוֹמֵר, הַנְּחָשִׁים הַשְֹּׂרָפִים, שֶׁהָיָה הֶעָנָן שׂוֹרֵף אוֹתָם וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָן גָּדֵר לַמַּחֲנֶה, לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ נִסִּים שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹתָן גֵּרָה בָּהֶן.

"And God sent against the nation the burning snakes" (Bamidbar 21:1). Why did he punish [lit. collect from] them with snakes? Since the snake was the first to speak slander and was cursed for it, and they did not learn from it, the Holy One Blessed Be He said: The snake should come, which was the first to speak slander, and punish the speakers of slander, as it says (Ecclesiastes 10:8): "And one who breaks a fence, a snake will bit him." Another explanation: Why were they punished by snakes? The snake, even if it partakes of all the delectable foods of the world, they turn into dust in its mouth, as it says (Isaiah 65:25): "And a snake, dust is its bread" - but these [the Jews] eat man, which turns into many flavors, as it says (Psalms 106:15): "And He gave to them what they asked", and it says (Devarim 20:7): "For these forty years Hashem your God has been with you; you have not lacked anything" - the snake, which eats many things and taste one taste, should come punish these who eat one thing and taste many tastes.

וַיָּבֹא הָעָם אֶל משֶׁה וַיֹּאמְרוּ חָטָאנוּ (במדבר כא, ז), יָדְעוּ שֶׁדִּבְּרוּ בְּמשֶׁה וְנִשְׁתַּטְּחוּ לְפָנָיו וְאָמְרוּ (במדבר כא, ז): הִתְפַּלֵּל אֶל ה' וְיָסֵר מֵעָלֵינוּ וגו', נָחָשׁ יָחִיד הָיָה, (במדבר כא, ז): וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל, לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ עִנְוְתָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, שֶׁלֹא נִשְׁתַּהָה לְבַקֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶם רַחֲמִים, וּלְהוֹדִיעֲךָ כֹּחַ הַתְּשׁוּבָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ חָטָאנוּ מִיָּד נִתְרַצָּה לָהֶם, שֶׁאֵין הַמּוֹחֵל נַעֲשָׂה אַכְזָרִי, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (בראשית כ, יז): וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אַבְרָהָם אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים וַיִּרְפָּא אֱלֹהִים. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (איוב מב, י): וַה' שָׁב אֶת שְׁבוּת אִיּוֹב בְּהִתְפַּלְּלוֹ בְּעַד רֵעֵהוּ. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁאִם סָרַח אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ חָטָאתִי, שֶׁנִּקְרָא חוֹטֵא אִם אֵינוֹ מוֹחֵל לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א יב, כג): גַּם אָנֹכִי חָלִילָה לִּי מֵחֲטֹא לַה' מֵחֲדֹל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בַּעַדְכֶם, אֵימָתַי כְּשֶׁבָּאוּ וְאָמְרוּ חָטָאנוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א יב, יט): [ויאמרו כל העם אל שמואל התפלל בעד עבדיך וגו' כי יספנו על כל חטאתינו] וַיֹּאמֶר הָעָם אֶל שְׁמוּאֵל חָטָאנוּ כִּי עָבַרְנוּ אֶת פִּי ה' וְאֶת דְּבָרֶיךָ, הֵשִׁיב: חָלִילָה לִי מֵחֲטֹא לַה'. (במדבר כא, ח): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל משֶׁה עֲשֵׂה לְךָ שָׂרָף, וְהָיָה כָּל הַנָּשׁוּךְ, לֹא נְשׁוּךְ נָחָשׁ בִּלְבָד אֶלָּא אָמַר כָּל הַנָּשׁוּךְ, אֲפִלּוּ נָשׁוּךְ מִפֶּתֶן וְעַקְרָב וְחַיָּה רָעָה וְכֶלֶב. (במדבר כא, ט): וַיַּעַשׂ משֶׁה נְחַשׁ נְחשֶׁת וַיְשִׂמֵהוּ עַל הַנֵּס, זְרָקוֹ לָאֲוִיר וְעָמָד.

23 (Numb. 21:7) “Then the people came unto Moses and said, ‘We have sinned’”: [They] knew that they had spoken against Moses, so they fell prostrate before him and said (ibid., cont.), “pray unto the Lord to remove [the serpent]⁷³The use of the singular here may be suggesting to midrashic interpreter that this was the same serpent that sinned in the Garden of Eden. from us….” There was one serpent. [(Ibid., cont.) “And he prayed”: The passage serves] to make Moses' humility known to you, in that he did not hesitate to seek mercy for them. And [it is also] to make the power of repentance known to you. As soon as they said, “We have sinned,” he was immediately reconciled to them. [The passage serves] to teach you that the one who forgives should not be cruel. And so too does it say (in Gen. 20:17), “Abraham then prayed to God, and God healed [Abimelech and his wife].” And so does it say (in Job 42:10), “The Lord restored Job’s fortunes when he prayed on behalf of his friends.” And where is it shown that if one has sinned against his companion and says to him, “I have sinned,” without [the companion] forgiving him, that [the unforgiving one] is called a sinner? Where it is stated (in I Sam. 12:23), “As for me also, far be it for me to sin against the Lord by ceasing to pray on your behalf.” When? When they came and said to him, “We have sinned,” [as stated] (in I Sam. 12:10), “and [they] said, ‘We have sinned […].’” And he answered, “Far be it from me to sin.” (Numb. 21:8), “And the Lord said unto Moses, ‘Make a fiery serpent, [and put it on a pole]; then it shall come to pass that, when anyone bitten [looks at it, he shall live],” not only one bitten by a serpent, but anyone bitten, even one bitten by an adder, by a scorpion, a wild beast, or a dog. (Numb. 21:9) “So Moses made a bronze serpent and set it up by a miracle”:⁷⁴Nes. The usual rendering would read: AND SET IT UP ON A POLE (nes). However, since nes can also mean “miracle,” the midrash is understanding it in the latter sense. He tossed it into the air and it remained there.

וַיִּסְעוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּאוֹבוֹת (במדבר כא, י), שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ אוֹיְבִים לַמָּקוֹם, (במדבר כא, י): וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּעִיֵּי הָעֲבָרִים, שֶׁהָיוּ מְלֵאִים עֲבֵרָה. (במדבר כא, יב): וַיַּחֲנוּ בְּנַחַל זָרֶד, שֶׁלֹא הָיָה הַנַּחַל אֶלָּא מְלוֹא זֶרֶת וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לְעָבְרוֹ שְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁמוֹנֶה שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ב, יג): עַתָּה קֻמוּ וְעִבְרוּ לָכֶם אֶת נַחַל זָרֶד, וּכְתִיב (דברים ב, יד): וְהַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר הָלַכְנוּ מִקָּדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ עַד אֲשֶׁר עָבַרְנוּ אֶת נַחַל זֶרֶד שְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁמוֹנֶה שָׁנָה עַד תֹּם כָּל הַדּוֹר. (במדבר כא, יג): מִשָּׁם נָסָעוּ וַיַּחֲנוּ מֵעֵבֶר אַרְנוֹן, שֶׁנִּתְרַצֶּה לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא.

24 (Numb. 21:10) “Then the Children of Israel journeyed on and camped in Oboth (Ovot, rt: 'wb),” because they had become enemies (oyevim, rt: 'yb) to the Omnipresent. (Numb. 21:11) “And they camped at Iye-Abarim ('avarim, rt.: 'br),” because they were full of transgressions ('averot, rt.: 'br). (Numb. 21:12) “And they camped in the Wadi Zered,” because the wadi was [only] about a full span (zeret) [in width]; but they were unable to cross it for thirty-eight years. Thus it is stated (in Deut. 2:13-14), “Now then arise and cross the Wadi Zered. And the time that we traveled from Kadesh-Barnea until we crossed the Wadi Zered was thirty-eight years.”(Numb. 21:13) “From there they journeyed and camped on the other side of (m'br) the Arnon (rt.: rnn),” because the Omnipresent was reconciled to them.⁷⁵The argument seems to depend on the following: M‘BR is close to M‘BRH, which means, “away from transgression” or, with different voweling, “away from wrath”; while the root, RNN, means “sing” or “rejoice.”

אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת (במדבר כא, יז), הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת נֶאֶמְרָה בְּסוֹף אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, וְהַבְּאֵר נִתְּנָה לָהֶם מִתְּחִלַּת אַרְבָּעִים, וּמָה רָאָה לִכָּתֵב כָּאן, הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה נִדְרַשׁ לְמַעְלָה הֵימֶנּוּ (במדבר כא, יד): עַל כֵּן יֵאָמַר בְּסֵפֶר מִלְחֲמֹת ה' אֶת וָהֵב שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹתוֹת וְנִסִּים בְּנַחֲלֵי אַרְנוֹן כַּנִּסִּים שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם בְּיַם סוּף, וּמָה הֵם נִסִּים שֶׁל נַחֲלֵי אַרְנוֹן, אָדָם עוֹמֵד עַל הַר זֶה וּמְדַבֵּר עִם חֲבֵרוֹ בָּהָר הַזֶּה, וְהוּא רָחוֹק מִמֶּנּוּ שִׁבְעָה מִילִין, וְהַדֶּרֶךְ יוֹרֵד לְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וְעוֹלֶה, וְדַרְכָּן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹר בְּתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל, נִתְכַּנְסוּ כָּל הָאֻמּוֹת לְשָׁם אֻכְלוּסִין שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם סוֹף, יָשְׁבוּ מִקְצָתָן בְּתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וְהַנַּחַל מִלְּמַעְלָן עָשׂוּי מְעָרוֹת, וּכְנֶגֶד הַמְעָרוֹת הַר שֶׁכְּנֶגְדוֹ עָשׂוּי סְלָעִים סְלָעִים כְּגוֹן שָׁדַיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כא, טו): וְאֶשֶׁד הַנְּחָלִים. נִכְנְסוּ הָאֻכְלוּסִין לְתוֹךְ הַמְּעָרוֹת וְאָמְרוּ כְּשֶׁיֵּרְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל, אֵלּוּ עוֹמְדִין לִפְנֵיהֶם שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל, וְאֵלּוּ לְמַעְלָה מִן הַמְּעָרוֹת, וְנַהֲרֹג אֶת כֻּלָּם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם, לֹא הִצְרִיכָן לֵירֵד לְמַטָּה מִן הַנַּחַל, אֶלָּא רָמַז לֶהָרִים וְנִכְנְסוּ שָׁדַיִם שֶׁל הַר זֶה לְתוֹךְ מְעָרוֹת וּמֵתוּ כֻּלָּם, וְהִקִּיפוּ הֶהָרִים רָאשֵׁיהֶם זֶה לָזֶה וְנַעֲשׂוּ דֶּרֶךְ כְּבוּשָׁה וְלֹא נוֹדַע אֵי זֶה הַר נִסְמַךְ לַחֲבֵרוֹ, וְאוֹתוֹ נַחַל מַפְסִיק בֵּין תְּחוּמֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִתְחוּמֵי אֶרֶץ מוֹאָב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כא, יג): כִּי אַרְנוֹן גְּבוּל מוֹאָב בֵּין מוֹאָב וּבֵין הָאֱמֹרִי, הַר שֶׁבְּאֶרֶץ מוֹאָב לֹא נִזְדַּעְזַע שֶׁבּוֹ הַמְּעָרוֹת, וְהָהָר מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִזְדַּעְזַע שֶׁבּוֹ הַסְּלָעִים כְּמִין שָׁדַיִם, וְנִסְמַךְ לָהָר שֶׁכְּנֶגְדוֹ. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה נִזְדַּעְזַע, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. מָשָׁל לְשִׁפְחָה שֶׁרָאֲתָה בֶּן אֲדוֹנֶיהָ בָּא אֶצְלָהּ, קָפְצָה וְקִדְמָה אוֹתוֹ וְקִבַּלְתּוּ. נִכְנְסוּ הַסְּלָעִים לְתוֹךְ הַמְּעָרוֹת וְרִצְּצוּ כָּל אוֹתָן גִּבּוֹרִין, וְהַבְּאֵר יָרְדָה לְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וּמִתְגַּבֶּרֶת שָׁם, וְאִבְּדָה כָּל הָאֻכְלוּסִין כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁאִבֵּד אוֹתָן הַיָּם, לְכָךְ הִקִּישׁ (במדבר כא, יד): אֶת וָהֵב בְּסוּפָה לְנַחֲלֵי אַרְנוֹן, וְעָבְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל אוֹתָן הֶהָרִים וְלֹא יָדְעוּ כָּל נִסִּים הַלָּלוּ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הֲרֵינִי מוֹדִיעַ לְבָנַי כַּמָּה אֻכְלוּסִין אִבַּדְתִּי מִפְנֵיהֶם, יָרְדָה הַבְּאֵר לְאוֹתָן הַמְּעָרוֹת וְהוֹצִיאָה גֻּלְגָּלִיּוֹת וּזְרוֹעוֹת וְרַגְלַיִם שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵקֶר, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל חָזְרוּ לְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת הַבְּאֵר וְרָאוּ אוֹתָהּ שֶׁהִיא יוֹצְאָה מְלֵאָה מִתּוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וּמוֹצִיאָה אֵיבָרִים אֵיבָרִים. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהַבְּאֵר הוֹדִיעַ בָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כא, טו טז): וְאֶשֶׁד הַנְּחָלִים, וּמִשָּׁם בְּאֵרָה, וְכִי מִשָּׁם הָיְתָה וַהֲלוֹא מִתְּחִלַּת אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה הָיְתָה עִמָּהֶם, אֶלָּא שֶׁיָּרְדָה לְפַרְסֵם אֶת הַנִּסִּים, וְהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִים עַל הַנְּחָלִים וְאוֹמְרִים לָהּ (במדבר כא, יז): עֲלִי בְאֵר עֱנוּ לָהּ, וְאָמְרוּ שִׁירָה עֲלֵיהֶם.

25 (Numb. 21:17) “Then Israel sang this song”: This song (of the well) was uttered at the end of forty [years], while the well was given to them at the beginning of the forty [years]? So what was the purpose of writing [it down] here? This matter has been explained from what is above (in vs. 14), “It is therefore said in the book of the wars of the Lord, ‘'t⁷⁶This untranslated word is used here to indicate a direct object, but it also means “sign.” Waheb [in Suphah (Sufah) and 't the Wadis of the Arnon].’” What is this? That the Holy One blessed be He did for them signs ('twt, singular: 't) and miracles in the Arnon Wadis like the miracles which He did for them in the Reed (suf) Sea. And what were the miracles in the Arnon Wadis? One would stand on one mountain and speak with his companion on the other mountain; yet he was seven mil⁷⁷Milim. Lat.: milia. away from him. Now the road descended into the middle of the wadi and then ascended, and Israel's course was to cross through the midst of the mountains. All the nations assembled endless troops there.⁷⁸Gk.: ochloi. Some of them took up positions in the middle of the wadi. Moreover, [the slope of] the mountain above them was riddled with caves, and facing them was a mountain which was correspondingly riddled with crags in the form of breasts (shdym), as stated (in Numb. 21:15), “And the slope ('shd) of the wadis.” The troops entered into the caves; for they said, “As soon as Israel comes down into the wadi, those ahead of them who are in the wadi and those in the caves will arise and kill all of them. When Israel did arrive at that place, [the Holy One, blessed be He,] did not make it necessary for them to go down into the wadi. Instead, He gave a signal to the mountains, and the [craggy] breasts of the latter mountain entered the caves, so that they all died. Moreover, the mountains brought their summits so close to each other that they became a highway, for there was no knowing [where] each [mountain] joined its neighbor. Furthermore, that wadi separates the borders between the Land of Israel and the Land of Moab, as stated (in Numb. 21:13 = Jud. 11:18), “For the Arnon is the border of Moab […].” The mountain in the Land of Moab, the one with the caves, was [not] shaken; but the mountain in the Land of Israel, the one with the crags in the form of breasts, was shaken and joined to the mountain opposite. Why was the one in the Land of Israel shaken? The matter is comparable to a female slave who saw her master's son coming to her.⁷⁹In this illustration the female slave is the mountain, the master is God, and the son is Israel. She jumped up to greet him and welcome him. The crags entered into the caves and all those warriors were crushed. Then the well descended to the wadi, where it became a mighty [torrent] and destroyed the troops, just as the [Reed] Sea had destroyed those [Egyptians]. Scripture therefore compared (in Numb. 21:14), “Waheb in Suphah (Sufah) and the Wadis of the Arnon.”⁸⁰The fact that WAHEB IN SUPHAH (understood as Yam Suf, or Reed Sea) is mentioned next to the Wadi Arnon shows that the two deliverances are comparable. When Israel crossed upon those mountains without knowing about all these miracles the Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Behold, I will let My Children know how many troops I destroyed because of them.” [So] the well descended into the caves and brought out innumerable skulls, arms, and legs. Thus when Israel returned to seek the well, they saw it coming out powerfully from the wadi, as it discharged the limbs [of the troops]. And where is it shown that the well informed [Israel] about them? Where it is stated (in Numb. 21:15-16), “And the slope of the wadis…. And from there they continued to Be’er (the well).” But was [the well] with them from there; was it not with them from the beginning of the forty years? It is simply that it had gone down to inform about the miracles, while Israel remained at the wadis and said to it (in Numb. 21:17, cont.,) “Rise up, O well, sing to it.” And they sang a song about them.

אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל, מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא נִזְכַּר משֶׁה שָׁם, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנֶּעֱנַשׁ עַל יְדֵי הַמַּיִם וְאֵין אָדָם מְקַלֵּס לָאִסְפַּקְלָטוֹר שֶׁלּוֹ, וְלָמָּה שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לֹא נִזְכַּר בָּהּ, מָשָׁל לְשִׁלְטוֹן שֶׁעָשָׂה סְעוּדָה לַמֶּלֶךְ, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ אוֹהֲבִי שָׁם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ, לָאו, אָמַר אַף אֲנִי אֵינִי הוֹלֵךְ לְשָׁם. אַף כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוֹאִיל וּמשֶׁה אֵינוֹ נִזְכָּר שָׁם אַף אֲנִי אֵינִי נִזְכָּר שָׁם. (במדבר כא, יח): בְּאֵר חֲפָרוּהָ שָׂרִים כָּרוּהָ נְדִיבֵי הָעָם. וְכִי חֲפִירָה הָיְתָה שָׁם, אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְּנָה בִּזְכוּת אָבוֹת שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ שָׂרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קה, מא מב): פָּתַח צוּר וַיָּזוּבוּ מָיִם, כִּי זָכַר אֶת דְּבַר קָדְשׁוֹ אֶת אַבְרָהָם עַבְדּוֹ. כָּרוּהָ נְדִיבֵי הָעָם בִּמְחֹקֵק בְּמִשְׁעֲנֹתָם. שֶׁהָיוּ הַנְּשִׂיאִים עוֹמְדִים עַל גַּבָּהּ וּמוֹשְׁכִין בְּמַטּוֹתֵיהֶן כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד לְשִׁבְטוֹ וּלְמִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ, וְרֶוַח שֶׁבֵּין הַדְּגָלִים מָלֵא מַיִם מְגֻבָּרִין, אִשָּׁה שֶׁהָיְתָה צְרִיכָה לֵילֵךְ אֵצֶל חֲבֶרְתָּהּ מִדֶּגֶל לְדֶגֶל, הָיְתָה מְהַלֶּכֶת בִּסְפִינָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קה, מב): הָלְכוּ בַּצִּיּוֹת נָהָר, וְאֵין צִיּוֹת אֶלָּא סְפִינוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לג, כא): וְצִי אַדִּיר לֹא יַעַבְרֶנּוּ. וְהַמַּיִם יוֹצְאִים חוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה וּמַקִּיפִין פִּיסָא גְדוֹלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כג, ג): יַנְחֵנִי בְּמַעְגְּלֵי צֶדֶּק לְמַעַן שְׁמוֹ. וּמְגַדְּלִין מִינֵי דְּשָׁאִים וְאִילָנוֹת לְאֵין סוֹף, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כג, ב): בִּנְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא יַרְבִּיצֵנִי עַל מֵי מְנֻחוֹת יְנַהֲלֵנִי. כָּל יָמִים שֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר כָּךְ הָיוּ מִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁין בָּהּ, לְכָךְ קִלְּסוּ: עֲלִי בְאֵר, חֲפָרוּהָ שָׂרִים, (במדבר כא, יח): וּמִמִּדְבָּר מַתָּנָה. שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לָהֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר לְשַׁמְּשָׁן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, לָמָּה נִתְּנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר, שֶׁאִלּוּ נִתְּנָה לָהֶם בָּאָרֶץ, הָיָה הַשֵּׁבֶט שֶׁנִּתְּנָהּ בִּתְחוּמוֹ אוֹמֵר אֲנִי קֹדֵם בָּהּ, לְכָךְ נִתְּנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַכֹּל שָׁוִין בָּהּ. וְעוֹד לָמָּה נִתְּנָה בַּמִּדְבָּר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמִּדְבָּר לֹא נִזְרָע וְלֹא נֶעֱבָד, כָּךְ הַמְקַבֵּל עֹל תּוֹרָה פּוֹרְקִין מִמֶּנּוּ עֹל דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמִּדְבָּר אֵין מַעֲלֶה אַרְנוֹן, כָּךְ בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה בְּנֵי חוֹרִין בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, בַּמִּדְבָּר, מִי מְקַיֵּם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, מִי שֶׁמֵּשִׂים עַצְמוֹ כְּמִדְבָּר וּמַפְלִיג עַצְמוֹ מִן הַכֹּל. (במדבר כא, יט): וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַחֲלִיאֵל וּמִנַּחֲלִיאֵל בָּמוֹת, שְׁלשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת כְּנֶגֶד שְׁלשָׁה בָּתֵּי דִינִין שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם שֶׁהָיוּ מְפָרְשִׁין תּוֹרָה לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַחֲלִיאֵל, אֵלּוּ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁבְּהַר הַבַּיִת. וּמִנַּחֲלִיאֵל בָּמוֹת, אֵלּוּ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁבָּעֲזָרָה בְּצַד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. (במדבר כא, כ): וּמִבָּמוֹת הַגַּיְא אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׂדֵה מוֹאָב, אֵלּוּ סַנְהֶדְּרִין שֶׁבְּלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית בִּתְחוּם רוּת שֶׁבָּאָה מִשְֹּׂדֵה מוֹאָב (רות ב, ו): נַעֲרָה מוֹאֲבִיָה הִיא הַשָּׁבָה עִם נָעֳמִי מִשְֹּׂדֵה מוֹאָב. (במדבר כא, כ): וְנִשְׁקָפָה עַל פְּנֵי הַיְשִׁימֹן, זֶה בְּאֵר שֶׁבָּאָה עִמָּהֶן עַד שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה לְתוֹךְ יַמָּהּ שֶׁל טְבֶרְיָה, וְהָעוֹמֵד עַל פְּנֵי הַיְשִׁימֹן רוֹאֶה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם כִּמְלוֹא תַּנּוּר, וְהוּא הַבְּאֵר הַנִּשְׁקָף עַל פְּנֵי הַיְשִׁימֹן.

26 (Numb. 21:17) “Then Israel sang.” For what reason is Moses not mentioned there? For the reason that he was being punished because of the waters; and no person praises⁸¹Rt.: QLS. Cf.: Gk.: kalos. his executioner.⁸²Lat.: speculator (“examiner” or “overseer”). And why is the name of the Holy One, blessed be He, not mentioned there? The matter is comparable to a governor who made a banquet for the king. The king said, “Will my friend be there?” They told him, “No.” He said, “[Then] I also am not going there.” Also here the Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Inasmuch as Moses is not mentioned, I also will not be mentioned there.” (Numb. 21:18) “The well that the princes dug […]:” Was it dug there? It is simply that it was given through the merit of the ancestors who were called princes. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 105:41-42), “He opened a rock, and water gushed out […]. For he remembered His holy promise and His servant Abraham.” (Numb. 21:18, cont.) “That the nobles of the people dug with the scepter, even with their own staffs”: The princes were standing by it, and each and every one drew [the water] with his own staff for his own tribe and for his own family. And the space between the [four] standards was filled with a [flow of] water that was gathering strength. A woman who had to go to her companion from one standard to [another] standard went by ship, as stated (in Ps. 105:41), “they traveled the river by tsiyyot.”⁸³A more traditional translation would be: IT FLOWED THROUGH THE WILDERNESS LIKE A RIVER. Now tsiyyot (here understood as the plural of tsi) can only denote a ship, since it is stated (in Is. 33:21), “nor shall a stately ship (tsi) pass by.” Now the waters flowed outside the camp and embraced a great strip of land. Thus it is stated (in Ps. 23:3) “He leads me in paths (literally, circles) of righteousness.” In addition, [the encircling waters] would cause endless varieties of green herbage and trees to grow, as stated (in Ps. 23:2), “He makes me lie down in green pastures; He leads me beside still water].” All those days that Israel was in the desert they used it (i.e., the well). Therefore, they rendered praise for it [with the song ending] (in Numb. 21:18), “the well that the princes dug.” (Numb. 21:18, cont.) “From Midbar (literally, desert) to Mattanah,” [so stated] because in the desert [the well] was given (nittenah) them to use as a gift (mattanah). Another interpretation: Why was [the well] given in the desert? Because if it had been given to them in the land, the tribe in whose border it was given would have argued and said, “I have a prior claim to it.” For that reason it was given in the desert where all would have an equal claim to it. And for what other reason was it given in the desert? Just as a desert is neither sown nor cultivated, so is the one who receives the words of Torah. They remove from him the yoke of the government and the yoke of earning a living. Just as a desert does not grow arnona;⁸⁴The Latin word generally denotes, as it probably does here, a tax on farm goods paid in kind; but the word also occurs in a broader sense denoting agricultural products generally. so are children of Torah (i.e., Torah scholars) free [from it] in this world.⁸⁵I.e., by accepting the yoke of Torah, such scholars are exempt from government taxes and the need to earn a living. Another interpretation [of why it was given] in the desert: Who is the one who fulfills the Torah? One who makes himself like a desert and removes himself from everything [that might distract him]. (Numb. 21:19) “From Mattanah to Nahaliel, and from Nahaliel to Bamoth”: These three places correspond to the three courts in Jerusalem that would explicate the Torah to all of Israel: (Ibid.) “From Mattanah to Nahaliel,” these refer to the Sanhedrin on the Temple Mount; (ibid., cont.) “from Nahaliel to Bamoth,” these refer to the Sanhedrin⁸⁶Gk.: synhedrion. in the [Temple] court beside the altar; (Numb. 21:20) “From Bamoth to the valley that is in the Plain of Moab.” These refer to the Sanhedrin, when it was in the chamber of hewn stones, which was in the region of Ruth, of whom it is stated (in Ruth 2:6), “She is the young Moabite woman who came back with Naomi from the Plains of Moab.” (Numb. 21:20, cont.) “[At the Summit of Pisgah,] which is visible on the surface of wilderness (yeshimon);”⁸⁷Yeshimon may be a place name, Jeshimon. This is in reference to the well which accompanied them until it was hidden in the Sea of Tiberias.⁸⁸See yKil. 2:4 or 3 (32cd); yKet. 12:3 (35b); Lev. R. 22:4; Eccl. R. 5:8-9:5; cf. Shab. 35b, according to which the well is visible from Mount Carmel; similarly M. Ps. 24:6, according to which the well is visible from Mount Nebo. And one standing on the surface of the wilderness sees something in the midst of the sea about the size of the mouth of an oven; and that is the well, which is visible on the surface of the wilderness.

וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים (במדבר כא, כא), זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים לז, ג): בְּטַח בַּה' וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב שְׁכָן אֶרֶץ וּרְעֵה אֱמוּנָה, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים לד, טו): סוּר מֵרָע וַעֲשֵׂה טוֹב בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁלוֹם וְרָדְפֵהוּ, וְלֹא קָפְדָה הַתּוֹרָה לִרְדֹף אַחַר הַמִּצְווֹת, אֶלָּא (דברים כב, ו): כִּי יִקָּרֵא קַן צִפּוֹר, (שמות כג, ד): כִּי תִפְגַע, כִּי תִרְאֶה, (שמות כג, ה): כִּי תִרְאֶה חֲמוֹר, (דברים כד, כ): כִּי תַחְבֹּט זֵיתְךָ, (דברים כד, כא): כִּי תִבְצֹר כַּרְמְךָ, (דברים כג, כה): כִּי תָבֹא בְּכֶרֶם רֵעֶךָ. אִם בָּאוּ לְיָדְךָ אַתְּ מְצֻוֶּה עֲלֵיהֶם וְלֹא לִרְדֹּף אַחֲרֵיהֶם, אֲבָל הַשָּׁלוֹם, בַּקֵּשׁ שָׁלוֹם בִּמְקוֹמְךָ, וְרָדְפֵהוּ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, וְכֵן עָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (דברים ב, כד): הָחֵל רָשׁ וְהִתְגָּר בּוֹ מִלְחָמָה, רָדְפוּ אֶת הַשָּׁלוֹם, וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל סִיחֹן אֶעְבְּרָה נָא.

27 (Numb. 21:21) “Then Israel sent messengers [to Sihon …]”: This text is related (to Ps. 37:3), “Trust in the Lord and do good, abide in the land and remain loyal.” And it states (in Ps. 34:15), “Depart from evil and do good; seek peace and pursue it.” The Torah did not command [them] to go in pursuit of the commandments. Rather [it states] (in Deut. 22:6), “When you come on a bird's nest”; (in Exod. 23:4) “When you encounter [the ox of one who hates you]”; (in Exod. 23:5) “When you see the donkey [of one who hates you]”; (in Deut. 24:20) “when you beat your olive tree”; (in Deut. 24:21), “When you gather the grapes of your vineyard”; and (in Deut. 23:25) “When you go into your neighbor's vineyard.” If [these situations] present themselves to you, you are given a command concerning them; but [you are] not to go in pursuit of them. In the case of peace, however, (according to Ps. 34:15), “seek peace,” wherever you are; “and pursue it,” wherever else it may be. And this is what Israel did. Although the Holy One, blessed be He, had said to them (in Deut. 2:24), “begin to take possession, and engage him in battle,” they went in pursuit of peace. So is it stated (in Numb. 21:21) “Then Israel sent messengers….”

וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה צְרִיכִין זֶה לָזֶה, שֶׁמָּא זֶה נוֹעֵל וְזֶה פּוֹתֵחַ, וְכָאן נֶאֱמַר וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְמָקוֹם אַחֵר תָּלָה שְׁלִיחוּת בְּמשֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ב, כו): וָאֶשְׁלַח מַלְאָכִים מִמִּדְבַּר קְדֵמוֹת. וּכְתִיב (שופטים יא, יז): וַיִּשְׁלַח יִשְׂרָאֵל מַלְאָכִים אֶל מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם. וּכְתִיב (במדבר כ, יד יז): וַיִּשְׁלַח משֶׁה מַלְאָכִים מִקָּדֵשׁ, נַעְבְּרָה. הַכְּתוּבִים הָאֵלּוּ צְרִיכִין זֶה לָזֶה, שֶׁמּשֶׁה הוּא יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵן משֶׁה, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁרֹאשׁ הַדּוֹר כָּל הַדּוֹר.

28 (Numb. 21:21) “Then Israel sent messengers”: All the words of Torah are necessary to each other, for what one covers over the other opens up. It is stated here (in Numb. 21:21), “Then Israel sent [messengers],” while in another place [Scripture] ascribes the sending to Moses. [Thus] it is stated (in Deut. 2:26), “Then I sent messengers from the Desert of Kedemoth [unto King Sihon of Heshbon with words of peace].” It is written (in Jud. 11:17), “And Israel sent messengers to the King of Edom.” [Yet] it is written (in Numb. 20:14), “Moses sent from Kadesh messengers to the king of Edom […].” These verses require one another, as Moses is Israel and Israel is Moses. [This comes] to teach you that the head of a generation is surely equivalent to the whole generation.

נַעְבְּרָה נָא בְאַרְצֶךָ (במדבר כ, יז), כְּמוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלַח אֶל מֶלֶךְ אֱדוֹם שֶׁלֹא לְהַזִּיקוֹ, כָּךְ שָׁלַח לָזֶה (דברים ב, כח): אֹכֶל בַּכֶּסֶף תַּשְׁבִּרֵנִי, דַּרְכָּן שֶׁל מַיִם לִתֵּן בְּחִנָּם וְאָנוּ נִתֵּן דָּמוֹ. (במדבר כ, יז): דֶּרֶךְ הַמֶּלֶךְ נֵלֵךְ, וּבְמָקוֹם אַחֵר כְּתִיב (דברים ב, כט): עַד אֲשֶׁר אֶעֱבֹר, אֶמְשֹׁל לְךָ מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה, לְשׁוֹמֵר שֶׁנָּטַל שְׂכָרוֹ לִשְׁמֹר גֶּפֶן אוֹ תְּאֵנָה, בָּא אֶחָד וְאָמַר לוֹ עֲבֹר מִכָּאן שֶׁאֲנִי בּוֹצֵר אֶת הַכֶּרֶם, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי אֵינִי יוֹשֵׁב לִשְׁמֹר אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִילְךָ וְאַתָּה בָּאתָ לְבָצְרָהּ. כָּךְ סִיחוֹן נָטַל שְׂכָרוֹ מִכָּל מַלְכֵי אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן וְהָיוּ מַעֲלִין לוֹ מִסִּין, שֶׁהָיָה מַמְלִיךְ אוֹתָן, הוּא וְעוֹג שְׁקוּלִין כְּנֶגֶד כֻּלָּן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קלה, יא): לְסִיחוֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי וּלְעוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן וּלְכֹל מַמְלְכוֹת כְּנָעַן. אָמְרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל נַעֲבֹר בְּאַרְצְךָ לִכְבּשׁ אֶת הַמַּלְכוּת, אָמַר לָהֶם אֵינִי יוֹשֵׁב אֶלָּא לְשָׁמְרָם מִפְּנֵיכֶם, (במדבר כא, כג): וְלֹא נָתַן סִיחֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבֹר בִּגְבֻלוֹ. (במדבר כא, כג): וַיֶאֱסֹף סִיחֹן, בְּמַחֲשָׁבָה עָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמָסְרוֹ בְּיָדָן שֶׁלֹא בְצַעַר, כְּתִיב (דברים א, ד): סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי אֲשֶׁר יוֹשֵׁב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן, אִלּוּ חֶשְׁבּוֹן מְלֵאָה יַתּוּשִׁים אֵין כָּל בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לְכָבְשָׁהּ, וְאִלּוּ הָיָה סִיחוֹן בְּבִקְעָה אֵין כָּל בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לִשְׁלֹט בּוֹ, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁהָיָה גִבּוֹר וְשָׁרוּי בְּעִיר מִבְצָר. אֲשֶׁר יוֹשֵׁב בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן, אִלּוּ יוֹשֵׁב לוֹ בָּעֲיָרוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ הוּא וְאֻכְלוּסָיו, הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְיַגְּעִין בּוֹ לִכְבּשׁ אֶת כָּל עִיר וָעִיר, אֶלָּא כִּנְּסָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִפְנֵיהֶם לְמָסְרָן בְּיָדָן בְּלֹא צַעַר, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ב, לא): רְאֵה הַחִתִי תֵּת לְפָנֶיךָ, הָרְגוּ אֶת כָּל גִּבּוֹרָיו שֶׁיָּצְאוּ לִקְרָאתָן וְחָזְרוּ עַל הַנָּשִׁים וְהַטַּף שֶׁלֹא בִּיגִיעָה, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: וַיֶּאֱסֹף סִיחֹן, (במדבר כא, כה): וַיִּקַח יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת כָּל הֶעָרִים הָאֵלֶּה.

29 (Numb. 20:17) “Please let us pass through your land.”⁸⁹As Buber suggests in note 370, the citation is probably a misreading for Numb. 20:22: LET ME PASS THROUGH YOUR LAND. This alternate reading better fits the context. As he had sent to inform the king of Edom that he would do no damage to him, so did he send to this one. (Deut. 2:28) “You shall sell me food for money, and water with money….”: It is customary for water to be given gratis, but I am giving payment for it. (Numb. 21:22) “We will go by the king's highway [until we have passed through your territory]”: But in another place it is written (in Deut. 2:29), “until I have crossed [the Jordan].” To what is the matter comparable? To one guarding a vine or fig tree. When someone comes and says, “Let me pass through here, so that I may gather grapes from the vineyard,” he says to him, “It is only because of you that I am sitting on guard, and you would come to gather [the grapes]?” So it was with Sihon. He received wages from all the kings of Canaan; and they would bring taxes up to him, for he would crown them. Moreover he and Og were considered the equivalent of them all, since it is stated (in Ps. 136:19-20), “Sihon, king of the Amorites…; and Og, king of Bashan, and all the royalty of Canaan.” Israel said to [Sihon], “Let us pass through your land⁹⁰“Let us pass through your land” is similar but not quite equal to either Numb. 20:17 or Numb. 21:22. to conquer the kings.” He said to them, “I am sitting here to guard them from you.” (Numb. 21:23) “So Sihon did not allow Israel to cross on his territory; instead Sihon gathered all his people together and went out against Israel”: The Holy One, blessed be He, only did this to deliver him into their hand without trouble. As it is written (in Numb. 21:34 = Deut. 3:2), “to Sihon, king of the Amorites who dwelt in Heshbon (i.e., with calculation).”⁹¹The stress on the Holy One acting with fore-thought was suggested by the words, IN HESHBON, which can also be translated WITH CALCULATION. If Heshbon had been full of mosquitos, no mortal could have conquered it; and if Sihon had been in a valley, no mortal could have overpowered him. And it goes without saying [that it could not be conquered], since he was a warrior and dwelt in a fortified city. [Ergo,] (in Numb. 21:34 = Deut. 3:2), “who dwelt in Heshbon.” If he and his troops⁹²Gk.: ochloi. had dwelt [scattered about] in his towns, Israel would have worn themselves out to prevail against him and conquer each and every town. Instead the Holy One, blessed be He, gathered them together so as to deliver them into their hand without trouble. And so it said (in Deut. 2:31), “See I have begun to give Sihon [and his land] over to you.” They killed all his warriors who had come out against them. Then they returned for the women and infants without exertion. It is therefore written (in Numb. 21:23,25), “Sihon gathered all his people together […]. And Israel took all of these cites.”

כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן (במדבר כא, כו), זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים לז, כח): כִּי ה' אֹהֵב מִשְׁפָּט, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (דברים ב, ט): אַל תָּצַר אֶת מוֹאָב, וְחֶשְׁבּוֹן שֶׁל מוֹאָב הָיְתָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן מֶלֶךְ הָאֱמֹרִי וגו', בָּאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנָטְלוּ חֶשְׁבּוֹן שֶׁהָיְתָה שֶׁל סִיחוֹן וְכָל מַה שֶּׁנָּטַל מִמּוֹאָב, שֶׁאִלּוּ נְטָלוּהוּ מִמֶּנּוּ הָיָה בְּיָדָם גָּזֵל שֶׁל עוֹלָה, אֶלָּא נָטַל סִיחוֹן מִן מוֹאָב וְנָטַל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן סִיחוֹן שֶׁהָיוּ פְּטוּרִין מִן הַגָּזֵל, לְכָךְ כְּתִיב: כִּי חֶשְׁבּוֹן עִיר סִיחֹן. (במדבר כא, כז): עַל כֵּן יֹאמְרוּ הַמּשְׁלִים, זֶה בִּלְעָם וְאָבִיו, שֶׁשְֹּׂכָרָן סִיחוֹן לְקַלֵּל אֶת מוֹאָב, וְהֵן אָמְרוּ (במדבר כא, כז כח): תִּבָּנֶה וְתִכּוֹנֵן עִיר סִיחוֹן, כִּי אֵשׁ יָצְאָה מֵחֶשְׁבּוֹן אָכְלָה עָר מוֹאָב, שֶׁקִּלְּלוּ אֶת מוֹאָב שֶׁיִּמָּסְרוּ בְּיָדוֹ, (במדבר כא, כט): אוֹי לְךָ מוֹאָב.

30 (Numb. 21:26) “For Heshbon was a city of Sihon”: This text is related (to Is. 61:8), “Because I the Lord love justice.” The Holy One, blessed be He, said to Moses (in Deut. 2:9), “Do not trouble Moab.” Now Heshbon had been part of Moab, since it is stated (in Numb. 21:26), “For Heshbon was a city of Sihon king of the Amorites, etc.” When Israel came, they took Heshbon, which belonged to Sihon and whatever [else] he had taken from the king of Moab. For if they had taken it from him [directly], they would have had major robbery on their hands. Instead Sihon took it from Moab, and Israel took it from Sihon. Thus they were acquitted from [the charge of] robbery. Therefore it is written (in Numb. 21:26), “For Heshbon was a city of Sihon.” (Numb. 21:27) “Therefore those who speak in parables say”: This refers to Balaam and his father, whom Sihon had hired to curse Moab. And it was they who had said (Numbers 21:27-8), “[Come to Heshbon,] let it be built; let the city of Sihon be established. For a fire has come forth from Heshbon, [a flame from the city of Sihon]. It has devoured Ar of Moab.” Thus they cursed Moab so that they might deliver [it] into [Sihon's] hand. (Numb. 21:29) “Woe be to you, O Moab.”

וַיֵּשֶׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל עָרֵי הָאֱמֹרִי (במדבר כא, כה), נִשְׁתַּיֵּר יַעְזֵר (במדבר כא, לב): וַיִּשְׁלַח משֶׁה לְרַגֵּל אֶת יַעְזֵר, אוֹתָן מְרַגְּלִים זְרִיזִין הָיוּ, אָמְרוּ בְּטוּחִין אָנוּ בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, וּכְבָר שָׁלַח מְרַגְּלִים לְשֶׁעָבַר וְהֵבִיאוּ תְּקָלָה, אָנוּ לֹא נַעֲשֶׂה כֵן, אֶלָּא בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נַאֲמִין וְנַעֲשֶׂה מִלְחָמָה, עָשׂוּ כָּךְ וְהָרְגוּ אֶת הָאֱמוֹרִי אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ.

31 (Numb. 21:31) Thus Israel dwelt in all the cities [in the land of] the Amorites”: [Only] Jazer survived. > (Numb. 21:32) “So Moses sent to spy out Jazer”: These spies were zealous. They said, “We have confidence in the prayer of Moses. [Yet] he has already sent messengers [that were] spies in the past and they brought a catastrophe. But we shall not do so. Rather, we will trust in the Holy One, blessed be He, and make war.” They then did so and slew the Amorites who were in [the city].

וַיִּפְנוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ (במדבר כא, לג), יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מִלְחֶמֶת סִיחוֹן עָשׂוּ בֶּאֱלוּל, וְעָשׂוּ אֶת הָרֶגֶל בְּתִשְׁרֵי, וְאַחַר הָרֶגֶל מִלְחֶמֶת עוֹג, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (דברים טז, ז): וּפָנִיתָ בַבֹּקֶר וְהָלַכְתָּ לְאֹהָלֶיךָ, (במדבר כא, לג): וַיֵּצֵא עוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן, שֶׁכִּנְסָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לִפְנֵיהֶם לְמָסְרָן בְּיָדָם. (במדבר כא, לד): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֵלָיו אַל תִּירָא אֹתוֹ כִּי בְיָדְךָ נָתַתִּי אֹתוֹ, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי כח, יד): אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם מְפַחֵד תָּמִיד, וְכֵן הוּא מִדַּת הַצַּדִּיקִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַבְטִיחָן, אֵין פּוֹרְקִים בְּיִרְאָה. וְכֵן בְּיַעֲקֹב (בראשית לב, ח): וַיִּירָא יַעֲקֹב, לָמָּה נִתְיָרֵא, אָמַר, שֶׁמָּא נִתְלַכְלַכְתִּי אֵצֶל לָבָן בִּכְלוּם, וּכְתִיב (דברים כג, טו): וְלֹא יִרְאֶה בְךָ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר וְשָׁב מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ, וְהִנִּיחַנִי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. וְאַף משֶׁה תָּפַס אֶת הַיִּרְאָה כְּנֶגֶד אָבִיו, וְלָמָּה נִתְיָרֵא, אָמַר שֶׁמָּא מָעֲלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמִלְחֶמֶת סִיחוֹן, אוֹ נִתְלַכְלְכוּ בַּעֲבֵרָה. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַל תִּירָא, כֻּלָּן הִשְׁלִימוּ בְּצֶדֶק. אַל תִּירָא אֹתוֹ, שֶׁלֹא עָמַד גִּבּוֹר בָּעוֹלָם קָשֶׁה הֵימֶנּוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ג, יא): כִּי רַק עוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן נִשְׁאָר מִיֶּתֶר הָרְפָאִים, וְהוּא נִשְׁאָר מִן הַגִּבּוֹרִים שֶׁהָרְגוּ אַמְרָפֶל וַחֲבֵרָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יד, ה): וַיַּכּוּ אֶת רְפָאִים בְּעַשְׁתְּרֹת קַרְנַיִם, וְזֶה הַפְּסוֹלֶת שֶׁלָּהֶם, כִּפְרִיצֵי זֵיתִים הַפְּלֵטִים בְּתוֹךְ הַגֶּפֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יד, יג): וַיָּבֹא הַפָּלִיט וַיַּגֵּד לְאַבְרָם הָעִבְרִי וְהוּא שֹׁכֵן בְּאֵלֹנֵי מַמְרֵא הָאֱמֹרִי אֲחִי אֶשְׁכֹּל וַאֲחִי עָנֵר וְהֵם בַּעֲלֵי בְרִית אַבְרָם, זֶה עוֹג, וְכָאן עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ שְׁיָרִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: מִיֶּתֶר הָרְפָאִים, וְכַוָּנָתוֹ הָיְתָה שֶׁיֵּצֵא אַבְרָם וְיֵהָרֵג, נָתַן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׂכַר רַגְלָיו וְחָיָה כָּל אוֹתָן שָׁנִים, וְגָבָה מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁנָּפַל בְּיַד בָּנָיו, כְּשֶׁבָּא משֶׁה לַעֲשׂוֹת מִלְחָמָה נִתְיָּרֵא הֵימֶנּוּ, אָמַר אֲנִי בֶּן מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה, וְזֶה יוֹתֵר מֵחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת, אִלּוּלֵי שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ זְכוּת לֹא חָיָה כָּל הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלּוּ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה אַל תִּירָא אֹתוֹ כִּי בְיָדְךָ נָתַתִּי אֹתוֹ, בְּיָדְךָ הָרְגֵהוּ. (במדבר כא, לד): וְעָשִׂיתָ לּוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתָ לְסִיחֹן וגו', (דברים ג, ו): וַנַּחֲרֵם אוֹתָם, וַהֲלוֹא כְתִיב (דברים ג, ז): וְכָל הַבְּהֵמָה וּשְׁלַל הָעִיר בַּזּוֹנוּ לָנוּ, אֶלָּא הַגּוּפוֹת הֶחֱרִימוּ שֶׁלֹא לֵהָנוֹת מֵהֶם. (במדבר כא, לה): וַיַּכּוּ אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בָּנָיו, בְּנוֹ כְּתִיב, שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן קָשֶׁה הֵימֶנּוּ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה אַתֶּם מְכַלִּין אֶת הָאֻמּוֹת קִמְעָא קִמְעָא, לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא אֲנִי מְבַעֲרָן בְּבַת אֶחָת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לג, יב): וְהָיוּ עַמִּים מִשְׂרְפוֹת שִׂיד קוֹצִים כְּסוּחִים בָּאֵשׁ יִצַּתּוּ.

..."Do not fear him" - this is [the meaning of] that which Scripture stated (Proverbs 28:14), "Happy is the man who always fears." And this is the trait of the righteous: even though the Holy One, blessed be He, reassures them, they do not relinquish fear. And so [was it] with Jacob - "and Jacob feared" (Genesis 32:8). Why did he fear? He said, "Maybe I have been tarnished by something [when I was] with Laban... so the Holy One, blessed be He, abandoned me." And so too did Moses take hold of fear corresponding to his [fore] father. And why did he fear? He said, "Maybe Israel misappropriated [some goods] in the war with Sichon or became tarnished with a sin." The Holy One, blessed be He, said to him, "Do not fear"...